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1
^4^
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
A NEW EDITION.
VOL. XVIIL
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING
AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT
OF fU
LIVES AND WRITINGS
OF' THE
MOST EMINENT PERSONS
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH;
FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.
A NEW EDITION,
REVISED AND ENLARGED BY
ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.
VOL. XVIII.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. NICHOLS AND SON; F. C. AND J. RIFINGTON } T. PAYNE (
OTRIDGE AND SON ; G. AND W. NICOL ; WILKIE AND ROBINSON l J. WALKER ;
R. LEA ; W. LOWNDES ; WHITE, COCHRANE, AND CO. ; T. EGERTON ;
LACKINGTON, ALLEN, jlND CO.; J. CARPENTER; LONGMAN, HURST, REE8,
ORME, AND BROWN; CADBLL AND DA VIES ; C. LAW ; J. BOOKER ; J. CUTHELL ;
CLARKE AND SONS ; J. AND A. ARCH ; J. HARRIS ; BLACK, PARRY, AND CO. ;
J. BOOTH; J. MAWMAN; GALE, CURTIS, AND FENNER; R. H. EVANS;
J. HATCHARD; J. MURRAY; R. BALDWIN; CRADOCK AND JOY; E. BENTLEY ;
J. FAULDER ; OGLE AND CO.; W. GINGER j J. DEIGHTOH AND SON, CAMBRIDOE|
CONSTABLE AND CO. EDINBURGH; AND WILSON AND SON^ YORK.
1814.
A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
&J-OARE (William), an iogenious and amiable English
artist, was born about the year 1707, at Eye, near Ipswich",
in Suffolk. His father was possessed of considerable pro-
perty, holding a farm of large extent in bis own bands.
William shewing very early a disposition to study, was sent
to a school at Fariogdon in Berkshire, where the master
enjoyed a high reputation for classical learning. The pupil ,
eagerly availed himself of e^^i^.'^J7portunity of improve-
ment, and in the course of^'ii^ f^fiyt^^ attained such a
degree of proBciency as to asi^ist. his teiaster occasionally in
the tuition of the other scb,Q)^r^^-^To these acquirements
he added no indifferent skiil^^'^^^ing^ which was also
taught in the school; and.&^V^on.j^istinguished himself
above his competitors in the, prize exhibitions, which took
place once a year. Indulging the bent of his mind to this
art, be solicited and obtained his father's permission to
follow his studies in painting with a professional view. For
this purpose, after having completed the school courses
with great credit to himself, be was removed to Londoup
where he was placed under the care of Grisooi, an Italian
painter of history, the best, and perhaps the only one^
which that time afforded. Grisoni, however, was at the
best a very poor painter, and the example of his works
was little calculated to produce eminence in his scholar.
But he was a man of sound judgment and benevolent dis-
position, and it is probable that the sense; of his own in-
sufficiency induced him to persuade young William to
seek a more satisfactory guidance in the pursuit to which
be devoted himself so earnestly. The schools of Italy
appeared to him the place to which a learner should resort
for the means of accomplishment in his art. Wiliiam
. Vol. XVIir. B
2 H O A R E.
caught the suggestion with eagerness, and the father's per*
mission was again earnestly sought, for visiting the foreign
treasures of painting and sculpture, which were then
known to the Eoglish only through the communications of
such of our gentlemen and nobility as travelled on the
continent for the purposes of polite accomplishment.' Wil-
liam Hoare was the first English paipter who visited Rome
for professional study.
At the time of his departure from London he had formed
a friendship with Scheemackers, the celebrated Flemish
sculptor, and with Delvaux, his pupil, who were both on
their way to Rome, and on his arrival at that city he has-
tened to rejoin them, and lodged in the same house With
them. His next care was to place himself in^ the school of
Francesco Imperiale, the disciple of Carlo Maratti, and
the most eminent master then living. In this school he
was a fellow- student with Pompeo Battoni, with whom be
maintained through life a cordial friendship, and with
others of the same profession. Here he acquired a tho«
rough knowledge of all that could be taught in his art, and
a perfect acquaintance with the system and method of study
adopted in the Roman school ever since the time of Raf-
faelle ; to which method he at all times adhered in the
execution of historical works.
Under the direction of Imperiale, Mr. Hoare made many
copies from the most celebrated works of the great painters
in the Ronian palaces ; a circumstance which became of
great utility to him in a very different manner from that
which was intended ; for the circumstances of his family
having been unfortunately impaired by the explosion of the
South Sea adventure^ he now found it necessary to turn
the skill he had gained to a provision for his own mainte-
nance. This was no difficult task, and he continued his
studies at Rome for the term of nine years, when he finally
returned to London, bringing with him the few copies of
the finest works which he had been able to preserve for
himself, and the most enthusiastic feelings in regard of
his art.
" In London the young painter looked around in vain for
the encouragement which he had hoped to find in the his*
torical department of his profession ; and the impoverished
state of his family not allowing him any alternative, he
immediately resorted to portrait-painting, in which, from
his superior talents^ he was sure to find an unfailing re«
H O A R E. 3
source. In this situation of his circumstances he formed
a matrimonial engagement with a yonng lady of the name
of Barker, between whose relations and his own there had
long subsisted the most cordial intimacy, arising from
mutual respect. Among the connexions of Miss Barker's
family were some who were established at Bath, and
Mr. Hoare soon received an invitation to settle at that city,
where, as there was no person of any eminence in bis
profession, he might reasonably look to the highest pro-
spects of success. He accordingly accepted the invitation,
and fully realized the expectations of his friends in every
point. His painting-room was the resort of all that could
boast the attractions either of beauty or fashion ; and the
number of his sitters was for a long time so great, as
scarcely to allow him a momentary interval of relaxation,
much less sufficient leisure for such an attention to the
higher performances of his art as formed the constant
object of his wishes;
His eminent success in his portraits brought to his gal-
Jery all the distinguished characters of the time, who oc-
casionally visited Bath for health or pleasure ; among whom
were Mr. Pitt, the Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Legge, Mr.
Grenville, Lord Chesterfield, &c. &c. and his acquaint-
ance with them was improved into friendship on their part,
by the variety of his learning, the amenity of his manners,
the ingenuousness of his mind, and the high respectability
of his domestic establishment. To the list of his friends
and patrons were soon added the virtuous Allen, and his
learned nephew-in-law, Warburton ; and Mr. Allen's house,
where be was always a welcome visitor, gave him also an
introduction to Pope, and other distinguished inmates of
Prior- park.
In the midst of such society and such success, life might
have been passed with sufficient enjoyment and ease; but
the indulgences attendant on so prosperous a career did
not diminish his ardour for higher excellence in his art : he
made a voluntary offer of an altar-piece to the church of
St. Michael, and his otFer being accepted, he paintei
for it a figure larger than life, of our Saviour holding
•a cross, which now occupies one side of the wall of the
ehaocel. '
On the btifilding of the octagon chapel, he received an
application from the proprietors to paint a large altar-piece
for their church, leaving the subject entirely to his owp
B 2
4 H O A R E.
decision. He chose the appropriate subject of the Poof
of Bethesda, and found in it the long wisbed-for oppor-
tunity of displaying bis knowledge of historical composition
and character. The picture forms one of the principal
ornaments of the chapel.
It should be noticed, that in an early part of his success*
ful practice at Bath, finding a general desire prevailing for
pictures in crayons, he sent an order to Kosalba, the cele-
brated Venetian paintress, for two beads of fancy painted
in that manner, and he received from that eminent mistress
of her art two of her most studied performances ; the one
" Apollo with his lyre," the other " A Nymph crowned
with vernal flowers/' These beautiful works became the
models of the Bath painter in his first efibrts in crayons,
in which mode of painting he afterwards carried the practice
of the art to so high a degree as to be scarcely excelled by
Rosalba herself. On the formation of the Royal Academy
in London, his long>establisbed reputation secured him
an election among its original members, and he was a
constant exhibitor for many years.
During this long course of professional industry, be had .
shewn himself a no less diligent guardian of a numerous
family. At an early period of its increase he maintained
a regular correspondence on the subject of '^ parental
duties" with Mr. Chandler, a brother of the dissenting
minister of that name, and distinguished among his friends
for the integrity of his mind and conduct. Many of these
letters and replies still exist. He extended to all his
children the most unwearied attention, and bestowed on
them every advantage of education which Bath could sup-
ply. He expended on them all that his long life of dili-
gence had amassed, and left them, at his death, which
happened in 1792, scarcely any other possessions than the
remembrance of his virtues and his useful labours.
He retained the vigour of health and the strength
of his mind till a few years previous to his dissolution.
There is a copy of Guido's "Aurora," painted by him (the
figures nearly as large as life) when he was upwards of
seventy years of age. The picture is finished with great
^ firmness and precision of pencil.*
HOBBES, or HOBBS (Thomas), an eminent English
philosopher and miscellaneous writer, was born at Malms-
bury in Wiltshire, April 5, 153S, his father being minister
I From information obligingly eommonicatfld by hig son, Prince Roare, esq.
foreign secretary to the Royal Academyi
H O B B E S. 5
of that town. The Spanish Armada was then upon the
coast of England ; and bis mother is said to have been so
alarmed on that occasion, that she was brought to bed of
hjm before her time. After having made a considerable
progress in the learned languages at school, he was sent, in
1603, to Mag^alen-hall, Oxford; and, in 1608, by the
recommendation of the principal, taken into the family of
the right honourable William Cavendish lord Hardwicke,
soon after created earl of Devonshire, as tutor to his son
William lord Cavendish. Hobbes ingratiated himself so
^effectually with this young nobleman, and with the peer
his father, that he was sent abroad with him on his travels
in 16 1 0, and made the tour of France and Italy. Upon
his return with lord Cavendish, he became known to per-
sons of the highest rank, and eminently distinguished for.
their abilities and lean^ing. The chancellor Bacon ad-
mitted him to a great degree of familiarity^ and is said to
have made use of bis pen for translating some of his works
into Latin. He was likewise much in favour with lord
Herbert of Cherbury ; and the celebrated Ben Jonson had
such an esteem for him, that he revised the first work which
he published, viz. his " English Translation of the History
of Thucydides.'' This Hobbes undertook, as he tells us
himself, '^ with an honest view of preventing, if possible,
those disturbances in which he was apprehensive his coun-
try would be involved, by shewing, in the history of the
Peloponnesian war, the fatal donsequences of intestine
troubles." This has always been esteemed one of the best
translations that we have of any Greek writer, and the
author himself superintended the maps and indexes. But
while he meditated this design, his patron, the earl of
Devonshire, died in 1626; and in 1628, the year his work
was publishcid, his son died also. This loss affected him
to such a degree, that he i^ry willingly accepted an offer
of going abroad a second time with the son of sir Gervase
Clifton, whom he accordingly accompanied into France,
and staid there some time. Bu( while he continued there
be was solicited to return to England, and to resume his
concern for the hopes pf that family, to which he had
attached himself so early, and owed many and great
obligations.
In 1631, the countess dowager of Devonshire was de-
sirous of placing the young earl under his care, who was
then about the age of thirteen ; a trust very suitable to his
6 H O B B E S.
inclinations, and which he discharged with great fidelity
and diligence. In 1634 he republished his translation of
Thucydides, and prefixed to it a dedication to that young
nobleman, in which he gives a high character of his father,
^nd represents in the strongest terms his obligations to that
illustrious family. The same year he accompanied his noble
pupil to Paris, where he applied his vacant hours to natural
philosophy, especially mechanism, and the causes of animal
motion. He had frequent conversations upon these sub-
jects with father Mersenne, a man deservedly famous, who
kept up a correspondence with almost all the learned in
Europe. From Paris he attended his pupil into Italy, and
at Pisa became known to Galileoj who communicated to
him his notions very freely. After having seen all that was
remarkable in that country, he returned in 1637 with the
earl of Devonshire into England. The troubles in Scot-
land now grew high, and began to spread themselves south-
ward, and to threaten disturbance throughout the kingdom.
Hobbes, seeing this, thought he might do good service by
composing something by way of antidote to the pestilential
opinions which- then prevailed. This engaged him to com-
mit to paper certain principles, observations, and remarks,
out of which he composed his book ** De Give," and which,
grew up afterwards into that system which be called hi*
** Leviathan."
Not long after the meeting of the long parliament,
Nov. 3, 1640, when all things fell into confusion, he with-
drew, for the sake of living in quiet, to Paris ; where he
associated himself with those learned men, who, under the
protection of Cardinal Richelieu, sought, by conferring
their notions together, to promote every kind of useful
knowledge. He had not been long there, when by the
good offices of his friend Mersenne, he became known to
Pes Cartes, and afterwards held a correspondence with
him upon mathematical subjects, as appears from the letters
of Hobbes published in the works 6f Des Cartes. But
when that philosopher printed afterwards his '^Meditajtions,**
in which he attempted to establish points of the highest
consequence from innate ideas, Hobbes took the liberty of
dissenting from him; as did also Gassendi, with whom
Hobbes contracted a very close friendship, which was not
interrupted till the death of the former. In 1642, he
printed a few copies of his book ^^ De Cive,'' which raised
him many adversaries, by whom he was charged with in«
H O B B £ a 7
stilling principles of a dangerous tendency. Immediately
after the appearance of this book, Des Cartes said of it to
a friend, *^ I am of opinion that the author of the book * De
Give,' is the same person who wrote the third objection
against my ' Meditations.' I think bim a mucb greater
master of morality, than of metaphysics or natural philo-
sophy ; though I can by no means approve of his principles
or maxims, which are very bad and extremely dangerous,
because they suppose al^ men to be wicked, or give them
occasion to be so. His whole design is to write in favour
of monarchy, which might be done to moi*e advantage than
he has done, upon maxims more virtuous and solid. * He
has wrote likewise greatly to the disadvantage of the church
and the Roman catholic religion, so that if he is not par*
ticularly supported by some powerful interest, I do not see
how he can escape having his book censured." The learned
Conringius censures him very severely for boasting, in
regard to this performance, " that though physics were a
new science, yet civil philosophy w^s still newer, since it
could not be styled older than bis book * De Give ;' where-
as,'' says Gonringius, ^^ there is nothing good in that work
of his that was not always known." But vanity ^as
throughout life a prevailing foible with Hobbes.
Among many illustrious persons who upon the shipwreck
of the royal cause retired to France for safety,/ was sir
Charles Cavendish, brother to the duke of Newcastle, who,
being skilled in every branch of mathematics, proved a
constant friend and patron to Hobbes : and Hobbes him-
self, by embarking, in 1645, in a controversy about .the
quadrature of the circle, became so celebrated, although
certainly undeservedly as a mathematician, that, in 1^647,
he was recommended to instruct Charles prince of Wales,
afterwards Charles II. in that branch of study. His care
in the discharge of this of&ce gained him the esteem of that
prince in a very great degree : and though he afterwards
withdrew his public favour from Hobbes on account of his
writings, yet he always retained a sense of the services he
had done him, shewed him various marks of his favour
after he was restored to his dominions, and, as some say,
bad his picture hanging in his closet. This year also was
printed in Holland, by the care of M. Sorbiere, a second
and more complete edition of his book *^ De Cive," to
which are prefixed two Latin letters to the editor, one by
Gassendi, the other by Mersenne, in commendation of it.
8 H O B B E S.
While Hobbeswas thus employed at Paris, he was attacked
by a violent fit of illness, which brought him so low that
his friends began to despair of his recovery. Among those
^wbo visited him in this weak condition was his friend Mer*
'senne, who, taking this for a favourable opportunity, began,
after a few general compliments of condolence, to mention
the power of the church of Rome to forgive sins ; but
Hobbes immediately replied, *^ Father, all these matters I
have debated with myself long ago. Such kind of business
would be troublesome to me now ; and you can entertain
hie on subjects more agreeable; when did you see Mr.
Gassendi?'* Mersenne easily understood his meaning,
and, without troubling him any farther, suffered the con-
versation, to turn upon general topics. Yet some days
afterwards, when Dr.Cosin, afterwards bishop of Durham,
came to pray with him, he very readily accepted the pro-
posal, and received the sacrament at his hands, according
to the forms appointed by the church of £ngland.
In 1650 was published at London a small treatise by
Hobbes entitled " Human Nature," and another, " De cor-
pore politico, or, of the Elements of the Law." The latter
was presented to Gassendi, and read by him a few months
before his death ; who is said first to have kissed it, and
then to have delivered his opinion of it in these words:
** This treatise is indeed small in bulk, but in my judgment
the very marrow of science." All this time Hobbes had
been digesting with great pains his religious, political, and
moral principles into a complete system, which he callejd
the '^ Leviathan," and which was printed in English at
London in that and the year following. He caused a copy
of it, very fairly written on vellum *, to be presented to
Charles II. ; but after that monarch was informed that the
English divines considered it as a book tending to subvert
both religion and civil government, he is said to have with-
drawn his countenance from the author, and by the marquis
of Ormond to have forbidden him to come into his presence.
After the publication of his " Leviathan," Hobbes returned
to England, and passed the summer commonly at his pa-
tron the earl of Devonshire's seat in Derbyshire, and his
* This copy appears to be now in How it came there has not been dis*
the library of the late eart of Macart- covered. l*he library is now in the
.ney, at Lissanoure in Ireland, if the possession of a lady, the late earl's re-
one very accurately described by tbe presentative, who probably knew little
Rev. W. H. Pratt, in the Gentleman's of its history.
MagaEtne for January 1S13, p. 30.
.%
H O B B E S. 0
winters in town; where he had for his intimate friends
some of the greatest men of the age ; such as Dr. Harvey,
Selden, Cowley, &c. In 1654, he published his ^ Letter
upon Liberty and Necessity,*' which occasioned a long
controversy between him and Bramhall, bishop of Lon*
donderry. About this time he began the controversy with
WalUs, the mathematical professor at Oxford, which lasted
as long as Hobbes lived, and in which he had the misfor*
tune to have all the mathematicians against him. It is in-
deed said, that he came too late to this study to excel in it ;
and that though for a time he maintained his credit, while
he was content to proceed in the same track with others,
and to reason in the accustomed manner from the established
principles of the science, yet when he began to.digress into
new paths, and set up for a reformer, inventor, and im«
prover of geometry, he lost himsdf extremely. But not-
withstanding these debates took up much of his time, yet
he published several philosophical treatises in Latin.
Such were his occupations till 1660, when upon the king's
restoration he quitted the country, and came up to London.
He was at Salisbury-house with his patron, when the ..king
passing by one day accidentally saw him. He sent; for
him, gave him his hand to kiss, inquired kindly after his
health and circumstances ; and some time after directed
Cooper, the celebrated miniature-painter, to take his por«
trait. His m^esty likewise afforded him another private
audience, spoke to him very kindly, assured him of his
protection, and settled a pension upon him of 100/. per
annum out of his privy purse. Yet this did not render
him entirely safe; for, in 1666, his ^^ Leviathan," and
treatise '^ De Cive," were censured by parliament, which
alarmed him much ; as did also the bringing of a bill into
the House of commons to punish atheism and profaneness.
When this storm was a little blown over, he began to think
of procuring a beautiful edition of his pieces that were in
Latin ; but finding this impracticable in England, he
caused it to be undertaken abroad, where they vret^ pub-
lished in 1668, 4to, from the press of John Blean. In
1669, he was visited by Cosmo de Medicis, then prince,
afterwards duke of Tuscany, who gave him ample marks
.of his esteem ; and having received his picture, and a corn*
plete collection of his writings, caused them to be depo-
sited, the former among his curiosities, the latter in his
library at Florence. Similar visits he received from several
»o HO B B E S.
foreign ambassadors, and other strangers of distinction i
who. were curious to see a person, whose singular opinions
and numerous writings had made so much noise ail over
Europe. In 1672, he wrote his own Life in Latin verse,
when, as he observes, he had completed bis eighty-fourth
year: and, in 1674, he published in English verse four
books of Homer's ** Odyssey," which were so well re-
ceived, that it encouraged him to undertake the whole
** Iliad" and " Odyssey," which he likewise performed,
and published in 167,5. These were not the first speci-
mens of his poetic genius which he had given to the
public : he had published many years before, about 1637,
a Latin poem, entitled ^« De Mirabilibus Pecci, or, Of the
Wonders of the Peak." But his poetry is below criticism,
and has been long exploded*. In 1674, he took his leave
of London, and went to spend the remainder of his days
in Derbyshire; where, however, he did not remain in-
active, notwithstanding his advanced age, but published
from time to time sev^eral pieces to be found in the collec-
tion of his works, namely, in 1676, his << Dispute with
Laney bishop of Ely, concerning Liberty and Necessity ;"
in 1678, his " Decameron Physiologicum, or. Ten Dia-
logues of Natural Philosophy ;" to which he added a book,
entitled ^* A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Stu*
dent of the Common Law of England." June 1679, he
sent another book, entitled ^'Behemoth, or, A History, of
the Civil Wars from 1640 to 1660," to an eminent book-
seller, with a letter setting forth the reasons for his com-
munication of it, as well as for the request he then made,
that he would not publish it till a proper occasion offered.
' The book, however, was published as soon as he was dead^
and the letter along with it ; of which we shall give a cu-
rious extract : — ** I would fain have published my Dia-
logue of the Civil Wars of England long ago, and to that
end I presented it to his majesty ; and some days after^
* ^* Hobb«f could construe a Greek gance, or energy of stylci he bad no
author ; but bis skill ia words must manner , of conception. And hence
hare been all derived from the dictio- that work, though called a translation
nary ; for be seems not to have known, of Homer, does not e?en desarve the
that any one articulate sound could name of poem ; because it is in every
be more agreeable, or any one phrase respect unpleasing, being nothing more
more dignified, than any other. In than a fictitious narrative delivered ia
bis Iliad and Odyssey, even when he mens prose, with tbe additiaaal mean-
hits the author's sense (which is not ness of harsh rhime, and untuneable
always the case)^ he proves by his measure.'* Seattle's Bssay on Poetry
<|feaiM of wordS) that of hanDOny^ ele- wid Music.
H O B B E S* 11
tiiieo I thought be had read it, I humbly besought him to
let me print it. But his majesty, though he beard m^gm^
ciously, yet he flatly refused to have it published ; there-
fore I brought away the book, and gave you leave to take
a copy of it ; which vfhetk you had done, I gave the ori*
gioal to an honourable and learned friend, who about «
year after died* The king knows better, and is more
concerned in publishing of books than I am; and therefore
I dare not venture to appear in the business, lest I should
offend him. Therefore I pray you not to meddle in the
business. Rather than to be thought any way to further
or countenance, the printing, I would be content to lose
twenty times the value of what you can expect to gain by
it I pray do not take it ill ; it may be I may live to send
you somewhat else as vendible as that, and without offence.
I am, &c.'' However he did not live to send his book-
seller any thing more, this being his last piece. It is ia
dialogue, and full of paradoxes, like all his other writings.
More philosophical, political, says Warburton, or any thing
rather than historical, yet full of shrewd observations. In
October following, he was afflicted with a suppression of
urine; and his physician plainly told him, that he bad
little hopes of curing him. In November, the earl of De-
vonshire removing from Chatsworth to another seat called
Hardwick, Hobbes obstinately persisted in desiring that he
might be carried too, though this could no way be done
but by laying him upon a feather-bed. He was not much
discomposed with his journey, yet within a week after
lost, by a stroke. of the palsy, the use of his speech, and
of his right side entirely ; in which condition he remained
for some days, taking little nourishment, and sleeping
much, sometimes endeavouring to speak, but not being
aible. He died Dec* 4, 1679^, in his ninety- second year.
Wood tells us, that after his physician gave him no hopes
of a cure, he said, *^ Then I shall be glad to find a hole to
creep out of the world at.'' He observes also, that his not
desiring a minister, to receive the sacrament before he
died, ought in charity- to be imputed to his. being so sud-«
denly seized^ and afterwaixls deprived of his senses ; the
rather^ because the earl of Devonshire's chaplain declared,
that ifvithin the two last* years of his life he bad often re*
ceived the sacrament from his hands with seeming devotion.
His character and manners are thus described by Dr.
White Kennety in hb *< Memoirs' of the Cavendish F«mfly ;'*
12 ROBBED.
1'
** The carl of Devonshire," says be, " for his whole life
entertained Mr. Hobbes in his family, as bis old tutor
rather than as his friend or confidant. He let him live
under his roof in ease and plenty, and in his own way,
without making use of him in any public, or so much as
domestic affairs. He would' often express an abhorrence
of some of his principles in policy and religion ; and both
be and his lady would frequently put oif the mention of
bis name, and say, ' he was a humourist, and nobody could
account for. him.' There is a tradition in the family of the
manners and customs of Mr. Hobbes somewhat observable.
His professed rule of health was to dedicate the morning
to his exercise, and the afternoon to his studies. At his
first rising, therefore, he walked out, and climbed any hill
within his reach; or, if the weather was not dry, he fa*
tigued himself within doors by some exercise or other, to
be in a sweat : recommending that practice uppn this opi-
nion, that an bid man had more moisture than heat, and
therefore by such motion heat was to be acquired, and
moisture expelled. After this he took a comfortable
breakfast; and then went round the lodgings to wait upon
^he earl, the countess, and the children, and any consider-
able strangers, paying some short addresses to all of them.
He kept these rounds till about twelve o^cIock, when he
bad a little dinner provided for him, which be eat always
by himself without ceremony. Soon after dinner he re-
tired to his study, and had bis candle with ten or twelve
pipes of tobacco laid by him ; then shutting bis door, he
fell to smoaking, thinking, and writing for several hours.
He retained a friend or two at court, and especially the lord
Arlington, tq protect him if occasion should require. He
used to say, that it was lawful to make pse of ill instru-
ments to do ourselves good : ' If I were cast,* says he,
^ into a deep pit, and the devil should put down his cloven
foot, I would take hold of it to be drawn out by it.'. To«
wards the end of his life be had very few books, and those
he read but very little ; thinking he was now able only to
digest what he bad fornxerly fed upon. If company came
to visit him, he would be free in discourse till he was
pressed or contradicted ; and then he had the infirmities
of being short and peevish, and referring to his writings
for better satisfaction. His friends, who had the liberty
of introducing strangers to him, made these terms with
them before their admbsion, that they should not dispute
with the old man, nor contradict him.''
H O B B E S: 13
After mentioning the apprehensions Hobbes was under,
when the parliament censured his book, and the methods
he took to escape persecution, Dr. Kennet adds, '* It is
not much to be doubted, that upon this occasion he began
to make a more open shew of religion and church commu-
nion. He now frequented the chapel, joined in the ser«
▼ice, and was generally a partaker of the holy sacrament :
and whenever any strangers in conversation with him
seemed to question his belief, he would always appeal to
his conformity in divine services, and referred them to the
chaplain for a testimony of it. Others thought it a mere
compliance to the orders of the family, and observed, that
io city and country he never went to any parish church ;
and even in the chapel upon Sundays, he weYit out after
prayers, and turned his back upon the sdrmon ; and when
any friend asked the reason of it, he gave no other but this,
* they could teach him nothing, but what he knew.* He
did not conceal his hatred to the clergy ; but it was visible
that the hatred was owing to his fear of their civil interest
and power. He had often a jealousy, that the bishops
would burn him : and of all the bench he was most afraid
of the bishop of Sarum, because he had most offended him ;
thinking every man's spirit to be remembrance and re-
venge. After the Restoration, he watched all opportuni-
ties to ingratiate himself with the king and his prime mi-
nisters ; and looked upon his pension to be more valuable,
as an earnest of fevour and protection, than upon any other
account. His following course of life was to be free from
danger. He could not endure to be left in an empty
bouse. Whenever the earl removed, he would go along
with him, even to his last stage, from Ch^tsworth to Hard-
wick. When he was in a very weak condition, he dared
not to be left behind, but made his way upon a feather-bed
in a coach', though he survived the journey but a few days.
He could not bear any discourse of death, and seemed to
cast off all thoughts of it : he delighted to reckon upon
longer life. The winter before he died, he made a warm
coat, which he said must last him three years, and then
be would have such another. In his last sickness his fre-
quent questions were. Whether his disease was curable?
and when ihtimations were given that be might have ease,
but no remedy, he used this expression, * I shall be glad
to find a bole to creep out of the world at ;* which are re«
ported to have been his last sensible words i and his lying
14 H O B B £ S;
some days following in a silent stupefaction^ did seem
owing to his mind more than to his body. The only thought
of c^eath that he appeared to entertain in time of health,
was to take care of some inscription on his grave. He
would suffer some friends to dictate an epitaph, among
which he was best pleased with this humour, * This is the
philosopher's stone'." A pun very probaUy from the band
which wrote for Dr. Fuller, "Here lies Fuller's earth."
After this account of Hobbes, which, though undoubt-
edly true in the main, may be thought too strongly co-
loured, it will be but justice, to subjoin what lord Claren-
don has said of him. This noble person, during his banish-
ment, wrote a book in 1670, which was printed six years
after at Oxford with this title, ** A brief View of the dan-
gerous and pernicious Errors to Church and State in Mr,
Hobbes's book entitled Leviathan." In the introduction
the earl observes, that Mr. Hobbes's " Leviathan" " con-
tains in it good learning of all kinds, politely extracted,
and very wittily and cunningly digested in a very com-
mendable, and in a vigorous and pleasant style : and that
Mr. Hobbes'himself was a man of excellent parts, of great
wit, some reading, and somewhat more thinking ; one who
has spent many years in foreign parts and observations ;
understands the learned as well as the modern languages ;
bath long had the reputation of a great philosopher and
mathematician ; and in his age bath bad conversation with
very many worthy and extraordinary men : to which it may
be, if he had been more indulgent in the more vigorous
part of his life, it might have had greater infiuence upon
the temper of his mind ; whereas age seldom submits ta
those questions, inquiries, and contradictions, wbicb the
laws and liberty of conversation require. And it hath been
always a lamentation among Mr. Hobbes's friends, that he
spent too much time in thinking, and too little in exer-
cising those thoughts in the company of other men of the
same, or of as good faculties ; for want whereof his natu-
ral constitution, with age, contracted such a morosity^
that doubting and contradicting men were never grateful to
Jiim. ' In a word,. Mr. Hobbes is one of the most ancient
acquaintance I have in the world; and of whom I have
always had a great esteem, as a man, who, besides hia
eminent parts, learning, and knowledge, bath been always
looked upon as a man of probity, and of a life free from
scandal."
H O B B £ S. IS
Tbeie have been few personsj whose writings have had
a more pernicious influence in spreading irreligion and in*
fidelity than those of Hobbes; and yet none of his trea*
Uses are directly levelled against revealed religion. He
sometimes affects to speak witb veneration of the. sacred
writings, and expressly declares, that though the laws of
nature are not laws as they proceed from nature, yet ^^ as
they are given by God in Holy Scripture, they are properly
called laws ; for the Holy Scripture is the voice of God,
ruling all things by the greatest right ^.'' But though he
seems here to make the laws of Scripture the laws of God,
and to derive their force from his supreme authorityi yet
elsewhere he supposes them to have no authority, but what
they derive from the prince or civil power. He sometimes
seems to acknowledge inspiration to be a supernatural gift,
and the immediate hand of God : at other times he treats
the pretence to it as a sign ^of madness, and represents
God's speaking to the prophets in a dream, to be no more
than the prophets dreaming that God spake unto them.
He asserts, that we have no assurance of the certainty of
Scripture but the authority of the church f, and this he
resolves into the authority of the commonwealth ; and de-
clares, that till the sovereign ruler had prescribed them,
'^the precepts of Scripture were not obligatory laws, but
only counsel or advice, which he that was counselled might
without injustice refuse to observe, and being contrary to
the laws coold not without injustice observe ;'' that the word
of the interpreter of Scripture is the wprd of God, and that
the sovereign magistrate is the interpreter of Scripture^
and of all doctrines, to whose authority we must stand.
Nay, be carries it so far as to pronounce ]:, that Christians
are abound in conscience to obey the laws of an iu6del king
is matters of religion ; that ^< thought is free, but when it
comes to confession of faith, the private reason must sub-
mit to the public, that is to say, to God's lieutenant." Ac-
cordingly he allows the subject, being commanded by the
sovereign, to deny Christ in words, holding the faith of
him firmly in bis heart ; it being in this *^ not he, that
denieth Chdst before men, but bis governor and the laws
of bis country.'' In the mean time he acknowledges the
existence of God§, and that we must of necessity ascribe
4
* De Cire^ c iii. s. 33. "{ Be Give, c. 17. LsTiathan, pp. 169,
t teviathao, p. 196. 283, 284.
4 LeriatbaD, pp. 238, 872.
16 H O B B E S.
the effects we behold to the eternal power of all powers^
and cause of all causes ; and he reproaches those as ab-*'
surd, who call the world, or the soul of the world, God*
But then he denies that we know any thing more of him
than that he exists, and seems plainly to make him corpo-
real ; for he affirms, that whatever is not body is nothing
at all. And though he sometimes seems to acknowledge
religion and its obligations, and that there is an honour
and worship due to God ; prayer, thanksgivings, oblations,
&c. yet he advances principles, which evidently tend to
subvert all religion. The account he gives of it is this,
that '^ from the fear of power invisible, feigned by the
mind, or imagined from tales, publicly allowed, ariseth
religion ; not allowed, superstition :" and he resolves reli-
gion into things which he himself derides, namely, ^^ opi«
nions of ghosts, ignorance of second causes, devotion to
what men fear, and taking of things casual for prognos-
tics." He takes pains in many places to prove man a
necessary agent, and openly derides the doctrine of a fu-
ture state : for he says, that the belief of a future state
after death, *^ is a belief grounded upon other men's say-
ing, that they knew it supernaturally ; or, that they knew
those, that knew them, that knew others that knew it su-
pernaturally.'' But jt is not revealed religion only, of
which Hobbes makes light ; he goes farther, as will ap*
pear by running over a few more of his maxims. He as-<
serts, *^ that, by the law of nature,. every man hath a right,
to all things, and over all persons ; and that the natural
condition of man is a state of war, a war of all men against
all men : that there is no way so reasonable for any man,
as by force or wiles to gain a mastery over all other per-
sons that be can, till he sees no other power strong enough
to endanger him : that the civil laws are the only rules of
good and evil, just and unjust, honest and dishonest ; and
that, antecedently to such laws, every action is in its own
nature indifferent ; that there is nothing good or evil in
itself, nor any common laws constituting what is naturally,
just and unjust: that all things are measured by what
every man judgeth fit, where there is no civil government,
and by the laws of society, where there is : that the power
of the sovereign is absolute, and that he is not bound by
any compacts with his subjects : that nothing the sovereign
can do to the subject, can properly be called injurious or
wrong I and that the king's word is sufficient to take any
H O B fi £ S. 17
Uiii^ firom the rabject if need be, and that the kiog i^
judge of Uiat need/' This scheme evidently strikes at
the foundation of all religion, natural and revealed. It
tends not only to subvert the authority of Scripture, .but
to destroy God's moral government of the world. It con-
founds the natural differences of good and evil, virtue and
vice. It destroys the best principles of the human nature;
and instead of that innate benevolence and social disposi-
tion which should unite men together, supposes all men
to be naturally in a state of war with one another, ilt
erects an absolute tyranny in the. state and church, which jt
confounds, and makes the will of the prince or governing
power the sole standard of right and wrong,
Such principles in religion and politics would, as it may
be imagined, raise adversaries. Hobbes accordingly was
attacked by many considerable persons, and, what may
seem more strange, by such as wrote against each other.
Harrington, in his ^* Oceana," very often attacks Hobbes ;
and so does sir Robert Filmer in his ^^ Observations con-
cerning the Original of Government.'' We have already
mentioned Bramhall and Clarendon; the former argued
with great acuteness against that part of his system which
relates to liberty and necessity, and afterwards attacked
the whole in a piece, called ^'Tbe Catching of the Levia-
than," published in 1685 ; in which he undertakes to de-
monstrate out of Hobbes's own .works, that no man, who is
thoroughly an Hobbist, can be '^ a good Christian, or a
good commonwealth's man, or reconcile himself to him-
self." Tenison, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, gave
•a summary view of Hobbes's principles, in a book called
"The Creed of Mr. Hobbes examined, 1670;" to which
we may add the two. dialogues of Dr. Eacbard between Ti-
mothy and Phiiautus, .and Dr. Parker's book, entitled
** Disputationes de Deo &.Divina Providentia." Dr. Henry
tMore has also in ditfc^rent parts of his works canvassed and
refuted several positions of Hobbes; and the philosopher
of JllaUnesbury is said to have been so ingenuous as to own,
.that^* whenever he discovered his own philosophy to be
•unsustainable, he would embrace the opinions of Dr.
dlore." 'But the two greatest works against him were,
^Cumberland's book^^ De legibus Naturae," and Cudworth's
•^^ Intellectual System :" for these authors do not employ
themselves about his peculiar whimsies, or in vindicating
ttvealed religion 'from his exceptions and cavils, but
. V0L.XVIIL C
IS H O fi B E &
endeavour to establish the great principles of all religiofi
and morality, which his scheme tended to subvert^ and to
shew that they have a real foundation in reason and nature.
There is one peculiarity related of Hobbes, which we
have not yet mentioned in the course of our account of
him — his dread of apparitions and spirits. His friends in*
deed have called this a fable. ^^ He was falsely accused/'
say they, ** by some, of being afraid to be alone, because
be was afraid of spectres and apparitions; vain bugbears
of fools,' which he had chased away by the light of his phi-
losophy." They do not, however^ deny, that he was '
afraid of being alone ; they only insinuate, that it was for
fear of being assassinated ; but the fact probably was, that
he bad that tenacity of life which is observable in men
whose religious principles are unsettled. Upon the whole,
we may conclude, with the intelligent Brucker, that Hobbes
was certainly possessed of vigorous faculties, and had
he been sufficiently careful to form and improve his judg-
ment, and to preserve his mind free from the bias of pre-
judice and pas^on, would undoubtedly have deserved a
place in the first class of philosophers. The mathematical
method of reasfoiiing which he adopted, greatly assisted
him in his researches; but he was often led into error, by
assuming false or uncertain principles or axioms. The
vehemence with which he engaged in political contests
biassed his judgment on questions of policy, and led him
to frame such maxims and rules of government, as would
be destructive of the peace and happiness of mankind..
An arrogant contempt of the opinions of others, an impa-
tience of contradiction, and a restless ambition to be dis-
tinguished as an innovator in philosopby» were qualities
which appear to have contributed in no small degree to
the perversion of his judgment It is also to be remarked,
that though he had the precept and example of lord Bacon
to guide him, he neglected the new and fertile path of
experimental philosophy. So little was he aware of the
value of this kind of knowledge, that he censured the royal
society of London, at its first institution, for attending
more to minute experiment than general priudples, and
said, that if the name of a philosopher was to be obtained
•by relating a multifarious farrago of experiments^ we
might expect to see apothecaries, gardeners, and per-
fumers rank among philosophers.
~ A list of the works of this remarkable man, in the order
H O B B E S. 19
0
of publieation, seems not unnecessary to close our account
ofhim^ 1. His *^ Translation of Thucydides/* Lond. 1628,
«nd 1676, fol. reprinted in 2 vols. 8vo. 2. ** De Mira-
bilibus Pecci/* a Latin poem, Lond. 1636, Svo, 1666, 4to.
3. *^ Elementa philosophica seu polit^ipa de Give," Paris,
J 642, 4to, Amst. 1647, 12mo. 4. '^ An Answer to sir
William Davenant's Epislle or Preface to Gondibert,'* Pa-
ris, 1650, 12mo, afterwards printed with Gondibert. 5.
'^ Human Nature ; or the fundamental elements of policy,*'
Lond. 1650, 12mo. 6. '^ De Corpore Politico; or the
Elements of the Law," Lond. 1650, Timo. 7. " Levia-
than ; or the matter, form, and power of a Commonwealth,'*
ibid. 1651, and 1680, fol. 8. ^* A Compendium of Aris-
totle's Rhetoric, and Ramus^s Logic.*' 9. ^* A Letter about
Liberty and Necessity," Lond. 1654, 12mo. This was
answered by Dr. Laney and bishop Bramhall. 10. '^ The
Questions concerning Liberty, and Necessity, and Cliance,
stated and debated between Mr. Hobbes and Dr. Bramhall,
bishop of London- Derry," Lond. 1656, 4to. 1 1^ " Ele-
mentorum Philosophiie sectio prima de Corpore," ibid.
1655, 8vo; in English, 1656, in 4to. " Sectio secunda,"
London, 1657, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, in 4to. 12. ^'Six:
Lessons to the professors of mathematics of the institution
of sir Henry Savile," ibid, 1656, 4to, written against Mr.
Seth Ward, and Dr. John Wallis. 13. « The Marks of the
absurd Geometry, rural Language, &e. of Dr John Wal-
lis," ibid. 1657, Svo. 14. ^^ Examinatio et emendatio
Matbematicae hodiernse, sex Dialogis comprehensa," ibid.
1660, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, 4to. 15. " Dialogus Phy-
sicus, sive de Natur^ Aeris," Lond. 1661, 4to; Amster-
dam, 1668, 4to. 16. " De Duplicatione Cubi," London,
1661, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, 4to. 17. " Problem ata
Physica, una cum magnitudine circuli," Lond. 1662, 4to;
Amsterdam^ 168.8, 4to. 18. *' De principiis et ratiocina-
tione Geometrarum, contra fastuosumT professorem," Lond.
1666, 4to; Amsterdam, 1668, 4to. 19. ^< Quadratura Cir-
<ruli, cubatio sphserus, duplicado cubi ; una cum respon-
sione ad objectiones geometriae professoris Saviliani O.x-
onisB editas anno 1669." Lond. 1669, 4tOv 20. << Rosetum
Geometricum, sive propositioiies aliquot frustra antehap
tentatsB, cum censur4 brevi doctrinae Wallisianande motu,''
London, 1671, 4to, of which an account is giVen in the
Philosophical Transactions, No. 72, for the year 1671,
? L Three Papers presented to the royal society against
G 2
UO H O B B E S.
Dr. Wallis, with considerations on Dr. Wallis*s Ahswier tb
them/' Lond. 1671, 4to. ^2. ** Lux Mathematical &c.
censura doctWnae Wallisianse de Libra: Rosetum Hob-
besii," Lond. 1672, 4to. 23. " Princi]pia et Problemata
aliquot Ceometrica ante desperata, nunc breviter explt-
cata et demonstrata/* London, 1674, 4to. 24. '* Epis-
tola ad Dom. Anton, a Wood, Authorem Historise et Anti-
quitat. Universit. Oxon. :" dated April the 20th, 1674^
Krinted in half ^ sheet on one side. '* It was written to
Ir. Wood," says Wood himself, " upon his complaint made
to Mr. Hobbes of several deletions and additions made in
and to his life and character (which he had written of him
in that book) by the publisher (Dr. Jo. Fell) of the said
Hist and Antiq. to the great dishonour and disparagement
of the said Mr. Hobbes. Whereupon, when that history
was finished, came out a scurrilous answer to the said
epistle, written by Dr. Fell, which is at ** the end of the
said history." In this Answer Dr. Fell styles Mr. Hobbes,
^^ irritabiie illud et vanissimum Malmsburiense animal *,"
and tells us, that one Mr. J. A. had sent a magnificenjt euld-
gium of Mr. Hobbes drawn up by him, or more probably
by Hobbes himself, in order to be inserted in the Hist, et
Antiq. Univers. Oxon.; but the editor finding in this eulp-
gium a great many things foreign to the design of that wofk^
and far from truth, he suppressed what he thought proper.
25. "A Letter to William duke of Newcastle, concerning
the Controversy had with Dr. Laney, bishop of Ely, about
Liberty and Necessity," Lond. 1670, 12mo. 26. " Deca-
meron Physiologicum ; or ten dialogues of natural philo-
sophy, &c." London, 1678, 8vo. To this is added " The
Proportion of a strait line to bold the Arch of a Quadrant."
27. ^* His last words and dying Legacy :" printed on one
side of a sheet of paper in December 1679, and published
by Charles Blunt, esq. from the ^* Leviathan," in order to
expose Mr. Hobbes^s doctrine. 28. His *^ Memorable Say-
ings in his books and at the table;" printed on one side of
a broad sheet of paper, with his picture before them. 29.
<< Behemoth: The History of the Civil Wars of Englahd
from 1640 to 16€0," Lond. 16719, 8vo. 30. «* Vita Tho-
mas Hobbes," a Latin poeih written by himself, and prihted
at London in'4to, in the latter end of December 1679 ;
and a fortnight after that, viz. about the lOih of January,
it was published in English verse by another band, at Lon-
idot) 1680| ill five sheets in folio. The Latin copy was
H O B B E a 21
reprinted and subjoined to ^ Vits Hobbianse Auctariuro/'
31. ^^ Historical narration of Heresy, and the punisbment
thereof/' London, 1680, in four abeets and an half in folio ;
and in 1682 in 8vo. This is chiefly e^ctracted out of the
second chapter De Haeresi of his Appendix to the i.$via«
than. 32. << Vita Thoms Hobbes,'* written by himself in
prose, and printed at Caropolis, i. e. London, s^nd pre-
fixed to *^Y'\UB HobbiansB Auctarium,'' 1681, Svo, ai^4
1683, 4 to. 33. << A Brief of the art of Rhetpric, c^nt^n-
ing in substance all that Aristotle hath written in hi$ thre^
books of that subject,*' 12mo, without a date. U was
afterwards published in two books, London, 169 1*, in 8vo,
the first bearing the title of " The Art of Rhetoric/' and
the other of *^ The Art of Rhetoric plainly set forth ; with
pertinent examples for the more ready understanding
and practice of the same." To which is added, 34. ^^ A
Dialogue between a philosopher and a student of the CpQi*!*
mon Laws of England." Mr. Harrington in bis Ob^erva-?
tions on the Statute of Treasons, says it appears by thitt
dialogue, that Hobbes had considered most of the funda^-
mental principles of the English law with great care and
attention. 35. ** An Answer to archbishop BrarpbalPiS Book
called The catching of the Leviathan," London, 1682, $VQ.
36. ^< Seven philosophical Problems, and two Propositions
of Geometry," London, 1682, Svo, dedicated to the king
in 1662. 37. ^* An Apology for himself and his Writings."
38. ^* Historia Ecclesiastica carmine elegiaco concinnata,''
Aug. Trinob. i. e. London, 1688, 8vo. 39. " Tractatus
Opticus," inserted in Mersennus's *^ Cou^itata Physico^
Mathematica," Paris, 1 644, 4to. 40. ^^ Qbservationes in
Cartesii de prim& Philosophic Meditationes." These ob-
jections are published in all* the editions of {)es Gartes's
** Meditations." 41. "The Voyage of Ulysses; or Ho-
mer's Odysses," book 9, 10, 11, 12. London, 1674, in 8vo*
And 42. "Homer's Iliads and Odysses," London, 1675
and 1677, 12mo. ^
HOBBIMA (Mind-erhout), a very eminent painter, is
supposed to have been born about 1611, at Antwerp ^ but
tbe master from whom he received his instruction is not
known. He studied entirely after nature, sketching every
1 Bioff. 6rit-«6en. Dict.-^Bnract's Gyro Tiipes.— Life prefixed to Wood'^
Annals, 4to, p. 1^. — A th. Ox. vol. II,— Leland's^ Deistical Writers — Letters
irwm the -Bodleian Libraryi S T6lt. Svo, lSld.^--D''Itraeirs Quarrels of A^ihors,
Tol. 111. p. 1—89.
22 H O B B I M A.
scene that afforded him pleasure, and his choice was ex-'
ceedingly picturesque. His grounds are always agreeably
broken, and be was particularly fond of describing slopes
diversified with shrubs, plants, or trees, which conducted
the eye to some building, ruin, grove, or piece of water,
and frequently to a delicate remote distance ; every object
perspectively contributing to delude our observation to that
point. The forms of his trees are not unlike Ruysdael and
Dekker ; and in* all his pictures he shews an admirable
knowledge of the chiaroscuro. His colouring is extremely
good, and his skies evidently shew that he made nature
his principal director, by the shape and disposition of his
clouds, as also by those peculiar tints, by which he ex*
pressed the rising and setting of the sun, the morning and
evening. His touch is light, free, and firm ; and .his p 'int-
ings have a very striking effect, by the happy distribution
of his light and shadow. The figures which he himself
designed are but indifferent, which was a defect imputable
to Claude Lorraine and Caspar Poussin, as well as to Hob-
bima; but the latter, conscious of his inabihty in that re-
spect, admitted but few figures into his designs, and those
he usually placed somewhat removed from the immediate
view, at a prudent distance from the front line. However,
most of his pictures were supplied with figures by Ostade,
Teniers, and other very famous masters, which must always
give them a great additional value. The works of Hobbima
are now exceedingly scarce, and industriously sought for.
A very fine landscape of his, the property of the late Edward
Coxe, esq. was sold a few years ago for nearly 700/.^
KtOCCLEVE, or OCCLEVE (Thomas), an ancient
English poet, who scarcely, however, deserves the name,
was horn probably about 1370, and has been styled
Chaucer's disciple. He studied law at Chester's Inn, in
the Strand, and was a writer to the privy seal for above
twenty yeard. When he quitted this office, or what means
of subsistence he afterwards had, cannot be easily deter-
mined. Pits seems wrong in asserting that he was pro-
vided for by Humphrey duke of Gloucester. Nor is Bale
more correct in saying that he had imbibed the religious
tenets of Wickliff. From his poems the following. scanty
particulars of his history have been communicated by a
learned friend : ** lie dwelt in the office of the privy sea\,
a ^vriter ' unto the se^l twenty-four years come Easter, ^nd
1 Pilkington.
IL
H O C C L E V E. 23
that k nigh.' The king granted hitn an annuity of twenty
marks in the exchequer, which it appears be had much*
difficulty in getting paid. He expresses much doubt of
obtaining it from ^ yere to yere :' fears it may not be con-
tinued when he is no longer able to ^ serve' (i. e. as a writer
in the privy seal office). Besides this annuity he has but
six marks coming in yearly * in noo tide.' Speaks of dwell-
ing at home in his * pore coote,' and that more than two
parts of his lif^ are spent-— he is ignorant of husbandry ;
* scarcely could skare away the kite ;' can neither use
plough or harrow, knows not * what land is good for what
corn ;' unable to fill a cart or barrow from long use to
writing ; descants on the troubles and difficulties attending
writing; says that ^ bit is welle grett laboure,' and con-
trasts very happily the life of an husbandman or artificer
with that of a writer^ adding that he has continued in
writing twenty years and more. He * whilom' thought to
have been a priest, but now is married, having long waited
for a benefice; describes the corruption in bis, office, but
that no share of the bribes come to the clerks. Name
' Okkleve' acquainted with Chaucer — has small knowledge
of Latin and of French. He is advised to complain to the
prince that he cannot get paid in the excheqtitr^ and peti-
tion that his patent be removed into the haniper, but ob*
serves this cannot be done because of the * ordinance*' for
' longe after this shall noo graunt be chargeable.' He says
^ my lorde the prince is good lorde' to him, and is advised
to write him ^ a goodlie tale or two,' therein to avoid flat-
tery, and write * nothinge that sowneth to vice,' " &c.
Hpccleve is supposed to have died in 1454. Some of
his poems were printed by Mr. George Mason, in 1796,
4to, from a MS. in bis possession, and a preface, notes,
and glossary. The glossary is useful, but the attempt ko
reyive the poems impotent. Instead, indeed, of removing,
they confirm Warton's objection to him as a feeble poet,
" whose chief merit seems to be, that his writings contri-
buted to propagate and establish those improvements in
our language, which were in his time beginning to take
place." The most favourable specimen of Hoccleve's
poetry is bis *' Story of Jonathas," which the reader will
£nd in the " Shepherd's Pipe," by William Browne, au-
thor of Britannia's Pastorals. ^
> Preface to Mawn's edition.— Extracts commiiiiicated by Mr. Archdeacon
Nares from Mn Sharp of Coventry.— Ellis's Specimens*-— Walton's Hist, of
Poetry.
^ HOCHSTETTER.
HOCilSTETTER (Andrew-Adam), a prot€»taDt di^
vine, wacs born at Tubingen, July 1688. After studying^
i^b credit in the principal universities of Germany, he
b66aTne successively professor of eloquence, of moral phi-
losophy, of divinity, and finally rector of Tubingen. He
died at the same place, April 27, 1717. His principal
work^ are, 1. " Collegium Puffendorfianum." 2. " Dii
Festo Expiationis, et Hirco Azazel.'* 3. *' De Conradino^
ultifho ^3t Suevis duce." 4. ** De rebur Elbigensibus."
Hi!^ historical works are in most esteem.*
HODGES (Nathaniel), an English physician,' was the
scm of Dr. Thomas Hodges, dean of Hereford, of whomf
th^re are three printed sermons. He was educated iii
Westminster-school, and became a student of Christ^church,
Oxford, in 1648. In 1631 and 1654, he took the degreed
of B. aiid M. A. and, in 1659, accumulated the degriees of
B. and M. D. He settled in London, and was, in 1672,
made fellow of the College of Physicians. He remained in
the metropolis during the continuance of the plague iit
1665, when most of the physicians, and Sydenham amon^
{fae rest, retired to the country : and, with another of his
Brethren, he visited the infected during the whole of that
terrible visitation. Thiese two physicians, indeed, appear
to ha^e been appointed by the city of London to attend the
diseased, with a stipend. Dr. Hodges was twice taken ill
ddring the prevdeiice of the disease; but by the aid o£
timely remedies be recovered. His mode of performing
\xvi perilods duty was to receive early every morning, at bis
own house, the persons who came to give reports of the
^fck, and convalescents, for advice; he then made his
forenoon visits to the infected, causing a pan of coals to be
carried before him with perfumes, and chewing tuocfaeal
while hfe wad in the sick chamber. > He repeated bis visits
in the afternodh. His chief prophylactic was a liberal use
bf Spanish wine, and cheerful society after the business of
thb day. It i^ hibch to be lamented that such a man after-
virai'ds fell into uhfortunate circumstances, and wis confined
. for debt in Ludgate prison, where he died in 1684. His
body was interred in the church of St. Stephen's, Walbrook^
London, where a nionumeut \% erected to him. He is
author of two works : 1 . ^^ Vindici^ Medicihse et Medi*
corum: An Apology for the Profession and Professors
1 Diet, (list
HODGES. 25
t>f Physto, &c. 1660/' Svo. 2. *' Ao(/MXoyia .• sive, pestis
nuperoe apnd populum Londinensem grassantis narratio bis-
torica/' 1672, 9vo. A translation of it into English was
printed at London in 1720, Sva, under the following title :
'* Loimologta, or, an Historical Account of the Plague of
London in 1665, with precautionary Directions against the
lik€ Contagion. To which k added, an Essay on the different
causes of pestilential diseases, and how they become con-
tagious. With remarks on the infection now in France,
and the nobst probable means to prevent its spreading here ;'*
the latter by Jdhn Quiucy, M. D. In 1721, there was
printed at London, in Svo, ^* A collection of very valuable
and stai^ce pieces relating to the last plague in 1665;**
among which is ** An account of the first rise, progress,
symptoms, and cure of the Plague ; being the substance of
a letter from Dr. Hodges to a person of quality, dated from
bis house in Watling-street, May the 8th, 1666/' The
atithor of the preface to this collection calls our author
'* a fditbful historian and diligent physician ;" and tells us,
that ** he may be reckoned among the best observers in
any age of physic, and has given us a true picture of the
plague in his own titne."^ *
HODGES (William), an English landscape painter,
Was born in London, in 1744, and received his tuition in
Che art from Wilson, whom he assisted for some time, and
under whom be acquired a good eye for colouring, and
great freedom and boldness of band ; but unluckily, like
loo many pupils, he caught the defects of his master more
powerfully than his beauties ; and was, in consequence,
too loose in his definition of forms, by which means, that;
which added gface to the works of the master, became
tdovenliness in the pupil. ** Hodges,'* says Fuseli, ** had
the boldness and neglect of Wilson, but not genius enough
to give authority to the former, or make us forgive the
latter : too inaccurate for scene-painting, too mannered for
local representation, and not sublime or comprehensive
enough for poetic landscape ; yet, by mtere decision of
hand, nearer to excellence than mediocrity ; and, perhaps,
koperidt to some who surpassed him in perspective, or
diligence of execution." He accepted an appointment to
go out draughtsman with captain Cook on his second voyage
to the South Seas, from which he returned after an ab»
» Ath% Ox. tol. II,— Gen. Diet. — Recs's Cyclopsedfa.
2C HODGES,
sence of three years, and painted some pictures for the
admiralty, of scenes in Otabeite and Ulietea. Afterwards,
under the patronage of Warren Hastings, he visited the
JCast Indies, where he acquired a decent fortune. On his
return home, after practising the art some time, he en-
gaged in commercial and banking speculations; which nojb
proving successful, he sunk under the disappointment, and
died in 1797.'
HOD Y (Humphrey), an eminent English divine, was bora
Jan. 1, 165s^,atOdcombe in thecountyof Somerset, of which
place his father was rector. He discovered while a boy, a
great propensity to learning ; and, in 1676, was admitted
into Wadham-coUege, Oxford, of which he was chosen
fellow in 1684. When he was only in bis twenty-first year
he published his ^^ Dissertation against Aristeas^s History of
the Seventy-two Interpreters.** The substance of that
history of Ansteas, concerning the seventy-two Greek in-
terpreters of the Bible, is this : Ptolemy Philadelphus,
king of Egypt, and founder of the noble library at Alex-
andria, being desirous of enriching that library with all sorts
of books, committed the care of it to Demetrius Phalereus,
a noble Athenian then living in bis court. Demetrius being
informed, in the course of his inquiries, of the Law of
Moses among the Jews, acquainted the king with it ; who
signified his pleasure, that a copy of that book, which was
then only in Hebrew, should be. sent for from Jerusalem,
with interpreters from the same place to translate it into
Greek. A deputation was accordingly seiit to Eleazar the
liigh-priest of the Jews at Jerusalem ; who sent a copy of ^
the Hebrew original, and seventy-two interpreters, six out
of each of the twelve tribes, to translate it into Greek.
When they were come to Egypt the king caused them to
be conducted into the island of Pharos near Alexandria,
in apartments prepared for them, where they completed
their translation in seventy-two days. Such is the story
told by Aristeas, who is said to be one of king Ptolemy's*
court Hody shews that it is the invention of some Hel-
lenist Jew ; that it is full of anachronisms and gross blun-
ders ; and, in short, was written on purpose to recommend
and give greater authority to the Greek version of the Old
Testament, which from this story has received the name of
the Septuagint This dissertation was received with th^
1 PillqDgtoD, by Faseli.— fidward«'s Continuatioft of Watpole.
H O D Y. 27
liigheftt applause by all the learned, except Isaac Vossiasv
Charles du Fresne spoke highly of it in his observations oa
the ^' Chronicon Paschale/* published in 1698; and Me-
nage, in his notes upon the second edition of *^ Diogenei^
Laertius," gave Hody the titles of ^^ eruditiiisimus, doC-
tissimus, elegantissimas, &c." but Vossiiis alone was
greatly dissatisfied with it* He had espoused the contrary
opinion, and could not bear that such a boy as Hody should
presume to contend with one of bis age and reputation for
letters. He published therefore an appendix to his '*Ob«
servations on Pomponius Mela/' and subjoined an answer
to this viissertation of Hody*s ; in which, however, he did
not enter much into the argument, but contents himself
with treating Hody very contemptuously, vouchsafing him
no better title than Juvenis Oxonieusis, and sometimes
using worse language. When Vossius was asked afters-
wards, what induced him to treat a young man of promis-
ing hopes, and who had certainly deserved well of the re«
public of letters, so very harshly, he answered, that be had
received some time before a rude Latin epistle from Ox-
ford, of which he suspected Hody to be the author ; and
that this had made him deal more severely with him than
be should otherwise have done. Vossius had indeed re*
ceived such a tetter ; but it was writjten, according to the
assertion of Creech, the translator of Lucretius, without
Hody's knowledge or approbation. When Hody published
his ^* Dissertation, &c.*' he told the reader in his preface,
that he had three other books preparing upon the Hebrew
text, and Greek version ; but lie was now so entirely drawn
away from these studies by other engagements, that he
could not find time to complete his work, and to answer
the objections of Vossius, till more than twenty years after.
In 1 704, he published it altogether, with this title, ^^ De
Bibliorum textibus originalibus, versionibus Grcecis, et
Latina Vulgata, libri IV. &c.*' The first book contains
bis dissertation against Aristeas*s history, which is here re-
printed with improvements, and an answer to Vossius^s
objections. In the second he treats of tlie true authors of
the Greek version called the Septuagint; of the time
when, and the reasons why, it was undertaken, and of the
manner in which it was performed. The third is a history
of the Hebrew text, the Septuagint version, and of the
Latin Vulgate; shewing the authority of each in different
ages, and that the Hebrew text has been always most
si HOB Y.
eftteem^d and vailiied. In the fourth he gives as account
Oif the re»t of the Gi*^8k Tersions, namely, those of Sym*
machtts, Aquila, and Tbeodotion ; of Origen^s ** Hexapla,*'
and other ancient editions,; and subjoins lists of the book«
of the Bible at different times, which exhibit a concise, but
foil and clear view of the canon of Holy Scripture. — Upon
the whole, he thinks it probable, that the Greek version,
ealled the Septuagint, was done in the time of the two
Ptolemies, Lagus and Philadelphus ; and that it was not
done by order of king Ptolemy, or under the direction of
Demetrius Phalereus, in order to be deposited in the Alex-
andrine library, but by Hellenist Jews for the use of their
own countrymen.
In 1689, he wrote the '^ Prolegomena" to John Malela's
♦*. Chronicle," printed at Oxford; and the year after was
made chaplain to Siillingfleet bishop of Worcester, being
tutor to his son at Wadham college. The deprivation of
the bishops, who had refused the oaths to king William and
queen Mary, engaged him in a controversy with Dodwell,
who had till now been his friend, and had spoken hand-
somely and affectionately of him, in his ** Dissertations
upon Irenaeus,- ' printed in 1669. The pieces Hody published
on this occasion were, in 1691, ^^ The Unreasonableness of
a Separation from the new bishops : or, a Treatise out of
Ecclesiastical History, shewing, that although a bishop
was unjustly deprived, neither he nor the church ever made
a separation, if the successor was not an heretic. Trans-
lated out of an ancient manuscript in the public library
at Oxford," one of the Baroccian MSS. He translated it
afterwards into Latin, and prefixed to it some pieces out
of ecclesiastical antiquity, relating to the same subject.
Dodwell publishing an answer to it, entitled <^ A Vindica-
tion of the deprived bishops," &c. in 1692, Hody replied,
in a treatise which he styled " The Case of Sees vacant
by an unjust or uncanonical deprivation stated ; in answer
to a piece intituled, A Vindication of the deprived Bishops,
&c. Together with the several pamphlets published as
answers to the Baroccian Treatise, 1693." The part he
acted in this controversy recommended him so powerfully
to Tillotson, who had succeeded Sancroft in the see of
Canterbury, that be made him his domestic chaplain in
May 1694. Here he drew up his dissertation << concern-
ing the Resurrection of the same body," which he dedi-
caited to . Stillingfleet, whose chaplain he had been from
H O D T. 29
1690. Tillotson dying NoTcmber Following, he was con-
tinued chaplain by Tenison his successor; who soon after
gave him the rectory of Chart near Canterbury, vacant
by the death of Wharton. This, before he was collated,
he exchanged for the united parishes of St. MichaePs
Royal and St. Martin's Vintry, in London, being instituted
to these in August 1695. In 1696,. at the command of
Tenison, he wrote *^ Animadversions on two pamphlets
lately published by Mr. Collier, &c." When sir WiUiaiH
Perkins and sir John Friend were executed that year for
the assassination*plot, Collier, Cook, and Snatr, three
nonjuring clergymen, formally pronounced upon them the
absolution of the church, as ic stands in the office for the
visitation of the sick, and accompanied this ceremony with
a solemn imposition of hands. For this imprudent actioi>
they were not only indicted, but also the archbishops and
bishops published ^^ A Declaration of their sense concern-
ing those irregular and scandalous proceedings.'* Snatt
and Cook were cast into prison. Collier absconded, and
from his privacy published two pamphlets to vindicate bis
own, and his brethren's conduct; the one called, <<A De-
fence of the Absolution given to sir William Perkins at the
place of execution ;" the other, " A Vindication thereof,
occasioned by a paper, intituled, A Declaration of the
sense of the archbishops and bishops, &c." ; in answer to
which Hody published the ** Animadversions" above-men*
tioned.
lV£arch 1698, be was appointed regius professor of Greek
in the university of Oxford ; and instituted to the arch-
deaconry of Oxford in 1704. In 1701, he bore a part in
the controversy about the convocation, and pUbKshed upon
that occasion, ^* A History of English Councils and Con-
vocations, and of the Clergy's sitting in Parliament, in
which is also comprehended the History of Parliaments^
with an account of our ancient laws." He died Jan. 20, ,
1706, and was buried in the chapel belonging to Wad-
ham-coilege, where he had received his ^ucation, and to
which he bad been a benefactor : for,-in order to encourage
the study of the Greek and Hebrew languages, df which
he was so great a master himself, he founded in that col-
lege ten scholarships of ten pounds each ; now increasekl
to fifteen pounds each; and appointed that four of the
scholars should apply themselves to the study of the He-
brew, and six to the study of the Greek language. He
30 BODY.
left behind him in MS. a valuable work formed frotdube
lectures which he had read in the course of his professor^-
sbip^ t^ontaining an account of those learned Grecians who
retired to Italy before and after the taking of Constanti*
nople by the Turks^ and restored the Greek tongue and
learning in these western parts of the world. This was
published in 1742, by Dr. S. Jebb, under this title, " De
Graecis illustribus linguae Grsscae literarumqge humanio-
rum instauratoribus, eorum vitis, scriptis, et elogiis libri
<luo. £ Codicibus potissimum MS8. aliisque authenticis
ejusdem aevi monimeutis deprompsit Huoifredus tiodius,
S. T. P. baud ita pridem Regius Professor et Archidiaco-
nus Oxon.^' Prefixed is an account in Latin of the author^s
life, extracted chiefly from a manuscript one written by
himself in English. '
HOE (Matthias de Hoenegg), of a noble family at
Vienna, was born Feb. 24, 1580. After being eight years
superintendant of Plaven in Saxony, he took holy orders
at Prague in 1611. In 1613 he left Prague, and was ap«^
pointed principal preacher to the elector of Saxony at
Dresden, where he died March 4, 1645. He wks a stre-
nuous Lutheran, and wrote with as much zeal against
Calvinists as Papists. His works, which are very numerous
both in Latin and German, are not at this day much
esteemed, or indeed known. Their titles, however, are
given by the writers of his life, and among them we find«
*^ Solida detestatio Papife et Calvinistarum," 4to. '^ Apo-
logia pro B. Luthero contra Lampadium,'' Leipsic, 1611,
4to. '^ PhiiosophisB Aristotelicse, partes tres.** '' Septem
verborum Christi explicatio.*' The greater part of bis
tracts appear evidently, from their titles, to be contro*-
versial. •
HOELTZ LINUS (Jeremias), a philologer, was born at
Nuremberg, but settled at Leyden, and is best known by
his edition of ApoUonius Rhodius, which was published
there in 1641. This edition is generally esteemed for the
beauty of the printing; but Rubnkenius, in his second
Epistola Critica, calls the editor *^ tetricum et ineptum
Apollonii Commentatorem ;^* and bis commentary has been
censiired also by Harwood, Harles, and other learned
men. He published in 1628, a German translation of the
t Life M above.— Biog. Brit«-»Birch*s Tillotson.— Chalmen's Hist, of Oxfoi]^.
s Freheri The atruip.'-Gen. Diet.— Moeheioi.-— Saxii Onomafit.
.y
H O E S C H E L I U S. 31.
Pskims, wbich has the credit of being accui'ate. He died
in 1641.^
HOESCHELIUS (David), a learned German, was born
at Augsburg in 1556; and spent his life in teaching the
youth in the college of St. Anne, of which he was made
principal by the magistrates of Augsburg, in 1593. They
made him their hbrary- keeper also, and he acquitted him-
self with true literary zeal in this post : for he collected a
great number of MSS. and printed books, especially Greeks
and also of the best authors and the best editions, with
which he enriched their library ; and also published the
most scarce and curious of the MSS. with bis own notes.
His publications were very numerous, among which were
editions of the following authors, or at least of some part
of their works; Origen, Philo Judseus, Basil, Gregory of
Nvssen, Gregory of Nazianzen, Chrysostom, Hori Apol-
linis Hierbglypbica, Appian, Photius, Procopius, Anna
Comnena, &c. To some of these he added Latin transla-
tions, but published others in Greek only, with notes.
Huetius has commended him, not only for the pains he
took to discover old manuscripts, hut also for his skill and
ability in translating them. Re composed, and published
in 1595, " A Catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Augs-
burg library," which, for the judgment and order with
which it is drawn up, is reckoned a masterpiece in its kind.
He may justly be ranked among those who contributed to
the revival of good learning in Europe ; for, besides these
labours for the public, he attended his college closely ;
and not only produced very good scholars, but is said to
have furnished the bar with one thousand, and the church
with two thousand, young men of talents. He died at
Augsburg in 1617, much lamented, being a man of good as
well as great qualities, and not less beloved than admired. '
HOET (Gerard), an eminent historical and landscape
painter, born at Bommel in 1648, was a disciple of War-
,nard van Rysen, an excellent ardst, who had been bred in
the school of Polemburg. He was at first invited to Cleve,
where. his paintings procured him very great credit; but
he was afterwards prevailed on to visit Paris, where not
meeting with encouragement in any degree proportioned
to his. merit, he turned his attention to England, whither he
* Gen. Diet. — Moreri.— ^Saxii Oiiomaat.
' NiceroD, vol. XXVllI.— Freberi Theatrum* — Gen. Dict-^Saxii Oo^HnaaU
82 H O E T.
certainly would have directed his course, bad he not been
dissuaded by Vosterman. After practisingi therefore, for^
some time at Paris and Cleves, he settled at Utrecht, and
in that city and its neighbourhood displayed bis abiiitiea, in
executing several grand designs for ceilings, saloons, and
apartments, and also in finishing a great number of easel
pictures for cabinets ; and his reputation was so universally
established at Utrecht, that be was appointed director of
an academy for drawing and painting, which he ^conducted,
with great honour to himself, and remarkable advantage to
bis pupils. He had a lively imagination, a vefy ready iu*
vention, a talent for composition and correctness in the cos-
tume. His manner of painting was clean and neat, and he
was thoroughly master of the true principles of the chiaro*-
scuro. His figures in general are designed with elegance,
bis colouring is vivid, natural, and harmonious, his touch
is light and firm, and his pictures have a great deal of trans-
parence. His small easel-paintings are as distinctly touched
as highly finished ; and yet his larger works are always
penciled with a freedom that is suitable to those grander
compositions.
Many capital pictures of this master are in the palace of
Slangenberg; and his eminent talents may be seen in the
grand staircase at Voorst, the seat of the earl of Alben>arle.
In Holland, and also in our kingdoms, several charmiuf^
pictures of Hoet are preserved ; some of them in the maa*
ner of Polemburg, and others in the style of Carel du Jjir*
din. He died in 1733.'
HOFFMAN (Daniel), a Lutheran minister, superin-
tendant and professor at Helmstad, was the author of an
idle controversy towards the end of the sixteenth century.
He started some difficulties about subscribing the concord,
and refused to concur with Dr. Andreas in defence of this
confession. He would not acknowledge the ubiquity, but
only that the body of Jesus Christ was present in a great
many places ; this dispute, though laid asleep soon after,
left aspirit of curiosity and contradiction upon people's
minds, so that in a little time they began to disagree and
argue very warmly upon several other points, HofFoiaa
being always, at the head of the party. Among other things
in an. academical disputation, he maintained that the light
of reason, even as it appears in the writings of Plato and
* Pjlkington.
HOFFMAN. S3
Aristotle^ is aver&e to religion ; and the more the hamaa
iindersundiug is culurateli by philpsapbical studyi the
more perfectly is tbe enemy supplied with weapons of de«
fence* Tbe partiality which at this time universally pre-
?ailed in favour of the Aristotelian philosophy was such^
that an opinion of this kind could dot be advanced publiclyi
without exciting general dissatisfaction and alarm. A nu-
merous band of professors, though they differed in opinion
among themselvesi united to cake op arms against the
* .common enemy. At the bead of this body was John Caa«
sel ; whence the advocates for philosophy were called tbe
Casselian party. They at first challenged Hoffman to a
private conference, in expectation of leading him to a
sounder judgment concerning philosophy ; but their hopea
were frustrated. Hoffman, persuaded that interest and
envy liad armed the philosophers against him, in bis reply
to bis opponents inveighed with great bitterness against
philosophers, and acknowledged, that be meaut to oppose
not only the abuse of philosophy,, but the most prudent and
legitimate use of it, as necessarily destructive of theology.
This extravagant assertion, accompanied with many con-
tumelious censures of philosophers, produced reciprocal
vehemence; and Albert Graver published a book ^^ De
Unica Veritate," which maintained '^ the Simplicity of
Trutb;'* a doctrine from which tbe Casselian party were
called Simplicists, whilst the followers &f Hoffman (for he
fmnd means to engage several persons, particularly among
the Theosopbista,, in his interest) (^posing this doctrine^
were calledj on the other hand„ Duplicists, John Angel
Werdeobagen, a Boehmenite, who possessed some poe«-
tical lalenta, wrote several poems against the phifoso^
phenu In short, tbe disputes ran so Ugh, and produced
no SHich persotial abuse, that tbe court thought it neoes*
aacy to interpose its authority, and appointed arbitrators to
examine the merits of the controversy. Tha decision waa
against Hoffman, and ha was obliged to make a public re-
cantation ot bis errors, acknowledging tbe utility and OKr
ceUence of philosophy, and declaring that bis invective#^
bad been only directed against its abuses.
. Hofthian and Beaa wrote against each other upon tb#
sbbject of tbe Holy Eucharist Hoffman aAQUsed Hommis,
an eminent Lutheran minister, for having misrepresent^
the book of tbe Concord ; for here, says Hoffman, the
cause of election i* not made ttt ctefKWd upon the qualifi*
Vol- XVIIL J>
34 » O F F M A N-
cations of the person elected ; but Hdnniusi says be, and
Myiius assert, that the decree of election is founded upon
the foresight of faith. Hunniiis and Myiius caused Hoff-
man to be condemned at a meeting of their divines in
1593, and threatened Him with excommunication, if be
did not comply. The year following, Hoffman publtsbed
an apology against their censure. Hospinian gives the
detail of this controversy : he observes, that some divines
of Leipsic, Jena^ and Wittemburg, would have h^d Hoff-'
man publicly censured as a Calvinist, and such a heretic
as was not fit to be conversed with ; others who were more
moderate, were for admonishing him by way of letter be-
fore they came to extremities : this latter expedient was
approved, and Hunnius wrote to him in the name of all his
brethren. Hoffman's apology was an answer to this letter,
in which he gives the reasons for refusing to comply with
the divines of Wittemburg, and pretends to shew that they
were grossly mistaken in several articles of faith. At last
he was permitted to keep school at Helmstadt, where be
died in 1611. He must not be confounded vnth Mekhior
Hoffman^ a fanatic of the sixteenth century, who died in
prison at Strasburgh. There was also a Gasper Hoffman
(the name being common), a celebrated professor of medi-
cine at Altdorf, who was born at Gotha in lii72, and died
in 1649 ; and who. left behind him many medical works. '
HOFFMAN (John James), professor of Greek at Bale,
was born in that city in 1635, and died there in 1706.
Little besides is known of his history. His great work, the
•* Lexicon Universale Historico-Geographico-Poetico-Phi-
losopbico-Politico-Philologicum,^* was first published at
Geneva, in 1677, in two volumes, folio. This being re*
ceived by the learned with great avidity, he published,^ 9
few years after, a Supplement ; which was also rapidly sold
of£ In 1698, some of the principal booksellers at Leyden,
encouraged by this success of the work, and having re<*
ceived from the author all his subsequent collections, and
many other additions from various learned men, digested
the whole, with the Supplement, into one alphabet, and
published it in four volumes, folio. In this form it is now
Known as a most useful book of reference, and finds a
{>lace in every learned library. For this edition the aii-*
hor wrote a new pre&ce. He also published a '* History
HOFFMAN. 8jr
of the Popes'* in Latin^ 1687, 2 vols, and <^ Historia Au-*
gusta,*' 1687, fol.»
HOFFMAN (Maurice), a physician, was born of a good
-family, at Furstenwalde, in the. electorate of Branden**
bourg, Sept. 20, . 1621 ; and was driven early from bis na«
tive country by the plague, and also by the war that fol-^
lowed it. His parents^ having little idea of letters or
sciences, contented themselves with having him taught
writing and arithmetic ; but Hoffman's taste for books and
study made him very impatient under this confined instruc**
tion, and he was resolved, at all events, to be a scholar.
He first gained over his mother to his scheme ; but she
died when he was only fifteen. This, however, fortunately
proved no impediment to his purpose; for the schoolmaster
of Furstenwalde^ to which place after many removals he
bad now returned, was so struck with his talents and laud*
able ambition, that he instructed him carefully in secret*
His father, convinced at length of his uncommon abilities^
permitted bim to follow his inclinations; and, in 1637,
sent him to study in the college of Cologtie* Famine and
the plague drove him from hence to Kopnik, where be bu*'
ried his father; and, in 1638, he went to Altdorf, to an
uncle by his mother's side, who was a professor of physic.
Here he finished his studies in classical reaming and philo-*
sophy, and then applied himself, with the utmost* ardour,
to physic. In 1641, when he had made some progress,
be went to the university of Padua, which then abounded
with men very learned in all sciences. Anatomy and bo-*
tany were the great objects of bis pursuit ; and he became
very deeply skilled in both. Bartholin tells us, that Hoff-
man, having dissected a turkey-cock, discovered the pa-
nacreatic duct, and shewed it to Versungus,- a celebrated
anatomist of Padua, with whom he lodged; who, taking
the hint, demonstrated afterwards the same vessel in the.
human body. When he had been at Padua about three
years, he returned to. Altdorf, to assist his uncle, now
growing infirm, in his business ; and taking the degree of
doctor, he applied himself very diligently to practice, in
which he had abundant success, and acquired great fame.
Id 1 648, be was made professor extraordinary in anatomy
and surgery ; in 1649, professor of physic, and soon afteir
member of the college of physicians ; in 1653, professor
1 Jdoren*— Diet. Hi8t.*-Saxii Onomatt.
D 2
%i » a S F M A N.
ef bota»;p^ and director of the physic^ garden. He acquit-
ted himself Tery ably in these various employments, uojt
neglf etiog^ in tb# nvean tiia^ tke Vusineaa of his profession ;
ta whieh hi» reputation was sa extensive, that many prii>-
ees ef Gepma^y appointed k^im their pby^ician. He died
e£ an apoptexy ii> 169^, aftec having fwbHsb.ed several
botanicaJ wWks^ and marrv^ the ee^ wives, by whom be had
eighteen okildrieD^ H4& works^ are, 1. <^ Ahdorfi dehcise
kovtensefr/* 1677, 4to. 2*. ^< Appendix ad Catalo^umPhn*
tamun koctensiotn,'^'^ 1691, 4to« 3. *< Delicis silvestres,'*
lft7<7>, 4t(K 4. << FkMilegiim Altdorfinum,'' 1676, &c. 4tOw^
HOFFMAN^ (John Ma v&ice), son of the. for^per by kis
firsi wifev was. hw» a^ Alidorl in 1653 ; and sent to. school
ab Hevsapvuck, where haMi<*^ acquired a oonatpetent know-r
ledge of' the Giseek and Laim to»gi4es, Ive returned to his
father 9M Ahdavf an the age of sixteen, and studied feat
pbilosophy,' and then physic. He went afterwards to
J^ancfovt upon the Oder, and proposed to visit ^he United
Provinces 9^ Engtand ; but being prevemed by the waps,
%e went y> Padi\^ whefe b^ studied two y^avs. Tfaeo
waking a tour of pavt of Italy, he vdiurned to< Altdorf, in
1674, and was acinwited ta tlK°«^e*of M; Dv He spent
two yeaps in adding to the bnojwvsdge be had acquired ;
and tbe% i;i^ 16*^7, was made pt^ofessor exti»aordinary in
pbysic> whieh title, in. » 631, was cbanged to that of pro->
fefi^C in ordinary. He how ajpptied hionseU earne&Ucy to the
praotix^e ef^ pbysie y and in time hi« fame was spread so faif,
that he me^ sought by papsons* of tke fivst rank. George
Frederic, meiquis of Aiyspack^ of t^e houa^ of 3rande»«
beurg, chose him in 169^3 for bis pb.ysiciai^; and ^bout the
laHep end of the year^ HQ^an attendted' tki^. prince into
itaty, and renewi^d hk acquaintance witb the teamed therek
Vpo» the dea^b qS bis fatl>er in 1 6dd> b^ was chosen, to soc-»
eeed him> in his places of botanic* professor aed» director of
tbepbysio gavden. He was elected also the- same year
reotor* of the univevsity oil Altdopf ;> a post vidiicb. he had
occupied in 1 6;^. Be lost his* great ftie^d and patwo,
Ibe marquis of Ansp^auih, ia 170S; but fiH^qd the same
kindHess- ^j^om- hi^ succeasQV WiUiaru Feeder ie> who pressed
]|im^ so earnestly to come nearer him, and made ki^ suck
advantageous o|fer$, that Hofftnaip i^ 1*7 1 Si r^nao^ed- frona
AMoi^f to Anspaoh, wheite bi^ died i^ 1727. He had auu^^
1 mo^ wok XV'I.— RalkFBtlik Am*, U Botan.
« O F F M A N. «7
Tied t wife in 16«I| by whota hfe btd five ehildrm. Hi
left «ev«ral wt>rks of fepdte : riis. two difoertatrons on aim^
tomy aoil phyviokgy ; one ea whaft had !Btfiee been caiHeA
moibid aitotbfny^ efitttled *< Disquiaitid bonpoiis hamttni
ADatoaiicb-Fathol()gfea ;" ibid. 1713. << Acta LabofotodI
€faemi4:i AltdorffinV* 17 19^ ^< Syntagma Patbologico-tlitf-
ri^euiicuoii'* 1788^ in 9 vok. 4toy and <' Sciagrafiifa fo>-
iBUtutionam Medicaniln^'' a posthumoiis pnUkatton. Mb
also <&ontkiaed bis fadler's << Fioise AltderSin«.*' '
HOFFMANN (FftESiEai€&)^ the most earineht pbyt{w
ciaii of his itaoie, was born at Halle, in Saxony^ Feb^ 19^
1660. He received his eariy education ki hi^ ^mtii^e towil^
and bad foade great pirogress in philosophy ai^d the mathe-
ikiatics, when, ^t the agie bf fifteen^ lie lost htl fatiher and
mother duriing the prevaienbe of an ^tdeinic disease. Ill
1679 he commenced the study of medieine at J^na^ and in
tbe following year attended the eh^tniciBl leettires of Oai-
}>ar Cramer, at Erfarth ; and, on bis return to Jena^ re-
ceived tbe degree of M. D. in February l€8i. In 16B2Me
published an l&xcellelit tradt *^ De Cinnabari Antimomi/'
which gained htm great applanse^ and k crowd of pupils
to th^ chefbiclil Iieetures^ which he delivered there. lie
was then induced to vitit Minden> in W^tphalia, oA the
invitation of a relation^ And practised there for t^ y^ars
with tconslderaUe success* He then travailed into HoHaM
and tbsnce to Engtand> where he ivas received with dit-
tinction by tnlen of s^cience, and particulhriy by Paul HaN
man, the botanist^ in th6 fommi*, and Robert Bayle ih tile
latter* On bik return to Minden^ ih 1€S£^ IM Was lia^de
physiciah to the garrison thefe^ and in the foMclwibg year
Was honoured by Fr^eric William, elector of Brahdta<-
burg, with tbe ap^bintm^nts of physician to bis own per-
son, and to the whole principality of Minden. ¥^t lie
quitted that city in 1686| in consequence of an invitatidn
to settle at Halbersladt^ in Lower Sa^ony^ ab public phy«
sicitafc Here he published a treatise *^ I><3 insufficientia
acidi €t viscidii'* by which he overthrew the system of
Corl>eUu8 Boni^km. In 1689 he iliarried the only daugh-
ter of Andrew Herstel, an eihinent apothecary^ with whom
hd had liv^d forty-^ight years in perfect union^ when she
died. About €bis tim^, j^rederic III.^ dftoerwards first kiilg
f>f Prtisiia^ feUod^d tbe university of Halle; Andta 1613
1 i^ictroDj Tol.Xvl.
3» HOFFMANN.
Hoffmann Was appointed primary professor of medicine^
composed the statutes of that institution, and extended its
fame and elevated its character, while his own reputation
procured him admission into the scientific societies at Ber-
lin, Petersburgh, and Loudon, as well as the honour of
•being consulted by persons of the highest rank. He was
called upon to visit many of the German courts in his ca-
'pacityof physician, and received honours from several
princes ; from whom some say that he received ample re-
muneration in proportiou to the rank of his patients ; while
,others have asserted that he took no fees, but contented
.himself with his stipends.' Haller asserts that he acquired
great wealth by various chemical nostrums which be
vended. In ITO* he accompanied some of the Prussian mi-
nisters to the Caroline warm baths in Bohemia, on which
occasion he examined their nature, and published a dis-
sertation concerning them. On subsequent visits, he be-
came acquainted with the Sedlitz purging waters, which
he first introduced to public notice, having published a
treatise on them in 1717 i and he afterwards extended his
inquiries to the other mineral waters of Germany. In 1 708
•he was called to Berlin to take care of the declining health
of Frederic, and was honoured with the titles of archiater
and aulic counsellor, together with a liberal salary. After
V three years residence at this court he returned to Halle,
and gladly resumed his academical functions. He con-
tmued also to labour in the composition of his writings ;.
and in 1718, at the age of 60, he began the publication
of his " Miediciiia Rationalis Systematica," which was re-
ceived with great applause by the faculty in various parts
of Europe, and the completion of which occupied him
nearly twenty years. He likewise published two volumes
of *^Consultations," in which he distributed into three
"centuries,*' the most remarkable cases which had oc-
curred to him ; and also " Observationum Physico-Che-
micarum Libri tres," 1722. In 1727 he attended the
pnnce of Schwartzemburg through a dangerous disease;
in recompence for which his noble patient created him
' count palatine. He quitted Halle in 1734, in order to
pay a short visit to his daughter and son-in-law at Ber-
lin, and was detained five months by the king of Prussia^
. Frederic William, in order to attend hiih during a danger-
ous illness, by whom he was treated with great honour,
feeing elevate^ tp the rank of privy counsellor^, and pr§^
H O F F M A N N. S9
senled with a poitrait of the king, set in diamonds. Hoff-
>mann declined a pressing invitation to settle at Berlin, on
accoant of bis advanced age, and returned to Halle in
April 1735. The illness and death of his beloved wife, in
1737, turned his thoughts to the consolations of religion,
and he drew up in I^tin a summary of Christian doctrine,
which, at the. king's desire, was translated into German.
He continued to perform his academical duties until 1742,
wbea he died in the month of November, aged eighty-two.
Frederick Ho£Pmann was an industrious and copious writer.
Haller has occupied thirty-eight, quarto pages in the enu-
meration of his works in detail. The principal of these
were collected, during the life of the author, by two Ge«
nevese booksellers, and published with his approbation,
and with a preface from his pen, in 1740, in six vols, folio.
It was reprinted by the same booksellers, the freres de
Tournes, in 1748; and itt the following year, having raked
together every thing which bis pen had touched, they pub-
lished a supplement in t:hree additional volumes folio, which
was also reprinted in 1753-4. The writings of Hoffmann
contain a great mass of practical matter of considerable
value, partly compiled from preceding writers, and partly
the result of his own observation ; but they contain also
many trifling remarks, and not a little hypothetical con-
jecture, which was indeed a common fault of the times ;
and in the detail there is considerable prolixity and repeti-
tion. As a theorist his suggestions were of great valu^^
and contributed to introduce that revolution in the science
of pathology, which subsequent observation has extended
and confirmed. His doctrine of atony and spasm in the
living solid, by which he referred all internal disorders tQ
some ^^ preternatural affection of the nervous system/*
rather than to the morbid derangements and qualities of
the fluids, first tprned the attention of physicians from the
mere mechanical and chemical operations of the animal
body to those of the primary moving powers of the living
system. To Hoffmann Dr. Cuilen acknowledges the obli-»
gations we are under for having first put us into the proper
train of investigation ; although be himself did not apply
bis fundamental doctrine so extensively as he might have
done, and every where mixed with it a humoral pathology
as incorrect and hypothetical as any other. Hoffmann par"*
sued the study of practical chemistry with qonsiderable
ardour, and improved tbe department of pharmacy hy thfi
42 H O-G A R T H.
There are still many family pictures by Hogarth existing;^
in the style of serious conversation -pieces. What the
prices of his portraits were, Mr. Nichols strove in vain to
discover ; but he suspected that they were originally very
low, as the persons who were best acquainted with them
chose to be silent on the subject. At Rivenhali, in Essex^
the seat of Mr. Western, is a family-picture, by Hogarth,
of Mr. Western and his mother, chancellor Hoadly, arch-
deacon Charles Plumptre, the Rev. Mr. Cole of Milton
BOfi' Cambridge, and Mr. Henry Taylor, the curate there
173B. In the gallery of Mr. Cole of Milton, was also a
wbole-lipngth picture of Mr. Western by Hogarth, a striking
resemblance. He is drawn sitting in his fellow-commonei^^s
habit, and si^uare cap with a gold tassel, in his chamber at
Clare-hall, tuver the arch towards the river ; and the artist,
lis the chimifey could not be expressed, has drawn a cat
sitting near it, agreeable to his humour, to shew the situ*
ation. Mr. Western's mother, whose portrait is in the con-
versation-piece at'Rivenhall, was a daughter of sir Anthony
Shirley.
It was Hogarth's custom to sketch out on the spot any
remarkable face which particularly struck him, and of which
be wished to preserve the remembrance. A gentleman
informed his biographer, that being once with him at the
Bedford coffee-house, he observed him drawing something
with a pencil on bis nail. Inquiring what had been his
employment, he was shewn a whimsical countenance of a
person who was then at a small distance.
It iiappened in the early part of Hogarth's, life, that a
nobleman who was uncommonly ugly and deformed, came
to sit to him for his picture. It was executed with a skill
that did honour to the artist's abilities ; but the likeness
was rigidly observed, without even the necessary attention
to compliment or flattery. The peer, disgusted at this
coiitnterpart of his dear self, never once thought of paying
for a reflector that would only insult him with his de-
formities. Some time was suflered to elapse before the
artist applied for his money; but afterwards many appli-
cations were made by him (who had then no need of a
banker) for payment, but without success. The painter,
however, at last hit upon an expedient which he knew must
.alarm the nobleman's pride, and by that means answer his
purpose/ It was couched in the following card ; ^' Mr.
Hogarth's dutiful respects to lord >-*-— ^ ; fiading that be
HOGARTH. ♦»
does not faiean to have the picture which was dr^Wn for hiin«
is informed again of Mr. H.'s necessity for the money ; if,
therefore, his lordship does not send for it in three days^;
it will be disposed of, with the addition of a tail, and some
other little appendages, to Mr. Hare, the famous wijd-beast
man ; Mr. H. having given that gentleman a conditional
promise of it for an exhibition picture, on his lordship's
refusal.'' This intimation had the desired effect. The
pictnre was sent home, and committed to the flames.
Mr. Walpole has remarked, that if our artist ^^ indufged
hiis spirit of ridicule in personalities, it never proceeded
beyond sketches and drawings,^' and wonders ** that her
never, without intention, delivered the very features of
any identical person.'' But this elegant writer, who may
be said, to have received his education in, a court, had per«>
haps few opportunities of acquaintance amMg the low
popular characters with which Hogarth occasionally peopled
his scenes. The friend who contributed this remark, was
assured by an ancient gentleman of unquestionable veracity
and acuteness of remark, that almost all the personages
who attended the levee of the Rake were undoubted por*
traits ; and that in <^ Southwark Fair,^' and the <' Modern
Midnight Conversation," as many more were discoverable*
In the former plate he pointed out Essex the dancing*
master ; and in the latter, as well as in the second plate to
the ** EUike's Progress," Figg the prize-fighter. He men-
tioned several others by name, from his immediate know-
ledge both of the painter's design and the characters re-
presented ; but the rest of the particulars by which he
supported bis assertions, have escaped the memory of our
informant. While Hogarth was painting the ^^ Rake's Pro-
gress," he had a summer residence at Islewortb, and never
failed to question the company who came to see these pic-
tures if they knew for whom one or another figure was
designed. When they guessed wrongly, he set them right
The duke of Leeds has an original scene in the Beggars
Opera, painted by Hogarth. It is that in which Lucy and
Polly are on their knees before their respective fathers, to
intercede for the life of the hero of the piece. All the
figures are either known or supposed to be portraits. If
we are not misinformed, the late sir Thomas Robinsoti
(better known perhaps by the name of 'long sir Thomas) is
standing in one of the side-boxes. Macheath, unlike his
spruce representative on our present stage, is a slouching
4* HOGARTH.
bully ; aiid Pally appears happily discncumberedl iff svrdl
a hoop as the daughter of Peachuitt within ih^ reach of
younger tneoiories has f?orn. The dtike gafe 35/« for this
picture at Mr. Rich's auction. Another copy of tM same
scene was bought by the late Sir Wiiiiam Saunderson, and
is now in the possession of sir Harry Gough. Mr. Walpole
has a picture of a scene in the same piece, where Macheatb
is going to execution. In this also the likenesses of Walker
and Miss Fenton, afterwards duchess of Bolton (the original
Macheatb and Polly) are preserve.
In the year 1726, when the aBair of Mary Tofts, tb*
rabbtt-breederofGodalming, engaged the public attention^
a few of the principal surgeons subscribed their guinea
a-piece to tiogeith, for an engraving from a ludicrous
sketch he had made on that very popular subject. This
plate, amongst other portraits, contains that of St. AndriS^
then anatomist to the royal household, and in high credit
as a surgeon.
In 1727, Hogarth agreed with Morris^ an upbotsterer, to
furnish, him with a design on canvas, representing the ele-
ment of earth, as a pattern for tapei^tfy. The work not
being performed to the satisfaction of Morris, he refused
to pay for it, and the artist, by a suit at law, recovered
the money^
In 17S0, Hogarth married the only daughter of sir James
Tbornhill, by whom he had no child. This union^ indeed^
was a stolen one, and consequently without the approbation
of sir James, who, considering the youth of his daughter,
then barely eighteen, and the slender Bnances of her hus<-
band, as yet an obscure artist, was not easily reconciled to
^he match. Soon after this period, however, he began his
^^ Harlot's Progress," and was advised by lady Thornhill
to have some of the scenes in it placed in the way of his
father-in-law. Accordingly, one mortiing early, Mrs. Ho-
garth undertook to convey several of tbem into his dining-
room. When be arose, he inquired whence they came ;
and being told by whom they were introduced, he cried
out, <* Very well ; the man who can furnish representatiotia
like these, can also maintain a wife without a portion." He
designed this remark as an excuse for keeping his purse-
strings close ; but, soon after, became both reconciled and
generous to the young people. An allegorieal cieling by
sir James Thornhill is'at the bouse of the iaie Mn Hoggins,
at Headly-park, Hants. The Mibjeet of it ia the story of
BOGARTR 43
£epbyru9 and Flora ; and the figure ef a satyr and smM
others were painted by Hogartb.
In 17S2 he venlur^d to attack Mr. Pope, in a plate eaMed
^ The Man ef Taste," containing a Tiew of the gate ef
BurlingtoR«house, with Pope wbite«>washing it, and be^
^Mtttering the duke of Chandos's coach. This plate was
intended as a satire on the translator of Homer, Mr. Keoi
the architect, and the earl of Burlington. It was fortunate
ibr Hosarth that he escaped the lash of the first. Either
Hogarth's obsourity at that time was bis protection, or the
bara was too prudent to exasperate a painter who had
ahready gi?ea saeh proof of his abilities for satijre* What
must he have felt who could complain of the ^pictured
abape**^ prefixed to *^ GuUiveriana,'* *' Pope Alexander^
Supreoiacy and InAtllibiNty examined,^* &e. by Ducket^
and other pieces^ bad such an artist as Hogarth undertaken
to express a certain transaction recorded by €ibber > •
Soon after his marriage, Hogarth bad summer iodgrings
at 8out)i^ Lambeth; and, being intimate with Mr. Tyers,
contributed' to the icnproTement of the Spring Gardens at
yauxhaW, by the bint ef embeUisbtng them with pamtings,
some of whicb were the suggestions of his own truly comic
penciL Foe his assistance, Mr. Tyers gratefuNy presented
kim witb a gold ticket of admission foe himself and bis
friends, inscribed
IN PERPETUAM I^ENEFICII MB^fORlAM.
This ticket remained in the possession of his widow, and
was by ber oceasibnally employed.
lu (7^3 bis genius became coospieiiously known. The
third scene (df his ^^Harlot^s Progress,^* introduced him to
the notice of the great. At a board of treasury which was
held a day ec two^ aftef the appearance of that print, a
copy of it was shewn by one of the lords, as cpntadning,
amon^ Other excej|fenci€s, a striking likeness of sir Sohn
Gonsoo. It gave universal satisfaction : from the treasury
each tordt repaired to the print- siiep f^r a copy of it, and
Hogarth rose eompletel^jr into fame.
The ingeoious abb^ du Bos has often complained', that
no history- paki^ei? of his time went through a aeries of
actions, and thus, like an< historian, painted the successire
fortuue of an hero, from the cradle to the ^ave. What'
Du^ Bos wished to see done, Hogarth performed. He
launches out his young adventurer a simpte: girl upon the
town, and conducts her through ail the vicissitudes of
46 HOGARTH.
wretchedness to a premature death. This was painting to
the understanding and to the heart ; none had ever before
made the pencil subservient to the purposes of morality
and instruction*; a book like this is fitted to every soil and
every observer, and he that runs may read. Nor was the
success of Hogarth confined to his figures. One of his
excellencies consisted in what may be termed the furniture
of his pieces ; for as in sublime and historical representa-
tions the seldomer trivial circumstances are permitted to
divide the spectator's attention from the principal figures^
the greater is their force ; so in scenes copied from fitmiliar
life^ a proper variety of little domestic images contributes
to throw a d^ree of verisimilitude on the whole. ^' The
Rake's levee- room,'* says Mr. Walpole, *^ the nobleman'a
dining-room, the apartments of the husband and wife in
Marriage a la Mode, the alderman's parlour, the bed*
chamber, and many others, are the history of the manners
of the age." The novelty and excellence of Hogarth's
performances soon tempted the needy . artist and print*
dealer to avail themselves of his designs, and rob him of
the advantages which he was entitled to derive from them«
This was particularly the case with the ^^ Midnight Con-
versation," the " Harlot's" and ♦* Rake's Progresses," and
Others pf his early works. To put a stop to depredations
like these on the property of himself and others, and to
secure the emoluments resulting from his own labours, as
Mr. Walpole observes, he applied to the legislature, and
obtained an act of parliament, 8 Geo. II. cap. 38, to vest
an exclusive right in designers and engravers, and to restrain
the multiplying of copies of their works without the con<?
sent of the artist. This statute was drawn by his friend
Mr. Huggins, who took for his model the eighth of queen
Anne, in favour of literary property ; but it was not so
accurately executed as entirely to remedy the evil ; for, in
a cause founded on it, which came before lord Hardwicke
in chancery, that excellent lawyer determined, that no
assignee, claiming under an assignment from the original
inventor, could take any benefit by it. Hogarth, imme-
diately after the passing of the act, published a small
print, with emblematical devices, and an inscription ex*
pressing his gratitu(|e to the three branches of the legisla-
ture. Small copies of the '.^ Rake's Progress" were piib*
lisbed by his permission.
HOGARTH. ^ 4»
In 1745, finding that, however great the success of his
prints might be, the public were not indined to take his
pictures oiF his hands, he was induced to offer some of
them, and those of the best he had then produced, for
•disposal by way of auction ; but after a plan of his own,
-viz. by keeping open a book to receive biddings from the
^rst day of February to the last day of the same month, at
12 o^clock. The. ticket of admission to the sale was his
print of " The £attle of the Pictures," a humourous pro^
Auction, in which he ingeniousJy upheld his assertions
concerning the preference so unfairly given to old pictures^
And the tricks of the dealers in tbem.
• The pictures thus disposed of were, £. s. d.
The six of the Harlot's Progress, for 88 4 0
Eight of the Rake's Progress ;184 16 a
Morning 21 0 O
Noon 38 17 O
Evening • 39 18 0
Night , ^ 27 6 O
Strolling Players dressing in a Bam.. 27 6 O
In the same year he acquired additional reputation by
the six prints of ^^ Marriage a la Mode, which may be
regarded as the ground- work of a novel called *'The Mar-
riage Act," by Dr. Sfaebbeare, and of '^ The Clandestine
Marriage."
Hc^arth had prcgected a '^ Happy Marriage," by way of
counterpart to his '^ Marriage a la Mode.*' A desugn for
the first of his intended six plates he had sketched out iu
colours ; and the following is as accurate an account of it
as could be furnished by a gentleman who long ago etgoyed
only a few minutes sight of so great a curiosity. The time
supposed was immediately after the return of the parties
from church. The scene lay in the hall of an antiquated
country mansion. On one side the married couple were
represented sitting. Behind them was a group of their
young friends of both sexes, in the act of breaking bride*
cake over their heads. In front appeare<| the father of the
young lady, grasping a bumper, and drinking, with a
seeming roar of exultation, to the future happiness of her
and her husband. By his side was a table, covered With
refreshments. Jollity rather than politeness ^Was the desig*
nation of his character. Under the screen of the hall,
several rustic. musicians in grotesque attitudes, together
with servants, tenants, &c. were arranged* Through the
>
«« HO Q ART tt
ftrch by wfaicli ttSe room was enteibd^ tifae eye ira^ l^d ^\bng
m pasfsige into, the Idccheny Wfaicli ' afforded a glimpse of
•acerdbtat luxuty. Before tbie dripping-pan stood a well-
fed dif ine, in his gown arid cassock, with bis watch in bis '
Kand, giving directions tor a cook, dressed ail in ^liite, wb^
was employed in* basting a bauncb of irenison. Atpoh^
tbc^ faces of the principal figures, none but Ibal of tbe
young lady was completely finished. Hogarth bad beefi
ofcen reproached for bis inability to impart gt'ace and dig-
nity to bis heroines. The bride was tfaereforei meari.t tb
i4ndicate his pencil from so degrading an imputtation. Th^
effort, however, was unsuccessfuL The girLwas certainlif^
preity ; but her features, if we may use the term, wer^
uneducated. She might have altractedtiotice as a chamber-
maid, but would bave fajled to extort applausle as a vlbma^n
of fashion. The clergyman and bis cuLLaary associate were
more laboured tbaa any other parts of the picture. It isi
natural for us to dwell longest on that division of a subject
which is most congenial to our private feelings* The
painter sat down with a resolution to delineate beautj^
improved by art, but seems, as usual, to bave deviated into,
ineanness, or could not help neglecting his or^nal pur-
pose, to luxuriate in such ideas as his situation in early life
bad fitted him to express. He footid himself, in abort.
Out of his element in the parlour, and therefore hastened
in quest of ease and amusement, to the kitcbeo iire..
ChuFC&ill, with more force than delicacy, once observed
of him, that be only painted the backside of natitre. X%
most be allowed, that sock an artist, however excellent^n
bis vralb^ was better qualified to represeat the low-^borii
parent than the royal preserver of a foundlings.
Soon after the peace of Aix la Cbapelle, be t^nt a^ver t0
France, and was taken into custody at Calais, wbi^be.was
drawijig the gate of thail towtt, a circumstanea wbieb he
has; reeqrded in his picture entitled '^ O the Roast Beef of
Old England !'* published March 96, 1749=. He was mtaif.
alty carried before the governor as a spy, and,, after a Tery
strict examination, committed a prisoner to Gransife, hiei
laiKilord, on hi» promise that Hogarth should not g^ oot of.
bis house till he was to embark for England. . Soon, after
tbift period he purchased a small house at Chiswick^ whete.
be usually passed the greatest part of tbesuamec seasoo^
3ret not without dccasioaal vi^itato kia house in LeicaUear^
fields.
II Q O A H T H. 49
. Ifi 1753 be uppttred 19 ibe worid in the character 4>f aa
Autbor^ and published a 4io volume entitled ** The Analysis
pf Beaucy^ written with .a view of fixing the fluctuating
ideas of Taste/* In this performance be shews by a variety
Qf examples! that a curve is the line .of beauty, and that
round swelling figures are most pleasing to the eye ; and
the truth of bis opinion has been countenanced by subse*^
^uenl writers on tbe subject In this v\ork|. the leading
idea pf which was bieroglypbically thrown out in a frontis*
piece to his works in 1745, he acknowledges himself in-
debted to bis friends for assistance^ and particularly to one
gentleman for his corrections and amendments of at leajst
a third part of the wording. This friend was Dr. Benjamin
Hoadiy tbe physician, who carried on the work to about tbe
third part (chap, ix ), and theti, through indisposition, de-
clined the friendly office with regret. Mr. Hogarth applied
to his neighbour, Mr. Ralph ; but it was impossible for two
such persons to agree, both alike vain and positive. He
proceeded no further thaii about a sheet, and they then
parted friends, and seem .to have continued such. 7*he
kind office of finishing the work and superintending the^
publication was lastly taken up by Dr. Morell, who went
through the remainder of the book. The preface was iu
like manner corrected by the Rev. Mr. TownIt*y. The;
family of Hogarth rejoiced when the last sheet, of the
** Anaiys^*^ was printed off; as the frequent disputes he
had wiUi bis coadjutors in the progress of the work, did
not oiucb harmonize his disposition. This work was trans-
lated into German by Mr. Mylins, when in England, under
tbe author's inspection ; and the translation was printed in
London, price five dollars. A new and correct edition
was, in 1754, proposed for publication at Berlin, by Ch.
Fn Vok, with an explanation of Mr. Hogarth's satirical
prints, translated from the French ; and an Italian transia* ^
tion was published at Leghorn in 1761.
Hogarth had one failing in common with most people who
attain wealth and eminence without the aid of liberal ed.u«
cation. He affected to despise every kind of knowledge
which he did not possess. Having established his fiime
with little or no obligation to literature, he either conceived
it to be needless, or decried it because it lay out of his^
reach. His seiitiments, in short, resembled those of Jack
Cade, who pronounced sentence on the clerl^ of Chatham,,
because \ie could write and read. Tilj, in evil hour, thia
Vou XVIIL E
\
so RO O ikIt'Plll
eelellirated artist coiiraneiiced author, and #a»' obligecTtO
employ tbe friends already inerftiofied to coFre<:t bis f^ Ana^
lysis of Beauty,^' he dld-not s^em to havediscovere^d thiaM
even spelHng was a neeei^sary qiialifioatiou ; and yet be
had vetHured to ridi€ule>the late Mr. Rich's deficieificy as
t6 tlhis particular, in a n^te irhicb iies before the *ItsLke
whose play is refused while he remains iiv eonfiiicaieiit fol^
debt. Before tbe time o# 'which we are liow sp^akitfigy Otfie
of our artist's cooinion topics of declamation,' was the use-^
lessness of' books to a man of bis profession. In ^Beer^
^reel, among other volumes consigned by him to tbe
pastry-eook, we find ^^TurnbuU on Ancient Painting,'' m
freattse which Hogarth should have been able to under-
stand before he ventured to condemii. Garrtch himseliv
however, was not more ductile to flattery. A word in-
&vour of Sigismunda^" might have coc^maoded a proof
print, or forced an original sketch out of our artist's hands.-
The person who supplied this remark owed one of Hogarth's;
scarcest performances to the success of a compliment^
which nHght have seemed extravagant even to sir Godfreys
Kneller.
The following well-authenticated story will also serve ta.
shew how much more easy it is to detect ill-placed or hy«
perbohoal adulation respecting others, than when applied
to ourselves. Hogarth being at dinner with the celebrated
Cheselden, and some other company, was told .that Mr.*
John Freke, surgeon of St. Bartholomew's hospital^ a few*
evenings before at Dick's coffee-house, had asserted tHab^
Greene was as eminent in composition as Handel. ^< That-
fellow Freke," replied Hogarm, ^^ is always shooting bis^
bolt absurdly one way or another ! Hafidel is a giant ii^
music ; Greene only a tight Florimel kind of a compjoser.'^
— ** Ay,*' said the informant, " but at the same time Mr*
Freke declared you were as good a portrait-^painter a»
Vandyck." — " There he was in the right,'? adds Hogarth v
* ** aiid so I am, give me my time, and let me choose my
suWect!'*
Hogarth was the most absent of men. At table he wouid-
•sometimes turn round his chair as if he had finished eat*
ing, and as suddenly would return it, and commencie hi»
meal again. He once directed a letter to Dr. Hoadly,
thus: "To the Doctor at Chelsea." This epistle, how-
ever, by good luck, did not miscarry ; and was preserved"
hj the late chancellor of Winchester^ as a plea&ant memo^
hooarth: St
ml of his fnend't extraoirdiiiliry itmlteatioti. Awkhet ire^^
markafate instance of Hogarth's absence was rekited by 006
of bis intimate friendsi 8oon after he aet up his camage^^
he had occasion to paya visift to the lord-mayor^ Mr. Btek-"
ibrd. When, he went^ the vreatfaer was fine ; but bustn^a*
detained^ him till a violent shower of rain came on. H^*
was let cot of the mansion-house foy a different door from
diat at which' he entered ; and, seeing the rain, began im<^'
niediatelj to oati for a haokney-<coacb. Not one was to be'
met with on any of the neighbouring stands ; and the ar-^
dst sallied Forth to brave the storm, and actuaOy reached
Leicester- fielda without bestowing a thought oh bis own*
carriage) till Mrs; Hogarth (surprised to see. him so wet;
aad splashed) asked him where be had left it.
- A specimen of Hogarth^s propensitf to merriment, on
the most trivial occasions, is observable in one of bis'tsards'
requesting the coQipany of Dr. Arnold King to dine with
bioi' at the Mitre. Within a circle, to which a knife and
fork are the supporters, tb^ written part is contained* In
the centre- is drawn a pye« with a mitre on the top of it ;
and the invitation concludes with the following sport on
three of* the Greek lettenn^to Eta Beta Pi. The rest of
the inacriptioo is not very accurately spelt A quibble by
Hogaitb is surely as respectable as a conundrum by Swift.
In one of the' early exhibitions at Spring-gardens, a very
pleasing amaU picture by Hogarth made its first appear-
ance. It was painted for the earl of Cbarlemont, in whose
coUectiein'itrefimna; and was entitled '' Picquet, or Virtue in
Danger,^' and shews usayounglady, who, during a /^^^-d-^^le;,
had just losf all her money and jewels to a handsome officer
of her own age. He is represented in the act of offering hef
the contents of his hat,, in which are bank-notes, jewels, and
trinkets, with the' hope of exchan^ng them for a softer
acquisition, and more'd^licate plunder. On the chimney-'
piece a wacch*case and a figure of Time over it, with tbia
motto — ^NUNCc Hogarth has caught his heroine during
this moment of hesitation, this struggle with herself, and
has marked her feelings with uncommon success.
In the ** MiaerS Feast," Mr. Hogarth thought proper
to pillory an" Isaac Shard, a gentleman proverbially avari-
eioas. 'Hearing this, the son of sir Isaac, tb^ late Isaac?
KadltUB Siiard,esq. a young man of spirit, just returned
from bis tcoveis, calfedat the painter^s to see the picture ;
wz HO & A B T H.
and tellong the retti Mkipg the Cicerone <* wbedier tbiit
odd figure was intended for any particular person ^J* oil
his replying, '* that it was tbdught to be very like one sir
.Ispac Shard,** he imoiediately drew bis sword, find slashed
the canvas Hogarth appeajred insuntly in great wrath ;
tp whom Mr. Sbajrd calmly justified what he had donci say*
ipg, *< that this was a very unwarrantable lijcence \ that
he was the injured party's son, and that he was ready to
defend any suit at law ;'' which, however, was never insti-
Uited.
. About 1757, his brodier-ip*law, Mr. ThombiU, resigned
the plaiee of king's seijeant-painter in favour, of Mr. Ho-
garth« '* The last memorable event in our artist's Jife,'^ as
Mn Walpole observes* '* was his quarrel with Mr. Wilkei,
in wbich^ if Mr. Hogarth did not commence direct bpstili*
ties on the latter, he at least obliquelv gave the first of**
fence, by >n attack, oq the friends and party of that geu*
tleman. This conduct was the more surprising, as he bad
all his life avoided dipping his pencil in political contests,
and had early refused a very lucrative offer that was made,
to engage him iu a set of prints against the head of a court-
party* Without eotmng into the merits of the cause^ I
shall only state the fact, in September 1762^ Mr. Hogarth
published his print of f The Times.' It was answiered by
Mr. Wilkes in a severe ^ North Briton.* On this the painter
exhibited the caricatura of the writer. Mr. Chiircblll, the
poet, then engaged in the war, and wrote his ^ Epistle to
Hogarth,' not the brightest of bis works, and in which the
severest strokes fell on a defect tbat the painter had nei-
ther caused nor could amend— rhis age \ and which, how-
ever, was neither remarkable nor decrepit ; much less had
it impaired his talenu, as appeared by bis having composed
but six months before, one of his most capital works, the
sadre on. the Metbodii^ts. In revenge for this epistle^ Ho-
garth caricatured Churchill, under the form of a canonical
bear, with a club and a pot of porter— >1C vi/u/^ tu dignus
K Aic—* never did two angry men of their abilities throw
mud with less dexterity.
: <* When Mr. Wilkes was the second time brought from
the Tower to Westminster^ball, Mr. Ho|pdrth skulked be*
hind in a corner of the gallery of the court of Common
Pleas ; and while the chief justice Pratt, with the elo«
quence and courage of old Rome, was enforcing the great
ttaGABTa 53
jpKoeipIes of Magna Ghana, and the English constitution^
while every breast from htm cau^t the holy flame of li-
berty, the painter was wholly employed in caricatuiing
the person of the man, while all the rest of his fellow*
citizens were animated in his cause, for they knew it to
be their own cause, that of tlieir country, and of its laws.
It was declared to be so a few hours after by the unanimous
sentence of the judges of that court, and they were all
present
'' The print of Mr. Wilkes was soon after published,
irwwnjtom the l^e by William Hogarth, It must be al-
lowed^ to be an excellent compound caricatura, or a cariea*
tura of what nature bad already caricatured.' I know but
' one sbort apology that can be made for thi$'gentleman, or,
to speak more properly, for the person of Mr. Wilkes. It
' is/ that he did not make himself, and that he never waa
solicitous about the case of his soul, as Sh^d^spealHe calls It,
only so far as to keep it clean and in health, \ xkexet beard
that he once hung over the gUs^ stream, like another
Narcissus, admiring the image in it, nor that he ever stole
an amorous look at his counterfeit in a side mirrdur. His
formi such as it is^ ought X^ give bin)' nd pain, because i(
is capable of giving pleasure to othersi I f^ney he finds
fainiseif tolerably happy in the clay-cottage tb which be is
tenant for life, because he has leartit to keep it in good
jlrd^r. While the share bf health anil animal spirits, which
h^ven hsM giveii him, sh^aUbold out^ I icah scarcely ima*
gine he wiirbe one inoinent peevish about the outside of
so precarious^' so temporary a habitation, or will even be
brought to own, tn^mium Cdlta male habitat. Monsieur
ainiqllagS.
'^* Mr. Churchill was exasperated at^ this personal attack
on his friend. H^ soon alter published the * Epistle to
Wilfilun Hogarth,' and'tobk' for the motto, ut pietura pdesin
Mr. Hogarth's t^Y&i^e against the po^t teritiinatrid* in,
' vad(^^if)g lip an old print of a ptig-dog ai\d a. bear, which
■ he published under the title of ^ The Bruiser C. Churchill
(once the Revd.!)' in the character Qfa^ Russian Hercules.
At .the time when these hostilities ^ere carrying on ip^ ^
;i^nii|er s^^ Vir^ilent and disgraceful to all the parties, Ha->
^"' 1^1^ Wsis v^^ declining in bis health. In 1762, ho
'' cdmpiaShed of an inward pain, wbicb> continuingi brought
M H O G A E T U.
on a general decay that proved incurable *. This I ast year
of his life be employed in re-toucbing bis plates, witli the
assistance of several engravers whom be took with him to
Chiswick. Oct. 25, 17.64, he was conveyed from, theilce
to Leicester-6elds, in a very weak couditioiH yet remark*
ably cheerful ; and^ receiving an' agreeable letter from the
American Dr. Franklin, drew op a rough * draught of an
answer to it ; but going to bed, be was seized with a
Vomiting; upon which he ruog his bell with such violence
that he broke it, and expired about two hours afterwards,
'His disorder was an aneurism ; and his corpse was interred
in, the church-yard at Chiswick, where a monument is
erected to his memory, with an inscription by his friend
'Mr. Garrick.
', It may be truly observed of Hogarth, that all his powers
!6f delighting were restrained to his pencil* Having rarely
been admitted into polite circles, none of his sharp corners
liad been rubbed off, so that he continued to the last a
gross uncultivated man. The slightest oootradictioa trans-
jported him into rage. To some confidence in himself be
was certainly entitled ; for, as a comic painter, he could
iave claimed no honour that would not 'most readily have
lieen allowed, him ; but he was at once unprincipled and
Variable in his political conduct and attachments. He is
j^lso said to have beheld the rising eminence and p(q>a-
larity of sir Joshua Reynolds with a di&gree of envy ; and,
if we are not misinforo^ed, frequently spoke with asperity
|)oth of him and his performances.. Justice, however, ob-
liges us to add, that our artist was liberal, hospitable, and
the most pdnctual of paymasters ; so that, in spite of the
emoluments his works had procured to him, he left but an
inconsiderable fortune to his widow. His plates indeed
^ It maybe worth obsenring, that ed in November 1764, the compiler of
in *' Ivdependeoce," a poem whfch was this artrcle took occasion to Inment that
not published by Churchill tiU U|e last " -^— ^Seavee bad Ae friendly tear,
week 'of September 1764, he con<<iders For Hogarth.shed, escaped the generoua
his antagonist as a departed Oenitis ; ' eye
^ ^ogarth WDuFd draw him (Envy jnnst Of feeling PUy , when again h flow*t]
allow) [now.*' F«r Cburohill*! fate. Ill can we
JPin to' the life, wa$ Hogarth liyinc. ' the loss' [ally'd
How little did the sportive satirist ima- Of Fancy's twin-bom offspring, close
gine the power of pleasing was so soop In enev|^ of thought, tboogh dUTerent
to cease in both \ Hogarth died in four paths Tpassions sway'd
weeks after the publication of this pdem; They sought for fame f Though jarring
and Churchill surviv^ bim but nine The living artists, let the funeral wreath
flays. In some lioM which were pnat- UuUcf their mtwory I"
HOG A R T H. ;A5
were fpch-jcesqacces ^ o ber ^b could not speedily be ex-
bf^Qst^d. I Sw^ ^ ^is domestics bad lived many years in
Jiis serviq^i a ^ircunisMLnce ibat always reflects credit on-^
oaast^i^. . Of most of these be painted strong likenesses^ o^
a csuivaf .wbicb was lefy in Mrs. Hogarth's possession.
. His widow had al#Q ^ portrait of ber husband, and |in ex-
•CQllent bust of him by lio^biUiac, a strong resemblance ;
i^d i»ae of; bis brotber^ip-ipiwi Mr. Tbornhill, much resenv-
JbUeg the countenance of Mrs. Hogarth Si^veral of his
portraits also remaine^din ber possession, but at ber death
were disperseicU
OC Hogarth's smi^Uer plates many were destroyed. When
be W9Pt€^d a piece .of copper on a sudden^ he would take
any plate from . which , he had already worked off such a
,niimb(^ of impressipos as be supposed be should sell. He
then seii^ it to be effaced, beat out, or otherwise altered
.to his- pr^seiS^ purp^e^
The fpUt^. whiph remained in bis possession were se-^
cor^d itojMr^ Hogarth by, his will, dated Aug. 12, 1764^
chargeable wiib .&u it^iniiity of 80/, to his sister Anne, who
surviy^ bioi. Wh^u^ on the dei^ of his other sister, she
left off the. business in. which she was engaged, be kindly
took bet home, and generously supported her, making her,
at the s.aoie Ume, useful in the disposal of bis prints^ Want
.of teod^B^ss and liberality to his relations was not amon^
,tbe failings, of Hogarth^
In .174$» one Lauocdiot Burton was appointed naval
officer at QeaU Hogarth had seen him by accident; and
on a pie^e,^ pape(| .previc^usiy impressed by a pl^in cop-
per •platj^|:. -drew bis %ure with a pen in. imitation of a
coarse etpbing. He w^g represented on a lean Canterbury
haoky with ^ ^ot^le sticking, out of hia pocket; and uitder*'
Death, wf^ 'an inscription^ intimating that he was going ^
doilv'n. to. take, possess! (H).pfbi$. place.. This was inclosed to
bim in '.a. letter ; and,,sQme of bis friends^ who were in.the
seereti protested the drawing to be a print wbich they bad
seen i«xpp$^d ly> sale at the:sbops in London ; a cir^iii^ir
stance. tb^. p^t bitn in a vi<>lent passion, during whigh bf.
wrptCiW Abjiiilive letter to. Hogarth, wbosQ miin^e was^ub«-
Bcrib^d ibo tbe work* Put,.af^^ po^r.'^non's tormentors
badtopt bim in.suspepsethrpugbout an, uneasy three weeks,
tbey^rdi^^dt^o him tbajc it w#s no engravir)gi. but a sketeb
with a jpienk (kOtl ink. . He then became so perfectly reoon*
ipiied to bi» re«ettibbiiH^| jbteftt be sbewQ^ it with e^iUatioa
5C BOGAET^
to admiral Vernon, and aU the res^ of bU fiiendg; lo 195 9^
Hogarth returning with a firiend from a visit to Mn Rich
at Cowley, stopped bis chariot, and get out, being ^uck
by a large drawing (with a coal) on the wail of an alehouse^
He immediately made a sketch of it with tfiiim|lb ; it was
a St. Gt orge and the Dri^on^ all in straight iiiies.
Hogarth made one essay in scolpiiirew He wanted a
sign to distinguish his boose in Leieoi^er'rfieldt ; and tfaink^
ing none more proper than the Grotden Bead, he out of a
mass of corlfL made up.of severai thicknesses compacted tOr
gether, carved a bust of Vandyck, which be gilt end
pimped over his door. It decayed, and was -succeeded by
a head in plaster, which in its turn was supplied k^y a heoSd
of sir Isaac Newton. H/:>garth also moiielled another re«
semblance of Vaiid) ck in cUy ; which has also perisbedi
His works, as lus elegant biogmpher has well o4iserved| are
bis history; and the curioMS are highly indebted to Mhr«
Walpole ibr. a catalogue of bis printi^, drawn t^p from- his
own valuable collection, in 177i* Bui as neither that ea^
talogue, nor iiis appendix to it in 1 780, have given tbe
whole of Mn-Hogartb*s labours, Mr. Nicbolsi including
Mr. Walpole-s c^aJoguC) has endeavoured, f^om later 4^is««
eoveries of our artistes prints in other colief|ioH&, to ar^
range them in chroooiogical order. IPbere are three large
pictures by Hogartht Over the ^tarin the ebureb^ of Sli
Mary Redcliff at 6i:ialol. . Mr. Forrest, of York4>uilding9^
was in possession of a sketch in oil ofourf>avioiir(<1esigrfced
as a pattern for painted glass) ; and several drawings do*
scriptive of the incidents th$ithappeaed during a five days^<:
tour by land and water Tbe parties ^ere Messrs. Hoga#tfa^{
Tbornhill (son of the late sir James), Scott .{an tngeniooa
landseape-'painter of that name), Tothall, . and ^ forresfe
They set out at midnight^ at a moment^s werniiigy ff!om>
the Bedford-Arms uvero* with each a shirt, in his pocket^l
They had all their particular departments^. Hcfpanb ^and*
Scott made the drawings; Tbornhill the ma|pi;.TotbaU:
faithfully dtscbarged the joint offices q$ tireasiirer.and et^s
terer; and Forrest wrote the journal They were^ont fivo^
days only ; and on the second night after their retarD^-ibtf^
book was produced, bound, gilt, and lettered, and iread^
at the same tavern to the above parties tb^ present^^
Mr. Forresit had also drawings of two of the m€Hp))^ll»Li^ i^
markably fat men, in ludit;rous situations. Etchings from
all these have been inade^aad'fbelotirnat-^ been printed^
H 0 G A R t B. ij
A i^«iy*efilertmdiig woric, bjr Mr. John Iriel^lid^^entitle^
^< Hpl^nbilhMtfaiedt^ was ptrblished by Metsrs. Boydet^t
ia 1799, wld'iits^shide been reprinted: It conUins tiiife
MoaHrplatdi wiginalty engraved for % ptrltry work, calte<i
^^ Ht^Mk moidiixed/' and aa* «itact aecoutit of all iriii
prints. 9ilice that, ^ bav« appcfared ^ Grapbic illastration^
^f'^Hopnrtta} -from (nottfres, 4trawtngs, and scarce prints, in
tile posseision^of ^MAoel IretamI/' Some curious articled
were Gonuined in this votume. A sopplementary volinne
%cr<^ Uogxnk tlhistrated,*^ has more recently appeared, con*
tainiiig the"^ original mannsertpt of the Analysis, with tb^
iS^t sketebes of the figiures.' 2. A Supplemem to the Ana^
}ysia, ^e^er flablisbed. >' 3. Original Memdranda. 4. Ma<^
teriads Ibr'bik ^own Life, &c. But the most ample Me*
Inoirs of Hogarth ^ are conuifned in Mr. Nichols's spiendidt
poblication of bis life sind works, 2 toIs. Ai<r^ with cbpies
of all bis ptetes accurately redo^ed.* Z
HOLBEIN {IcmN), better known by bis €^rma|[i nailiift
Hans HolbefR) a ifiost excetient painter, wis born, accord^
faig to some accounts, at BAsil in Switsserland in 1498, hii
Charles Patin places bis birth three years earlier, supposin^^
k tBeryimproteil^e that he cotrid have arrived at such ma^
tority of jmlgment and ' perfection in painting, as be shewed
m 1514 and IS re, if be had been bom so late as 1498?
He learned tfye rudiments of Us ^trt from bts father Johii!
IJoMbN^n,' Who was a paititer, and badiremoved from Augs«^
burg., to Basifl ; but the sufiertority of his genius soon raised
bbn above his master. He painted out SaViour^s Passiott
ih the tewn-konse of Basil ; and in the fish-market of the
saltier toiii^,a^ Dance tyf peasants, and Deatb^s dance. Tbescf
pieces were ekceediilgly "striking to the curious ; and £ras»
mus wat so affe<Sted with them, that be requested of hii&;
to Arturhis picture, and was ever after his friend. HbU
bdn, vi the me^n time, though a great genius and fine s(r
tfsfe, had^ wo ^gaiice or delicacy of tnanners, but was gtveit
tii'-wine and-' ve veiling company; for which be met with
tbe>M)owing getitle rebuke fh>m Erasmus; When Eras*^
laaa wrote his ^ Moii» Bncdtnium,^ or ** Pan^ric upon
Solly,^ iie sent-a eopy of it to Hans Holbein,' who was so
iAe»ieA*w4tb tbe several deikcriptions of foHy there given,-
tfalat^^e'4es«gn^d them all in the margiti;* and where be
bad> net YMm to draw the wholi figures, p«i^ed h |>iece of
H
«» 9 9 I- B E IN.
paper to the leayes. He <tlien (returned \\ie book to Era^
musy who seeing that he had xejpresented an amorous fo^I
by the figure of a fatJDutch lovef» hugging bis bottle and
his lass, wrote under it, *' Hans JHolbein," and so sent it
iback to the painter. Holbein^ l^ow^ver, .t;o be revenged
of hin»^ drew the picture of Erasmusfor ^.oiusty book- worm,
v^ho busied himself in scraping together old MSS. and an^
ticjuities, and wrote under it f' Adagia.^* ,
It is said, that an English nobleman, who accidentally
saw some of Holbein's pprform^nces at Basil, invited him
to come to England, where his art was in high esteein ; and
promised him great encouragenaent from Henry VIII. ; but
Holbein was too much engage^l in his plea&ures to listen to
so advantageous a proposal.' . A few years after, however,
moved by the,i|ecessit»es^to yvhich ^n increased family ancl
Eis own mismanagement had reduced him, as well as by
the persuasions of his friend Erasmus, who told him hovif
improper, a country his own was to do justice to km merit,
he consented to go to Epgland : aiul he consented the more
readily,^, as he did not live on the happiest terms with hi$
wife, who is said to have been a. termagant. In bis journey
thither . he, stayed some days, at Strasburg, and applying to
a very great master in rtb^at city for work, was taken in,
and ordered tq give a specimen of hi3. skill. Holbein
finished a piece with great^ care, and paint^ a fly upoii
the most conspicuous part of it ; after which he withdrew
privily in the absence Qf his master, and pursued his jour«
ney. .When the painter returned home, be was astonished
at the beauty and elegance of the, drawing ; and especially
at the fly, which, upon his fiirst casting his ^ye upon it, he
so far took for a real fly, that he .endeavoured to remove it
with his hand. He sent all oyef the city for his journey-
man, who was now missiag ; but after many i.nqpiries,
found that he had been thus deceived by the famous Hot*
bein. This story has been somewhat diSeren^tly told, as
if the painting was a portrait for ope of his, patrons at B^w
sil, but the eifect was the same, for befof^ he was disco^
yered, he had made his escape. '- /
After almost begging his way to Englac^d, ^ f!ftifi telU
us, he found ao easy admitta^e to the lprd*-chancellor|
sir Thomas More, having , bjpught with him %a^mais-g
picture, ajnd letters recommendatofy from him to that gr4^
man. Sir Thomas received him with all the joy imagina-
ble, and kept him ia )iis bwse be%^mem two and three
HOLBEIN.
years ; duriog which time he drew sir Thomases picture,
and those of many of his friends and gelations. One liay
Bolbein happening to mention the nobieman who had some
years ago invited him to England, sir Thomas was very
solicitous to know who he was. Holbein replied| that he
had indeed. forgot .bis title, but remembered his face so
well, that he thought he could draw his likeness ; and this
he did so. very strongly, that the nobleman, it is said, was
immediately known by it* This nobleman some think was
the earl of Arundel, others the earl of Surrey. The chan-
cellor, having now sufficiently enriched his apartments
with Holbein's productions, adopted the following method
to introduce him to Henry Vlll. He invited the king to
an entertainment, and hung up all Holbein's pieces,, dis-
posed in the best order, and in the best light, in the great
hall of his house. The king, upon his first entrance, was
so charmed with the sight of them, that he asked, *^ Whe-
ther such an artist were now alive, and to be had for mo-
ney ?'' on which sir Thomas presented Holbein to the bing^
who immediately took him into his service, with a salary of
200 florins, and brought him into great esteem with the
nobility of the kingdom. The king from time- to time ma-
nifested the great value he had for him, and upon the death
of queen Jane, his third wife, sent him into Elandersi to
draw the picture of the duchess dowager of Milan, widow
to Francis Sforza, whom the emperor Charles V. had re-
commended to him for a fourth wife ; but the king^s de-*
fection from the see of Rome happening about that time,
he rather chose to match with a protestant princess.
Cromwell, then his prime minister (for sir Thomas More
bad been removed, and beheaded), proposed Anne of
Cleves to him ; but the king was not inclined to the match,
till her picture, which Holbein had also drawn, was present-
ed to him. There, as lord Herbert of Cherbury says, she w'as
represented so very charming, that the king immediately re««
solved to marry her; and thus Holbein was unwittingly the
fcause of the ruin of his patron Cromwell, whom the king
nevef forgave for introducing him tpAnne of Cleves.
In England Holbein drew a vast number of admirable
portraits; among otliers, those of Henry VII. and Henry
yill. on the wall of the palace at Whitehall, which perished
when it wjas burj^t, though sooie endeavours were made to
remove tha^ part of the wall on which the pictures were
(irfiwn* There happened, however^ an atfair in England,
60 HO LB EI ».
Which might have been fatal to Hblbetti| if the king had
hot protected hinv*. On the report of his character, a no^
bleman of the first quality wanted one day to see faim, wheh
lie was drawing a fignre after the life. Holbein, in an^wer^
bagged his lordship to defer the honour of bis visit to ano-
ther day ; which the nobleman taking for an affront, came arid
broke open the door, and very rudely went up stairs. Holbein,
bearing a noise, left his chamber ; and meeting the lord at
his door, fell into a violent passion, and pushed Itim back-
wards from the top of the stairs to the b(ittom. Consider-
ing, however, imme<iiately what he had done, he escaped
from the tumult he had raised, and made the best 6f Eis
way to the king. The nobleman, tnucti hurt, tbougb not
90 much as be pretended, Was there soon after him; and
upon opening bis grievance, the king ordered Holbein tb
ask pardon for his offence; But this only irritated the no-
bleman'the more, who would not be satisfied with less than
his life; upon which the king sternly replied, <^My lord,
you have not now to do with Holbein^ but with tne ; what-
ever punishment you may qontrive by way of revenge
agiiinst him, shall assurealy be inflicted upon yourself':
remember, pniy my lord, that I can, whenever I please,
make seven lords of seven ploughmen, but I cannot make
one Holbein even of seven lords.*'
We cannot undertake to give a list of Holbein*! works^l
but this may be seen in Walpole^s Anecdotes. Soon after
the accession of the late king, a noble collection of his
drawings was found in a bureau at Kensington, amounting
td eighty- nine. These, which are of exquisite merit, h^ve
been admirably imitated in engraving, in a work publbhecl
lately by John Chamberlaine, F. S.-A. certainly one of the
most splendid books, and most interesting collections oJF
portraits ever executed. Holbein painted eqdalty well ib
oil, water-colours, and distempef, in large and in niinia:^
ture : but he had never practised the art of painting in
'miniature, till be resided in England, and learned it from
Lucas CoriieUi ; though be afterwards carried it to its
bighest perfection. His paintings of that kind have all
the force of oil-colourd, and are finished with* the utmoist
delicacy. In general he painted on a green ground, bqt
in bis small pictures frequently he painted on afalue. T4ie
onyention of Jlolbeiyi 4vas surprisingly fruitful, ^iid often
poetical ; his execution was remarkably*^ quick) «nd his ap*
plication indefatigable. His^ pencil was exceedingly deB*
HOLBEIN.. «l
C$tk^ ; bis coloqritig. bad a wonderfql degree of force ; he
finished his pictures with exquisite neatness ; and his car*
iiations were life itself. His genuine works are alwws dis*
tinguisbablebjrthe troe^ rounds lively imitation of fleshy
visible in all his portraits, and also by the amazing deli*
cacy of bis finishing.
It is obsenred by most anthors, that Holbein alwayi
|]iainted with his left hand ; though Walpole objects against
that traditioh) (what he considers as a proof), that in a por-
trait of Hoibein painted by himself, which was in the Arun*
delian collection, he is represented holdinsr the pencil ia
the right hand. But that evidence cannot be suifncient to
set a^de so. general a testimony of the most authentic writers
Qn.tbis, subject; because, although habit and practice
^igbt enable him to handle the pencil familiarly with his
Ie(t band, yet, as it is so unusual. It must hatte had but an
unseemly and awkward appearance in a picture ; which pro*
bably might have been his real inducement for represent-
ing himsejif without 9UGh a particularity. Besides, the
writer of .Holbein^ sft life, at the end of the treatise by De
PU.es, mentions a. print by HpUar, still extant, which de-
scribes Holbein drawing with his left hand. . Nor is it so
extraordinary or incredible a circumstance ; for other
artists, mentionied in this volume, are remarked for the very
saipe hi^bit ^ . particularly Mozzo of Antwerp, who worked
with the: left ; and Amico Aspertino, as well as Ludovico
Cangiagio, who worked equally well with both hands.
This great artist died of tbe plague at London in 1554;
lonie think at hi^ lodgiugs in Whitehall, where he had
Jived fromjtbe time that the king became his patron, but
y^riue rather thQUght at the duke of Norfolk^s house, in
tbe„ priorv of. Christ church, near Aldeate, then called
Dake^s-pface. ' Strype says that be was buried in St. Ca-
tberiiie Cree chgrcb ; but this seems doubtful.^
HOLBERG (Loui^ pe), a Danish historian, lawyer,
and poet, was born at Bergen in Norway, in 1.685. His
family i* l^aid by some to have been low, by others noble ;
b,ut it i$ agreed that he commenced life in very poor cir*
.<:uQastaoces, and picked up bis education in his travels
.through various* parts of Europe, where he subsisted either
by. charity, or by his personal efforts of various kinds. Qn
't Viti MlbenPi a Car. Patiito, preflited to Sraiurat^fl Mori* Coconi7a«.«»
WalpolO. Aascdottf,-P»air i* Reytt<»ldt*i Wocks.
€2 H O L B ERG*
his rQtnftt to Copenbageh, be foand tneans to be appbitited^
assessor of tbe consistory court, which place aflPording faioi
a^ competent subsistence, be was able to indulge his ge-
nius,, and produced several works, which gave him great
celebrity* Among these are some comedies, a volume of'
which has been translated into French. He wrote also a
History of Deninark, in 3 volt. 4tOy which has been consi-
dered- as tbe best that hitherto has been produced, though'
in some parts rather minute and uninteresting. Two vo*
lumes of " Moral Thoughts," and a work entitled *^ The
Danish Spectator," were produced by him : and he is ge-
nerally considered as the author of the ^^ Iter subterraneum
of KHmius," a satirical romance, something in the style of'
Gulliver's Travels. Moot of tliese have lieen translated
also into German, and are much esteemed in that country*
Hb ^^ Introduction to Universal Histofy" was translated
int<> English by Dr. Gregory Sbarpe, with notes, 1755,
Svo» ^ his publications, and his place of assessor, he
had ceeonomy enough to amass a considerable fortune, and'
even in bis life gave 70,000 crowns to the university of
Zealand, for the education of young noblesse ; thinking
it right that as his wealth had been acquired by literature,
it should be employed in its support. This munificence
obtained him the title of baron. At his death, which hap-r
pened in 1754, he left also a fund of 16,000 crowns to por-
tion out a certain number of young women, selected from
the families of citizens in Copenhagen.^
HOLBOURNE (^ir Robert), a lawyer of considera-'
ble eminence, and law writer, flourished in the time of
Charles I. but of his early history, we have no account. In
1640 he was chosen represifentative for St. Michael in Corn-
wall in the Long-parliament, and on one occasion argued
for two hours in justification of the canons. In 1641 he
was Lent reader of Lincohi's-inn, but soon after quitted the
parliamient when be «aw the extremities to which they were
proceeding. He had formerly given his advice against
ahip-motiey, but was not prepared to overthrow the consti-
tution entirely, and therefore went to Oxford, where, in
1643, he sat in the parliament assembled there by Charles
I. was made the princess attorney, one of the privy coun-
cil, and received the honour of knighthood. In 1644 he
was present at the .treaty of Uxbridge, and afterwards at
1 Diet Hist.— Amiual Re^^Uter for 1759.
H O L B O U RN£. €S
Aat^ thelde of Wight Beturmsg to hotkd'oa^ «fter
ineffectual attempts, to restore peace^ be was forced to com-
poond for his estate^ and was not permitted to remain in
any of the inns of court. He died in 1647, and was in-
terred in the crypt under Lincoln^s-inn chapel. His ^^ Read<^
iogsen the Statute of Treasons, 25 Edward III. c. 2.'* were
published in 1642^,4to^ and m 1661. He was the author
ako of ^' The Freehqider's Griand. inquest touobing our So^
vereign Lord th& King and his, Parliament," viihich bears
the name of sir Robert Filmer^ wha reprinted it in 1679,
and 1680, 8vo^ with observations upon forms of govern^
ment. He left also some MSS«^ •
HOLCROFT (Thomas), a draonatic and miscellaneoua
writer and translator, was born in Orange-court^ Leicester-
fields, Dec. 22, 1744. His frtber was in the humble oc-*.
cupation of a shoe-maker, and does not appear to hav0
given his son uiy education. The first employment men**
tioned} in which the latter was concerned, was as servant
to the hop. Mr*. Veruon^ of whose race-horses he had the
care, and became very expert in the art of horsemanships
He is said also to have worked for many years at bis fa*
therms trade. He possessed, however, good natural abili^
ties, and a thirst for knowledge, of which he accumulated
a considerable fund, and learned with facility and- suocesr
the French, German, and Italian languages. When abou^
his twenty-fifth year, he conceived a passion for the stage^
and his first performance was in Ireland. He had after^
wards an engagement of the same kind in London, but
never attained any eminence as an actor^ although he>al-'
ways might be se6n to understand his part better than those
to whom nature was more liberal. He quitted the stage in
1781, after the performance 6f bts first play, ^^ Duplicity/^
which was successfol enough to encourage his perseverance
as a djramatic writer. From this time he contributed up*
wards of thirty pieces, which were either acted oa Xhe-
London stages, or printed without having been performed*
Scarcely any of them, however, have obtMned a. perma-
nent situation on the boards. He published also tiie fol-
lowing novels : ** Alwyn,'* 1780 ; *« Anna St. Ives,'' 1 792 j:
" Hugh Trevor," 1794 ; and " Brian Perdue," 1807. Hi«
translations were, ^^ The private Life of Voltaire/' •12mo ;:
1 Ath. Ox. vol. Ilk— Lloyd's Memoirs, foIio> pr584. — Bridgmao';} JCegal Bib^
liograpfay.
U H O LC R O^T.
*< Memoirs of Baron Trenck,** S volt. 1 2iiio ; M trrilmm^tf
*' Secret History of the Court of Berlin,*' 2 vols. 8vo; m*-'
dame de Genlis's <* Tales of the Castle,*' 5 voir* I2ido^
^ Tbe- postbumoos Works of Frederick 11. of ProsMa,'* IS
vols. 8vo ; ** An abridgment of Lavater^s Physiognomy/' ft
vols. 8vo. Mr. Holcroft having imbibed tbe revolutionarj
principles of France, bad joined some societies in thia
coontrv, which brought him under suspicion of being con«
cemed with Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, who were tried
for high tre<)s*)n in 1794, but they being acquitted, Mn
Holcroft was discharged without being put upon his trii^
His last work was his ** Travels,** in Germany and France^
2 vols. 4to, which, like some other of his speculations, was
less advantageous to his bookseller than to himself. Jn
1782 he published a poem called ^ Human happiness, or
ibe Sceptic,** which attracted little notice on the score of
poetical merit, but contained many of those loose senti*
ments on religion, which he was accustomed to deliver
with more dogmatism than became a man so little ac-
quainted with the subject. In these, however, he persisted
almost to tbe last, when, on his death- bed, be is said toi
have acknowledged his error. He died March 23, 1809.^
HOLDEN (Henry), an English Roman catholic divine,
was born in LAncashire in 1596^ and in 1618 was admitted
*a student in the English college at Doway, where be took
tbe name of Johnson. Here he improved himself in the
classics, and studied philosophy and divinity, and going
to Paris in 1623, took the degree of D. D. in that univer-
sity, to which he continued attached during the remainder
oi his life, having no other preferment but that of peniten*
tiary or confessor in the parish church of St. Nicholas da
iCbardonet. He died about |66S, esteemed one of the
ablest controversial divines of bis time, and in this respect
has been highly praised by Dupin. Some suspected him
of Jansenism, but his biographers wish to repel I thia
charge, as they think it. Among his works are three^
whi<db chiefly contributed to his fame, I. ** Analysis Fidei,**
Paris, I6S2, 8vo, translated into English by W. G. 4to,
1658. Of this Dupin has given a long analysis. It waa
reprinted by Barbou in 1766, and conuins a brief sum*
snary of the whole ceconomy of faith,' its principles and
motivesy with their application to controversial questions.
' Blof. Draniw*--OcBt« Msf.
» O L D E N. W
It l^teifsidered as argumentative and sound. 2. ^^ Mar--
gilial Notes on the New Testament," Paris, 16^60, 2 vols.
i2fnt>; 3. ** A Letter concerning Mr. White's Treatise
Be Media Animarum statu/' Parts, 1661, 4to.'
- HO i.]>ER (William), a learned English pbilosopher^i
i^s born in Nottinghamshire, educated in Pembroke hall|
Gainbridge, and, in 1642, became rector of Blecfaingdon^
Oxfordshire. In 1660 he proceeded D. D; was afterwardsi
o^nofi of Ely, fellow of the royal society, eanoti of St*
Paul'% sub-dean of the royal chapel, and sab-almoner to
1h» majesty. He gained particular celebrity by teaching
sk'yQung gentleman of distinction, who was bom deaf and
dlHnb, to- speak, an attempt at that time unpTecedented,
This gentleman^'s name was Alexander Poph'amr, son of
colonel Edward Popham, who was some time at^ admiral
ia thesevtice of tfafe long parliament. The cure was per-
foraied by bimin his hquse at Blechingdon, in 1659 ; but
Pdpbaim, Josiffg what he had been taught by Holder, after
he was called hdme to bis friends, was sent to Dr. Wallis^
wfa6 brought him to bis speech again. On this subject
Holdei! puWi^bed 9, book entitled ^* The Elements of
Speech-; an essay of inquiry into the natural production of
letters : witb an appendix concerning persons that are deaf
aiiddamb/* 1669,. Sva In the appendix he relates how
soon, and by^ what-methods, he brought Popham to speak,-
latbift^essi^'be has aoalysed, dissected, and classed tbe*^*
l^tef4 of-oud^ alphabet • so miAutely and clearly, that it 19
weH^^wortliy the attentive perusal of every lover of philology^ '
butpaniottlarly, say^ BiSb Bumey, of lyric poets andcom^
posers of ^ocal music ;. to whom; it will point out such harsh
and uDtaoable combinations of letters aiid syilables^as-from
their difficult utterance impede and corrupt the ^ceiii
its^paesage. In 167B he published, in 4to, ^' A Supple^
ment ta tim^Philosopbicat Tr»cisaetions:xkt. July 1670, witk
some Reflections oa Dr. WaUis^s Let)ter thece'ittserted.'?<-
TUs waa writteO'to clainfi the glory of having taugfatHPp^
ham to 4peak, -whidh. Wallis in the letter there mentioned
Imd'elaimed to himself : upon which the doctor soon aftet^-
pnhliKhed^ ^'^ A Defence of the Roy^l Society and the Pniii'.
iosqphixsal TransactiOB% particularly those of July t679/«>
In answer to the cavils of Dr^r William Holder," 1678^' 4t^i
Hohler^. was skilled in the theory and practice of .mtisiQir
1 Dttp'ta*'^DocM's-€)mrcli Hfjit. tol. lit
VouXVIIIa F
66 HOLDER.
and composed some anthems, three or four of which are -
preserved in Dr. Tudway*s collection in the British mu-
seum. In 1694 he published ** A Discourse concerning
Time,'* in which, among other things, the deficiency of
the Julian Calendar was explained, and the method of re-
ibrming it demonstrated, which was afterwards adopted in
the change of style. It is to be lamented that in treating
this subject with so much clearness and ability, so good a
musician did not extend his reflections on the artificial
parts of time, to its divisions and proportions in musical
measures; a sul\ject upon which the abbate Sacchi has
written in Italian, *^ Del Tempo nella Musica ;*' but which
rhythniically, or metrically considered in common with
i>oetry,' has not yet been sufficiently discussed in our own
anguage. •
The same year was published l)y Dr. Holder, ** A Trea-
tise on the natural grounds of Harmony,'* in which the
propagation of sound, the ratio of vibrations, their coinci-
dence in forming consonance, sympathetic resonance, or
sons harmomques, the difference between arithmetical, geo-
metrical, and harmonic proportions, and the author's opi^
nion concerning the music of the ancients, to whom he
denies the use of harmony, or music in parts, are all s6
ably treated, and clearly explained, that this book may be
read with profit and pleasure by most practical musicians^
though unacquainted with geometry, mathematics, and
harmonics, or the philosophy of sound. This book is snid^
in the introduction, to have been drawn up chiejfly for the
sake and service of the gentlemen of the chapel royal, of
which he was sub-dean, and in which, as well as othel*
cathedrals to which his power extended, he is said to have
been a severe disci plinariaf) ; for, being so excellent a
judge and composer himself, it is natural to suppose that
he would be the less likely to tolerate neglect and igno-
rance in the perforniance of the choral service. Michael
Wise, who perhaps had fallen under his lash, u^ed to call
him Mr. Snub-dean. Dr. Holder died at Amen Corner,
London, Jan; 24, 1696-7, and was buried in St. Paul's^
with his wife, who was only sister to sic Christppher Wren.
Dr. Holder had a considerable share in the eatly education
of that afterwards eminent architect. ^
... i . . . ^
I Ath. Ox. vol. n.-^\Vard'i Lives of the Orefbam Professon.— .Letters fram
the BddUiaa Uirdrj,^ 3 T^ls. #to« 1813.— Rees*a Cyclojpaadia.
HOLDSWORTH. i>
HOLDSWORTH (Edward), a very polite and elegant
scholieiry son of the rev. Thomas Holdsworth, rector of
North Stoneham, in the county of SoMthampton, was borti
Aug. 6, 1688, and trained at Winchester-school. He was
thence elected demy of Magdalen college, Oxford, iti
July 1705; toqk the degree of M. A. in April 1711 ; be-
came a college tutor, and had many pupils. In 17 15^
when he was to be chosen into a fellowship^ he resigned
his deiny ship, and left the college, because unwilling to
swear allegiance to tbe^^ew government. The remainder
of his life was spent in travelling with young noblemen and
gentlemen as a tutor: in 1741 and 1744 he was at Home
in this capacity, with Mr. Pitt and with Mr. Drake and Mr.
Townson. He died of a fever at lord Digby's house at
Coleshill in Warwickshire, Dec. 30, 1746. He was the
author of the ^^ Muscipula,'' a poem, esteemed a master-
piece in its kind,, written with the purity of Virgil and the
pleasantry of Luciau, and of whicl^ there is a good English
translation by Dr. John Hoadly, in vol. V. of " Dodsley'd
Miscellanies,*' and another among Dr. Cobden's poems.
He was the author also of a dissertation entitled ^' Pharsalia
and Philippi ; or the two Philippi in VirgiPs Georgics at-
tempted to be explained and reconciled to history, 1741,^*
4to ; and" of ^* Remarks and Dissertations on Virgil ; with
some other classical observations, published with several
notes and additional remarks by Mr. Spence, 1768," 4.to.
Mr. Spenoe speaks of him in his Polymetis, as one who
understood Virgil in a more masterly manner than any per-
son he ever knew. The late Charles Jennens, esq. erected
a monument to his memory >t Gopsal in Leicestershire. ' /
HOLDSWORTH (Richard), sometimes written Oldsr
worth f and Oldisworth^ a learned and loyal English 4ivine,
the youngest son of Richard Holdswo»th, a celebrated
preacher at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, was born in 1590^ and
after the death of his Father was committed to the care of
the rev. William Pearson, a clergyman of the sanle place,
who had married his sister. He was first educated at New*-
castle, and in July 1607 admitted of St. John!s coll.ege^
Cambridge. In 1610 he took his bachelor^s degree, in
1613 was chosen fellow of his college, in 16Ji4 was made
master of arts, and incorporated at Oxford, in tbe 'same,
diegree in 1617, and in 1620 was chos^ one of the twelve
* Nichols's Bow]rer«— and Hwt of LeicesUrshire.— Cent. Mag. toI. LXI.
F 2
«f HOLDSWORTR
univernty preachers at Cambridgie. While at eoUege fie
was tutor, among others, to the famous sir Symond D'Eweft.
After this he was for some time chaplain to sir Henry
fiobart, lord chief justice of the common pleas, and thei»
bad a living given him in the West Riding of Yorkshire^
whieh he exchanged for the rectory of St. Peter the Poor>
Broad-street,« London. He settled there a little before
Ibe great sickness in 1625, during which he continued to
do the duties of his ofike, became a very popular preacber>
mnd was much followed by the puritans. In 1629 he waa
chosen professor of divinity at Gresham college, and in
iiis lectures, afterwards published, he discovered an un-
usual extent and variety of learning. They were fre-
quented by a great concourse of divines and young scholars^
'About 1631 he was made a prebendary of Lincoln, and in
16S3 archdeacon of Huntingdon. In the same year he
4itood candidate for the mastership of St. John^s college^
Init neither be nor his competitor. Dr. Latie, being ac-
ceptable at court, the king, by mandate, ordered Dr.
Beale to be chosen. In 1637, however, Mr. Holdsworth
was elected master of Emanuel college, and created doctor
•of divinity. In the same year he kept the act at Cambridge,
and in 1639 was elected president of Sion college bytbe
Lottdon clergy. In 1641 he resigned bis professorship at
Gresham college, and the rebellion having now begun, he
was marked out as one of tbe sacri6ces to popi^ar pre}u*
^ice, although he had before suffered somewhat from the
•court. While vice-chancellor Dr. Holdsworth had sup^
plied the king wirh money contributed by the university^ a
erime not easily to be forgiven*. When, however, the
assembly of divines was called. Dr. Holdsworth was* no-
jninafeed one of tbe number, biit never sat among them*.
Soon after, in obedience to the king^s mandate, he causeA
such of his majesty^s declarations to be printed at Cam-
Jbridge as were formeriy published at York, for which, and^
^ Dr. FuUer sajns, a sennon preached then by him, be
-was forced fep leave tbe university before the expiration of
ills 4>ffiee as vice-chancellor. After some concealment he
uras apprehended near London, and imprisoned, first in
£ly bouse, and then in the Tower. Such was the regard^
ilowever, in which he was held at Cambridge, that while
mider 4)onfin0ment be was elected Margaret professor oT
divinity, which he held until bis death, although he could
neither attend tbe duties of it nor receive the profits ; hot
V.
H O L D S W O RT H; W
Ilk rectory of St Peter the Poor, and the masterahip of
Emanuel, were both taken from him. It seems uncertain
when he was released. We find him attending the king at
Hampton Court in 1647 ; and in January following, when
the parliament voted that no more addresses should be
made to. the king, he preached a bold sermon against thakt
iPesolutioni for which he was again imprisoned, but being
leleased, assisted, on the king's part, at the treaty in the
Isle of Wight The catastrophe that soon after befell his
royal master is thought to have shortened bis life, which
terminated' Aug. 29, 1649. He lived unmarried, and left
his property to charitable uses^ eiccept his books, part of
which went to Emanuel college, and part to the public
library at Cambridge. He was buried in the church of St
Peter the Poor, where is a monument to his memory. He
was of a comely appearance and venerable aspect ; warm
in his temper, but soon pacified ; a great advocate for the
king, and zealous in the cause of episcopacy. He was
devout, charitable, and an excellent scholar. In bis ** Prn-
iectiones*' he shows not only an intimate acquaintance with
the fathers and schoolmen, but likewise most of the emi-
nent divines of later ages, popish as well as protestant,
and bis style is good. His works are, 1. " AlSermon
presu^hed in St. Mary's, Cambridge, on his majesty's in-
auguration,*' 1642, 4to, the only thing he ever published.
2. ^^ The Valley of Vision ; or a clear sight of sundry sa-
cred truths ; delivered in twejity-one sermons," Lond*
1651, 4to. These were taken in short band) and Dr*
Pearson says' they are very defective. 3. ** Praelectiones
theologicse," Lond. 1661, fol. published by his nephew,
Dr. William Pearson, with a Kfe of the author. ^
HOLINSHEO (Raphael), an EogUsb historian, and fa-
mous for the Chronicles, that go under his name, was
descended from a family which lived at Bosely, in Cheshire:
but neither the place nor time of his birth, nor scarcely
any other circumstances of his life, are ki^own. Some say
be had an university education, and was a clergyman ;
while others, denying this, affirm ths^t he was steward to
Thomas Burdett, of ,Bromcote in the county of Warwick)
esq. Be this as it will, he appears to have been a man of
considerable learning, and to have had a particular turn for
^ Life at aboTC— Ward's Grciham Profetson.-— Atb. Oz< toL L— Barwjck^i
XHe.— Walker's S«ff«rings of tlw Clerfy.^Lloyd's Memoirs, foL— Peck's X)e«
•iderad^ ?al« IL
70 KOLINSHED.
history. His '< Chronicles'* were first published in ]577>
in 2 vols, folio; and then in 1587, in three, the two first
of which are commonly bound together. In this second
edition several sheets were castrated in the second and
third volumes, because there were passages in them dis-
agreeable to queen £Iizabeth and her ministry : but the
castrations were reprinted apart in^ 1723. Holinshed w^
«ot the sole author or compiler of this work, but was as-
sisted in it by several other writers. The first volume
opens with ^' An historical Description of the Island of
Britaine, in three books/* by William Harrison ; and then,
** The Historic of England, from the time that it was first
inhabited, until the time that it was last conquered," by
R. Holin^hed. The second volume contains, *^ The de-
scription, conquest, inhabitation, and troublesome estate
of Ireland ; particularly the description of that kingdom :^'
by Richard Stanihurst. '<The Conquest of Ireland, trans-
lated from the Latin of Giraldus Cambrensis,*' by John
Hooker, alias Vowell, of Exeter, gent. " The Chronicles
of Ireland, beginning where Giraldus did end, continued
untill the year 1509, from Philip Flatsburie, ' Henrie of
Marleborow, Edmund Campian,*' &c. by R. Holinshed ;
and from thence to 1586, by R. Stanihurst and J. Hooker.
^' The Description of Scotland, translated from the Latin
of Hector Boethius," by R. H. or W. H. " The Historic
of Scotland, conteining the beginning, increase, proceed-
ings, continuance, acts and government of the Scottish
natron, from the original thereof unto the yeere 1571,'*
gathered by Raphael Holinshed, and continued from 1571
|o 1586, by Francis Boteville, alias Thin, and others. The
third volume begins at <^ Duke William the Norman, com-
monly called the Conqueror ; c^nd descends by degrees of
yeeres to all the kings and queenes of England." First
compiled by R. Holinshed, and by him extended to 1577 (
augmented and continued to 1586, by John Stow, Fr.
Thin, Abraham Fleming, and others. The time of this
):iistorian's death is unknown ; but it appears from his will,
which Hearne prefixed to his edition of Camden^s <^ An-
nals,** th&t it happened between 1578 and 1582.
As for his coadjutors; Harrison, as we have already
noticed in his article, was bred at Westminster school, sent
from thence to Oxford, became chaplain to sir William
Brooke, who preferred him, and died in 1593. Hookejr,
frbo ^i^s uncl^ to the famous Richard (iook^r^ will he ho^
H 0 L I N S H E D.
7h
ticed hereafter. We know Nothing of Botevil^ ; Qrtly that
Hearne styles him ** a man of great learniag and judgment,
and a wonderful lover of antiquities/' In the late reprint
of the series of English Chronicles by the booksellers t{
London, Holinsbed very properly took the precedence^
and was accurately edited in 6 vols. 4to. '
HOLLAND (Philemon), a noted translator, was de-
scended from an ancient'family of the Hollands of Lan«
cashire, and was the $on of John Holland, a pious divine,
who, in queen Mary's reign, was obliged to go abroad for
the sake of religion ; but afterwards returned, and became
pastor of Dunmowin Essex, where he died in 1578. Phi-
lemon was born at Chelmsford in Essex, about the latter
end of the reign of Edward VL and after being instructed
at the grammar-school of that place, was sent to Trinity-
college, Cambridge, where he was pupil to Dr. Hampton,
and afterwards to Dr. Whitgift. He was adaritted fellow of
his college, biit left the university after having taken the
degree of Ml A. in which degree be was incorporated at
Oxford in 15S7. He was appointed head master of the
free-school of Coventry, and in thi^ laborious station he not
only attended assiduously to the duties of his' office, but
served the interests of learning, by undertaking those nu-
inerous translations, which gained him the title of *^ Trans-
lator general of the age." He likewise studied medicine^
tmd practised with considerable reputation in his nei^b-
foourhood ; and at length, when at the age of forty, becam^
a doctor of physic in the university of Cambridge. He
was a peaceable, quiet, and good man in all the relations
of private life, and by his habits of temperance and regu*^
larity attained his 95th year, tiot only with the full pos-
session of his intellects, but bis sight was iso good, that
he ne^ver had occasion to wear spectacles. He continued
to translate till his 80th year ; and his translations, though
devoid of elegance, are a<^counted faithfut and accurate^.
Among these are, translations into English of ** Livy,**
written, it is said, with one pen, which a lady of his ac«
quaintance so highly prized that she had it embellished
with silver, and kept as a great curiosity. ** Pliny*s Na-
tural History," "Plutarch's Morals," " Suetonius," "Am-
mianus Marcellinus," " Xenophon^s Cyropadia," and
^* Camden's Britannia," to the last o^ which he made seve«
" ' 1 Biof. Brit.— tamifrt Bibliothec*.
M HOLLAND.
n\ useful additions : and into Latin he traintlated the geo-
graphical part of <* Speed's Theatre of Grslat Britain,*' and
a French ** Pharmacopoeia of Brice Bauderon." A quib-
l^ing' epigram upon his translation of Suetonius has often
been recaitod in jest books :
** Philemi^n with translations does so fill us.
He will not let Suetonius be TranqulUus.'*
He died Feb. 9. 1636, and was buried in the church of
oventry. He married a Staffordshire lady, by whom he
bad seven ^ons and three daughters, all of whom he sur-
vived except one son and his daughters. One of his sons,
H£NRY, appears to have been a bookseller in London, and
ivas editor of the ^^ Heroologia Anglicana/' a valuable col*
lection of English portraits, with short lives, but the latter
are not very correct, or satisfactory. These portraits were
chiefly engraved by the family of Pass, and many of them
are valued as originals, having never been engraved since
jbut as copies from these. They are sixty-five in number.
tie also published <' Monumeuta Sepulchralia Ecclesise S.
t^auli, Lond." 4to, and, ^^ A Book of Kings, being a true
and lively effigies of all our English kings from the Con-
quest," 1618. When he died is not mentioned. ^
HOLLAR, or HOLLA.RD (Wj^ntzel, or Wences-
Ukus), a most admired engraver, was born at Prague in
l^hemiai in 1607. He was at first instructed in school-
learning, and afterwards put to the profession of the law ;
hut not relishing that pursuit, and his family being ruined
^ben Prague was taken and plundered' in 1619, so that
they could not provide for him as had been proposed, be
jremoyed from thence in 1627. During his abode in seve*
' iral tO)vns in Germany, he applied himself to drawing^and
jdesigningy to copying the pictures of several great artists,
, jUtking geometrical and perspective views and draughts of
cities, tpwns^ and countries, by land and water ; in which
«t length be grew so e^ccellent, especially for. his land-
.scapes in miniature^ as not to be outdone in beauty and
^elicacy by^ any artist of his time. He had some ihstruc-
. ^tipns from Matthew Merian, an eminent engraver, and
vho is thought to have taught him that method of pre-
jparing and working on his plates which he constantly used,
.jp.e waa but eighteen when the ^i«t specimens of his art
1 Atb, 0z. Yol. I.— Letters from the 9odki«ii» 3 to1«i. 8to. 1813.-i»Fttller's
Woitluy. »CeMM» literaria, toL I.
HOLLAR. 79*
sppeared ; and the coonoisseurs in his works have oh*
served, that he inscribed the earliest of tbem with ouly a
cypher of four letters, which, as they explain it, was in-
tended for the initials of, ^^ Wenceslaus Hollar P|^ensi$
cxcudit." He employed himself chiefiy in copying head^
and portraits, sometimes from Rembrandt, Henzelmat^
Fselix Biler, ami other eminent artists ; but his little deli-
cate views of Strasburgb, Cologne, Mentz, Bonn, Franc«
fort, and other towns along the Rhine, Danube, Necker^
&c. got him his greatest reputation; aiid when Howar4
earl of Arundel, was sent ambassador to the emperor Fer«
dinand IL in 1636, he was so highly .pleased with his per*^
formances, that he admitted him into bis retinue. Hollar
attended his lordshipfrom Cologne to the emperor's court,
and in this progress made several draughts and prints of the
places through which they travelled. He took that view of
Wurtzburgb under which is written, ^* Hollar delineavit,
in legatione Arundeliana ad Imperatorem/' He then made
also a curious large drawing, with the pen and pencil, of
the city of Prague, which gave great satisfaction to his pai>
tron, then upon the spot
After lord Arundel had finished bis negotiations in Ger«-
many, he returned to England, and brought Hollar with
him : where, however, he was not so entirely confined to
his lordship's service, but that he had the liberty to accept
of employment from others. Accordingly, we soon find
him to have been engaged by the printsellers ; and Petef
Stent, one of the most eminent among them, prevailed
upon him to make an ample view pr prospect of and from
the town of ' Greenwich, which he finished in two platei,
16S7 ; the earliest dates of his works in this kingdom. In
1698, appeared his elegant prospect about Richmond ; at
which time he finished also several curious plates fromjtHe
fine paintings in the Arciudelian collection. In the midstf
of this employment, arrived^ Mary ide Medicis, the queen-
mother of France, to visit her daughter Henrietta Maria
queen of England ; and with her an historian, who recorded
the particulars of her journey and entry intotliis kingdom.
His wovit, written in French, was printed at London in
1639, and adorned with several portraits of the royal fa-
mily, etched for the purpose by the hand of Hollar. Thft
«ame year was published the portrait of bis patron the eail
4>f Arandel on horseback ; and afterwards he etched ano-
ther ^ lum in ar»iHir, aad sevemi views of his cofintry-
t4 H OL L A R.
I
seat at Aldbrough in Surrey. In 1640, be seems to hare
been introdoced into the service of the royal family, to
give the prince of Wales some taste in the art of design*
ingi a^d it is intimated, that either before the eruption
jof the civil wars, or at least before he was driven by them
abroad, he was in the service of the duke of York. Tins
year appeared his beautiful set of figures in twenty-eighl
piatesy entitled, *^ Ornatus Muliebris Anglicaims/^ and
containing the several habits of £nglish women of all ranks
or degrees : they are represented at fuU length, and have
rendered biiti famous among, the lovers of engraving. In
1641^ were ptiblisbed his prints of king Charles and his
queen : but now the civil wars being broke out, and his pa*
tron the earl of Arundel leavin^^ the kingdom to attend
upon the queen and the princess Mary, Hollar was left to
support himself. He applied himself closely to his busii>
ness, and published other parts oP his works, after Hoi*
beiD, Vandyck, &c. especially the portraits of several
persons of quality of both sexes,, niinisters of state, com*
nianders 4)f the army, learned and eminent authors ; and es«
pecially another set or two of female habits in divers nations
^in Europe. Whether he grew obnoxious as an adherent
to the earl of Arundel, or as a malignant for drawing so
niany portraits of the royal party, is not expressly said:
but hovv it seems he was molested, and driven to tak^
•belter under the protection of one or more of them, till
they were defeated, and he taken prisoner of war with
them, upon the surrender of their garrison at Basing-house
in Hampshire.' This happened on Oct 14, 1645; biu
Hollar, either making his escape, .or otherwise obtaining
bis liberty, went over to the continent after the earl of
Arundel, who resided at Antwerp, with his family, <&nd
bad transported thither bis most valuable collection of
pictures.
. He remained at Antwerp, several years, copying fi-bm
bis patron's collection, and working for printsellers, book-
sellers, and publishers ; but seems to have Cultivated no
interest among men of fortune and curiosity in the art, to
dispose of them by subscription, or otherwise' tnost to his
advantage. In 1647, and 1643, he etched eight or ten of
the painters' heads with bis own, witb various other curious
pieces, as the picture of Charles L soon after his deatb^
and of several of the royalists ; and in the three following '
yparsy many portraits and landscapes after Breughill, £U
H O L L A B. 7*
sheimer, and Teniers, with the Triuinphs of Death. He
etched also Charles II. standing, with emblems ; and also
published a print of James duke of York, setat 18, ann.
165 i» from a picture drawn of him when he wns in Flan^
ders, by Teniers. He was more punctual in bis dates than
most other engravers, which have afforded very agreeable
lighis and directions, both as to his own personal history
and performances, and to those of many others. At last^
either not meeting with encouragement enough to keep
him longer abroad, or invited by several magnificent and
costly works pro|)osed or preparing in England, in which
bis ornamental hand might be employed more to his ad*
vantage, he returned hither in 1652. Here he afterwards
eYecute;d some of the most considerable of his publications:
but though be was an^ artist superior to almost most others
in genius as well as assiduity, yet he had the peculiar fate
to work here, as he bad done abroad^ still in a state of
subordination, and more to the profit of other people than
himself. Notwithstanding his penurious pay, be is said to
have contracted a voluntary affection to his extraordinary
labour; so far, that he spent almost two*>thirds of his time
at it, and would not suffer himself to be drawn or disen*
gaged from it, till his hour-glass had run to the las^ mo^-
ment proposed. Thus he went on, in full business, till the
restoration of Charles H. brought home many of his friends^
and him into fresh views of employments « It was but two
years after that memorable epocha, that Evelyn published
bis <' Sculptura, or the History and Art of .Chalcography
and engraving in copper :'' in which he gave the following
very honourable account of Hollar: ^* Wincesiaos Hollar,*'
says he, ^^ a gentleman of^ Bohemia, comes in the next
plaee : not that he is not before most of the rest fbr his
choice and great industry, for we rank them very promis*^
cuously both as to time and pre-eminence, hut to bring up
the rear of the Germans with a deserving person, whose
indefatigable works in aqua fortis do infinitely recommend
themselves by the excellent choice which he hath made of
the rare things furnished out of the Arundelian collection,
and from most of the . best bands and designs : for such
were those of L. da Vinci, Fr. Parmensis, Titian, Julio
Romano, A. Mantegna, Corregio, Perino del Vaga, Ra«
phael Urbin, Seb. del Piombo, Palma, Albert Durer,
Hans Holbein, Vandyck, Rubens, Breughel, Bassan, £U
ihaimer, grower, Artois, and divers other masters of priioe
76 HOLLAR.
not^y whose drawing? and paintings be hath fatthfally/co*
pied; besides sevenil books of Ian dscapes^ towns, solem-
nities, histories, heads, beasts, fowls, insects, vessels,, and
other signal pieces, not omitting what he hath etched after
De Cieyn, Mr. Streter,. and Dankerty, for sir Robert Sta-
pleton^s ^ Juvenal,* Mr. Ross's ' Silius Italicus,* ' Poly-
glotta Biblia,' * The Monasticon,* first and second part,
Jdr. Dugdlale's * St. Paul's,' and * Survey of Warwickshire^*
with other innumerable frontispieces, and things by hioA
published, and done after the life ; and to be on that ac-
count more valued and esteemed, than where there has been
more curiosity about chimeras, and things which are not in
nature : so that of Mr. Hollar's works we may justly pro-
nounce, there is not a more useful and instructive coUee-
tion to be made.'*
Some of the first things Hollar performed after the Re-
atoratioii, were, *^ A Map of Jerusalem ;" ** The Jewish
Sacrifice in Solomon's Temple ;" ^' Maps of England, Mid*
dlesex, &c." " View of St. George's Hospital at Wind-
aor ;" ^' The Gate of John of Jerusalem near London ;"
and many animals, fruits, flowers, and insects, after Bar-
low and others : many beads of nobles, bishops, judges,
and great men ; several prospects about London, and Lon-
don itself, as well before the great fire, as after ijts ruin
^nd rebuilding : though the calamities of the fire and plague
in 1655 are thought to have reduced him to such difiicul-
;tie8, as be could never entirely vanquish. , He vvas after-
wards sent to Tangier in Africa, in quality of his majesty's
designer, to take the various prospects there of the garri-
son, town, fortifications, and the circumjacent views of the
country : and many of his drawings on the spot, dated
.1669, preserved in the library of the late sir Hans Sloane»
were within three or four years after made public, upon
«ome of which Hollar styles himself '^ Stenograpbus Regis.''
After bis return to England, he was variously employed,
in finishing his views of Tangier for publica.tion, and taking
several draughts at and about Windsor in 1671, with many
jrepresentations in honour of the knights of the garter.
.About 1672, he travelled northward, and drew views of
Lincoln, Southwell, Newark, and York Minster ; and after*
wards was engaged in etching of towns^ castles, churches^
,and their fenestral figures, araa3> &c. besides tombs, manu-
mental effigies with their inscriptions, &c^ in such uum*
ktn as it would almost be isodl^^ itp enumierate* Few
HOLLAR. 7T
artists have been able to imitate his works ; for wiiich rea-
son many lovers of the art, and all the curious both at
home and abroad, have, from his time to ours, been
zealous to collect them. But how liberal soever they might
be in the purchase of his performances, the performer
himself, it seems, was so incompetently rewarded for them^
that he could not, in his old age, keep himself free frooi
the incumbrances of debt ; though he was variously and
closely employed to a short time before his dedch. But as
many of bis plates are dated that year, in the very begins
ning of which he died, it is probable they were somewhat
antedated by him, that the sculptures might appear of
the same date with the book in which they were printed t
thus, in '^ Thoroton^s Antiquities of Nottinghamshire/'
tome of them appear unfinished ;. and the 50 (st page»
which is entirely blank, was probably left so for a plate
to be supplied. When he was upon the verge of bis
seventieth year, he had the misfortune to have an execa«
tion at his house in Gardiner's-lane, Westminster: he
desired only the liberty of dying in bis bed,' and that he
might not be removed to any other prison but his grave.
Whether this was granted him or not, is uncertain, fa^t he
died March 28, 1677, and, as appears from the parish*
register of St. Margaret's, was buried in the New ChaptA
Yard, near the place of his death. Noble and valuable
as the monuments were which Hollar had raised for
others, none was erected for him : nor has any person
proposed an epitaph worthy of the fame and merits of the
artist..
Mr. Grose, from the information of Oldys, has favoured
the public with some anecdotes of the conscieiiitiousness of
this eminent artist which are not noticed by Vertue. He
used to work for the booksellers at the rate of four--peiice
an hour ; and always bad an hour-glass before him. He
was so very scrupulously exact, that, when obliged to tu*-
tend the calls of nature, or whilst talking, though witlk
persons for whom he was working, and about their own
business, he constantly laid down the glass, to previent the
sand from running. It is to be lamented that such a man
should have known distress. His works amount, according
to Vertue^s catalogue, to nearly 24O0 prints. They ar^
generally etchings performed almost entirely with .the
point, yet possess great spirit, with astonishing freedom
and lightoess, especially when we consider how highly be
n HOLLAR.
bas fiiiisbed some of them. In drawing the human figur0
he was most defective ; bis outlines are stiff and incorrect^
and the extremities marked without the least degree of
knowledge. In some few instances, he had attempted to
execute bis plates with the graver only : but in that< has
failed very much.*
HOLLIS (Thomas), esq. of Corscombe in Dorsetshire;
m gentleman whose " Memoirs" have been printed in two
splendid vOhimes, 4to, 1780, with a considerable number
of plates by Bartolozzi,* Basire, and other engravers of
eminence, and an admirable profile of himself in the fron-
tispiece, was born in London, April 14, 1720; and sent
to school, first at Newport in Shropshire, and afterwards
at St. Alban*s« At l^, he was sent to Amsterdam, to
learn the Dutch and. French languages, writing, and ac«
compts; stayed there about fifteen months, and then rr*
turned to his father, with whom he continued till his death
in 1735. To give him a liberal education, suitable to the
ample fortune he was to inherit, his guardian put him
under the tuition of professor Ward, whose picture Mr.
Mollis presented to the British Museum; 'and, in honcTur
of his father and guardian, be caused to be inscribed
roUnd a valuable diamond ring, Mneviosyiion patris tutt>rU^
gue. He professed himself a dissenter ; and from Dr. Fos*
ter and others of that persuasion, imbibed that ardent love
of liberty, and freedom of sentiment, which strongly
marked his character. In Feb. 1739-40, he took cham-
bers in Lincoln's-Inn, and was admitted a law-student;
but does not appear ever to have applied to the law, as a
profession. He resided there till July 1748, when he set
out on bis travels for the first time ; and passed through
Holland, Austrian and French Flandets, part of France,
Switzerland; Savoy, and part of Italy, returning through
Provence, Britanny, &c. to Paris. His fellow-traveller
was Thomas Brand, esq. of the Hyde in Essex, who was
bis particular friend, and afterwards his heir. His se-
cond tour commenced in July 16, 1750; and extended
through Holland to Embden, Bremen, Hamburg, the prin-
cipal cities on the north and east side of Germany, the rest
of Italy, Sicily, and Malta, Lorrain, &c. The journals of
both his tours are said to be preserved in manuscript.
On bis return home, be attempted to get into parlia*
A life by Vcrtue, 1745, ^.— Bioj^. Brit.— SUult'fl Dictnoajy. .
. H O L L I ^. ?!»
''•■•. . . • «
tnetiC; but^ not being able to effect this without some
small appearance of bribery, he turned his thoughts en*
tirely to other objects. He began a collection of books
and medals ; " for the purpose,'* it is said, ** of illustra-
ting and upholding liberty, preserving the memory of its
champions, rendering tyranny and its abettors odious, e?r«
tending art and science, and keeping alive the honour due
to their patrons and protectors." Among his benefactions
to foreign libraries, none b more remarkable than that of
two large collections of valuable books to the public libraiy
of Berne ; which were presented anonymously as by " an
Englishman, a lover of liberty, his country, and its exceU
lent constitution, as restored at the happy Revolution.'*
tjwitzeriand, Geneva, Venice, Leyden, Sweden, Russia, &c.
shared his favours. His benefactions to Harvard-college
commenced in 1758, and were continued to the amount of
14002. His liberality to individuals, as well as to public
societies, are amply detailed in the ** Memoirs" above^
mentioned, in Aug. 1770, he carried into execution a
plan, which be had formed five years before, of retiring
into Dorsetshire; and there, in a field near his residence
at Corscombe, dropped down and died of an apoplexy, on
New-year's-day, 1774. The character of thi« singular
person was given, some time before, in one of the public
prints, in the following, sbmewbsit extravagant terms.
^^ Thomas Hoilis is a man possessed of a large fortune:
above half of which he devotes to charities, to the encou-
ragement of genius, and to the support and defence of
liberty* His studious hours are devoted to the search of
noble authors, hidden by the rust of tifne ; and to do their
virtues justice, by brightening their actions for the review
of the public. Wherever he meets the man of letters, he
is sure to assist him : and, were I to describe in paint this
illustrious citizen of the world, I would depict him leading
by the hands Genius and distressed Virtue to the temple of
Reward."
^ If Mr. Hoilis had any relations, his private affections
were pot as eniinent as bis public spirit, for he left the
Vvhole of his fortune to his ftiend T. Brand, esq. who, on
titat account, took the name of Hoilis, and was as violent a
zealot for liberty as- his patron, although less pure in his
practice. la 1764, Mfv Hoilis sent to Sidney-college,
Cambridge, where Cromwell was educated, an original
portrait of him by Cooper ; and^ a fire happening at his
«0 H O L L I S.
;tngft in Bedford^street, in 176], he calmly walked ou^
taking an original picture of Milton only in bis band* A
Dew edition of ^* Toland^s Life of Milton^' was published
under bi» dtrectioni in 1761; and, in 1763, he gave an
accurate edition of ^* Algernon Sydpey^s Discourses oa
Government/' on which the pains and expence be be-
stowed are almost incredible. He meditated also an edi*
tion of Andrew Marvell ; but did not complete it. In
order to preserve the memory of those patribtic heroea
whom he most admired, he called many of the farms and
fields in his estate at Corscombe by their names; and^ iq
the middle of one of these fields, not far from his house,
be ordered his corpse to be deposited in a grave ten feet
deep, and the field to be immediately ploughed over, that
no trac^ of his burial place might remain* His religious
principles have been suspected, as he joined no denomina-
tion of Christians, Another of his singularities was, to.
observe bis nominal birth*day always, without any regard
to the change of style. He never took it amiss that he was
charged with singularities; he owned that he affected
them : " the idea of singularity," says he, ^* by way of
shield, I try by all means to hold out," and in this way
got rid of those who would otherwise break in upon his
time, customs, and way of living. Mr. Branp Hollis, his
beir,;died in Sept. 1804, and bequeathed his estates in
Dorsetshire and Essex to his friend Dr. Disney. Tbim
Brand HoUis did not exactly inherit the independent prin^
ciples of bis benefactor ; for whereas Mr. Hollis would not
accept of a seat in parliament, for fear of being led intp
corrupt prs^ctices, Mr. Brand bad no scruple to apply kis
fortune to acquire a seat for Hindon, and was convicted of
the most scandalous bribery, and imprisoned in the King's
Bench. It is not unuseful t9 know of what stuff clamorous
patriots are made. ' •
HOLMES (George), an Englishantiquaiy, born in 1662,
at Skipton, in Craven, Yorkshire, became about 1695 clerk
to William Petyt, esq. keeper of the records at the Towett
and continued near sixty years- deputy to Mr. P^tyt, Mr.
Topham, and Mr. Pdlbilh On the death of Mr. Petyt^
which happened Oct. 9, ITO?^ Mr. Holmes was, on ac»-
oount of his singular abilitret and industry^ appointed by^
. 1 Memoirt at alcove.— Gent. Mag. LXX1V. — Ik, pitne;^ \mm lately printed^
but Mot pttbKahed, a Memoir of Mr. Bmid Holiia.
HOLMES, ai
lo^d HaUfiuc (tben president of a coomiktee pf tbe Houaa
of lords) to methodize and Agest tbe records deposited int
tbe 'I'owery at n yearly salary of 200iL vKhicb was continued
tpbisdeatii, Feb. 16, 1743-9, in tbe 87th year of bis affe«
lie wa$ also barrack- master of tbe Tower. He married a
daughter of Mr. Marshall^ an eminent sword-cmler in
fleet-street, hy whom he had ^u only son G^eorge, who
was bred at Elton, and waa clerk under bis father, but diedj
apred 25, many years before him. Holmes re-pdblisbed
the first 17 Tolumes * of Rymer^s **Foedera,'' in iizf.
His curious dollections of books, prints, and coins, &c.
were so|d by anction in 1749. His portrait was engravec(
by tbe society of antiquaries, with this inscription : " Vera
effigies Georqu Holmes generosi, a. s. s. & tabularii pub-
lici in Turre Londiaensi Vicecustodis ; quo munere annos
ciFciijer lx summa fide & diiigentia perfupctus^. xiV l^alend^
Mart. A. D. mDccxlvui, aetatis suae Lxxxvn, fato demun^
concessit^ In fratris siii erga se meritorum testimoniun^
b^nc tabulam Socicta^ ANTiauARioRUM Londini, cujus
CQoimofia semper promqyit, sumptu suq seri incideadum
cpravit, mdccxux- R. Van Bleak, p. 1743. G. Veftpe
del. & sculp.''— ^la Strype's London, 1754, vol. I. p. 746^
is a fac-simile of an antique insci:iption over tbe liule door
next to the cloister in the Temple church. It was in. i old
Sasou capital letters, engraved within an half-circle ; de*^
noting tbe year when the church was dedicated, and by
Yfbomy oamelfyy Heraclius the patriarch of the church of
the Holy Resurrection in Jerusalem ; and to whom, namely,
tbe Blessed Virgin ; and tbe indulgence of forty days par«
.don to such who, according to the penance enjoined tbem,
vesorted thither yearly. This inscription, which was scarcely
legible, and in 1695 was entirely broken by tbe workipen,
having been exactly transcribed by Mr. Holmes, was by
^im communicated to Strype. Mrs. Holmes out-lived het
husband, and received of government 200/. for bis MSS.
about the records, which were deposited and remain in bis
pffice to this day. ^Few men, in a similar office, were ever
i^ore able or willing to assist the researches of those who
applied to him, than Mr. Holmes ; and he received maay
handsome acknowledgen^nts of his politeness and abilities^
in that respect, from Browne Willis, Dr. Tovey, principal
•
* 'Before this tecoiidi edition, a set of the seveateen ▼olumet was told for 100
guineas. See the prefaoa to the ** Acta Regia," 17£6, Svo.
Vol. XVI I L G
> *t
82 HOLMES.'
of New-Inn-hall, Oxford, Dr. Richardson, editor of ^* God-
win de Presulibus," and others. *
HOLMES (Robert), D. D. a learned EnglisK divine,
rector of Stanton in Oxfordshire, canon of Salisbury and
Christ church, and dean of Winchester, was born in 1749,
and educated at Winchester school. He was afterwards
chosen to New-college, Oxford, where he took hb degrees
of M. a! 1774, of B. D. in 1787, and of D. D. in 1789.
lii 1790, on the death of Mr. Warton, he was appointed
professor of poetry. His last ecclesiastical promotion was
to the deanery of Winchester in 1804, which he did not
long enjoy, dying at his bouse in St Giles's, Oxford,
Nov. 12, 1805.
His first publication was a sermon preached before the
university of Oxford, entitled " The Resurrection of the
body deduced from the Resurrection of Christ,'* 1777,
4to, a very ingenious discourse, in which the subject is il-
lustrated in a manner somewhat new. In the same year he
published " Alfred, an Ode, with six Sonnets," 4to, in
which Gray's style is attempted with considerable success.
In 1782 he was chosen the third. Bampton lecturer, and in
1783 published his eight lectures *^ on the prophecies and.
testimony of John the Baptist, and the parallel prophecies
of Jesus Christ," in which he displayed great abilities and
judgment. These were followed, iiv 1788, by a very able
defence of some of the essential doctrines of the churchy
respecting the nature and person, death and sufferings of
Christ, in " Four Tracts ; on the principle of religion, as
^ test of divine authority ; on the principle of redemption ;
on the angelical message to the Virgin Mary, and on the
resurrection of the body ; with a discourse on humility,**
8vo, the whole illustrated by notes and authorities. He
published also one or two other single sermons^ and an ode
for the eiicoenia at the installation of the duke of Portland
in 1793 ; but what confers the highest honour on his abili-
ties, critical talents, and industry, was his collation of the
MSS. of the Septuagint version, which he appears to have
begun about 1786. Induced to think that the means of
determining the genuine tenor of the Scriptural text wouldl
be mudTi enlarged if the MSS, of the Septuagint version
were carefully collated, as those of the Hebrew had been^
and ibn collations published in one vie w^ he laid down his
HOLMES.. 83
{>lajQ,,.the essential parts of which were: that all MSS«
knoi^o or discoverable at home or abroad^ if prior to the
invention of printing, should be carefully collated with
on^ printed text; and all particularities in which they dif-
fered from it distinctly noted ; that printed editions and ver-
sions, inade from all or parts of that by the seventy, and
juitations from it by eccle^stical writers (with a distinction
of tbos^ who wrote before the time of Aquila or after k),
should also be collated with the same printed teirt, and all
their variations from it respectively ascertained; and that
these materials, when collected, should all be reduced to
one plain view, and printed under the text with which the
several collations have been made, as by Pr. Keunicott— »
or without the text, as by De Rossi. Upon these general
principles. Dr. Holmes embarked on his enterprize, hav*
ing in the first instance been patronized by the delegates
of the Clarendon pre^s, and by liberal subscriptions from
other universities, and the public at large. The de^legates
of the press, agreed to allow him 40/. a year for three.years,
^^ on bis exhibiting to them his collations annually, to be
deposited in th^, Bodleian library, and when the whole was
finished, to be printed at the university press, at his. ex-
pence, and for bis benefit, or of his assigns, if he should
live to complete his collations ; or if they were left imper.-*
feet, they were to be at the discretion of the delegates, they
undertaking to promote the finishing of them to. the best
pf their power, and to publish them when finished, allow-
ing to his assigns a just proportion of the profits.*'
V^th these encouragements. Dr. Holmes exhibited in
•1789 .bis first annual account, by which it appeared that
^leven folio volumes of collations were deposited, at th^
end of that year, in the Bodleian library ; subsequent an-
nual accounts followed, and at the end of I7dk3, the total
number of MS volumes deposited in that library was seven-
ty-three, and the sum received by subscriptions 4445/.
which, liberal as it may seem, fell very fur short of the ex-*
pences incurred by the editor. Notwithstanding this W
proceeded in the last-mentioned year to subo^it two folio
specimens to the opinion of scholars and critics, the first
containing cbsCpters I. and J.I. of Genesis, and the second,
chapter I. according to the Vatican text, the divisions of
.chapters and verses in which somewhat digiar^ from the
Vulgate. He was aware, however, that his original plan
was so extensively idborlous, that 09 perseverance or lif^
(J 2
«4 H O L M fe S.
•
Wbuld bav^ hken equal to Us lexectttion. He ddte^mtlted,
therefore, to contract it, and in tHfe form published lii 17M
ban of his first volume, feotitkfmf^g tfre book of Geilesis,
*)?bich exhibits a Very tekttitri'di^ry itaiohmdi^t of diligc^»e<^.
This was followell in 1801, by artoHifer pdrtion of tbe^Btie
Volume, coAtaimog tlx^dhs tod L^hiciis ; ^hd Ih 1804
the tolcrme was completed by th^ addittdta 6f Numb^t^ftatid
Deuterohom^, with a valvafbfe preface^ givirtg a hisitd^y ef
the 8eptaa^}nt and its vftrtous editibtw. Dr. Holmes tbfeh
'publiibed the prophecy of Daniel, According to Thifrbdo-
tlon and the Scptuaginti departing from his pwpoited
ordfer, as if by a presentiment of his end; The Idss of WtA
-a iiian at this eritical time tras nnqtiestib^bly gteat,^ tod
nvft^ duly Appreciated by every "scholar who Wasr k jud^e 'crf
-his labours. They felt ^herefote a proporHorial grtttificJii-
^on, in seeing the work iresutned, in kh tintform hianlft^ry
after an interruption of only four -years, by the rcfv.'Jann^es
Parsons, M. A. of Wadham college, who in 1810 published
the first part of vol. 11. containing the book of Joshitia, and
^bo appears in every retpect qualified to carry oh -tbela-
ikH-ious design with honour to himself and to the uniVer^
«ty. *
HOLSTENIUS, nr HOLSTEIN (Lucas), an iiig^ntotis
'andIearnedGerinan,WasboniatHamburgin 1596; and aftet
% liberal education in his own country, went toFranee^'and
^t (^aris'distinguished himself by uhfcottimori parts and learn^
ing. He was educated a protestant, but afterwards by the
persuasions of Sirmond the Jesuit, embraced the Roddati
*tatholic religion^ and going fromFrance to Rotoe, attat^hed
biihseif to cardinal Francis Barberiiii ; who took him under
4its protection, and recommended him to favour. He was
iionoured by three popes. Urban VIII. Innocent X. and
'Alexander VH. The 'first gave him a canon ry of St.
•Peter's; the second made him librarian of the Vatican;
and the third sent him, in 1^65, to Christina of Sweden^
w^iose formal profession of the Catholic faith he received at
inspruck. He spent his life in study, arid died at Rome
♦in 1^61. Cardinal Barberini, whom he made his heir^
caused^ marble monument to be erected over his grave,
witfaa Latin inscription much to his honour. He wins very
learned both in sacred and profane antiquity^ was an aictiie
5crhic, and wrote with the utmost purity and ele^f^e.
I ttMt. ASag. x«ir LXXV.--lVro»lb. Cnitical, andl Brifeisk Crrttic.
h n
HOLSTENIUS. «*
works eoosiftted chiefly of notes and dissertations, which
hanre been highly esteemed forjudgmeDt and precision.
Some of these were published by himself; but the greater
part were eomnunicated after his death, and inserted by
his friends in their editions of authors, or other works that
would admit them. His notes and emendations upon Eur
sebius's book against Hi^rocles, upon Porphyry 'S <' Life of
Pythagoras," upon ApoUooius's *^ Argonautics," upon the
fifsgments of DemophUus, Democrates, ^eci^odus, and Sal-
lustius the philosopher, upon Stepbanus Byzaotinus de
Urbibus, 8cc.« are to be found in the best editions of th\>se
autfaprs. He wrote a '' Dissertation upon the Life and
Wsitiogrs of Porphyry," which is printed with his notes on
f^hyry^gJf Life of Pythagoras ;" and other dissertations
of iiis are inserted in Grsevius's ** Ck)lleciion of Roman An-
dquities," and elsewfaere.'
HOLT (Sir Join?), knight, lord chief justice of the oouft
of King's-bench in Uie reign of king Wiiliam, was son of
sir Thomas Ho)t, knight, serjeaot at law; and born at
Thame in Oafordshire, 1642. He was educated at Abing-
don-school, while his father was recmder of that ^wn ;
Bod afterwards became a gentleman*commoner of Oriel^
coliege, Oxford. In 165^ he entered himself of Gray^s«
inn, before be took a degree ; some time- after which be
was eaHed to the bar, where he attended constantly, and
soon became a very eminent barrister. In the reign of
Jaases H. he was made recorder of L<uidon, which office
he disctiarged with much applause for about a year and a
half; but refusing to give his hand towards abolishing the.
testf and 'to expound the law according to. the king's design,
he was removed from his place. In 16ft6 he. was called to
the degree of a seijeant at law, with many other^i. On the
arrivat of the prince of Orange, he was chosen a member
of the convention parliament ; and appointed one of the
managers for the^^ommons at the conferences held with the
lords, about the abdication and the vacancy ^ of the throne.
He ^d here an opportunity of displaying his abilities ; and
as soon as the government was settled, he was made lord:
chief justice of the court .of King's-bench, and admitted
into the king's privy- council.
In 1700, when lord Somers parted 'with the great seal,
king William pressed chief justice Holt to accept of it :
. 1 IfHBtrom vsL XXXI.--»CbAafepMi— Morf ri.r-.Saxii Onosiftst.
S9 HOLT.-;
but he replied, that he never had but one chancery eause
in bis' life, which he lost ; and consequently could not' think
himself fitly qualified for so great a trust. He continued in
his post twenty-two years, and maintained it with great
reputation for steadiness, integrity, and complete know-r
ledge in his profession. He applied himself with great as*
siduity to the functions of his important office. He was
perfect master of the common law ; and, as his judgment
was most solid, his capacity vast, bnd understanding most
clear, so he had a firmness of mind, and such a degree of
resolution, as never could be brought to swerve in ^e least
from what he thought to be law and justice. Upon gnoat
occasions he shewed an intrepid zeal in asserting the au«
thority of the law ; for he ventured to incur the indigna*
tion of both houses of parliament, by turns, when he
thought the law was with him. Sev^al oases of the utmost
importance, and highly affecting the lives, rights, liberties,
and property of the people, came in judgment before hifft.
There was a remarksible clearness and perspicuity of ideas
in his definitions ; a distinct arrangement of them in the
analysis of his arguments ; and the real and natural differ-
ence of things was made most perceptible and obvious^
when he distinguished between matters which bore a false
resemblance to each other. Having thus rightly formed
his premises, he scarcely ever erred in his conclusions ; bis
arguments were instructive and convincing, and his in*
tegrity would not suffer him to deviate from judgment and
truth, in compliance to his prince, or, as observed before,
to either house of paHiament. They are most of theia
faithfully and judiciously reported by that eminent lawyer,
chief justice KaynM)nd. His integrity and uprightness as
a judge are celebrated by the author of the *^ Tatler,**
No. 1 4, under the noble character of Verus the magistrate.
There happened in the time of this chief justice a riot
in Hoiborn, occasioned by an abominable practice then
prevailing, of decoying young persons of both sexes tp the
Plantations, The persons so decoyed they kept prisoners
in a house in Hoiborn, till they could find an opportunity
of shipping them off; which being discovered, the enraged
populace were going to pull down the house. Notice of
tbis«being sent to Whitehall, a party of the guards were
commanded to march to the place ; but they first sent aa
officer to the chief justice to acquaint him with the^ design,
and to desire him to send some of his people to attend the
HOLT. «7
Boldiersy in ordes to give it the better countenance. Th^
oflicer having delivered liis message, Holt said to tiioii
** Suppose the populace should not disperse at your ap**
pearance, what are you to do then?'' ^< Sir,'', answered
the officer, *' we have orders to. fire upon theoi." ^^Have
you, Sir ? (replied Holt) then take notice of what I say ;
if there be one man killed, and you are triced before me, I
will take, care that you, and every soldier of your party,
shall be hanged. Sir, (added he) go back to those who
sent you, and acquaint them, that no officer of mine shall
attend soldiers; and let them know at the same time, that
the laws of this kingdom are not to be executed by th^
sword : these matters belong to the civil power, and you
have nothing to do with them." Upon this, the chief jus*
tice, ordering his tipsuves with a few constables to attend
him, went himself in person to the place where the tumult
was; expostulated with the mob ; assured them that justice
should be done upon the persons who were the objects of
their indignation : and thus they all dispersed quietly.
He married Anne *, daughter of sir John Cropley, hart
whom he left without issue; and died in March 1709,
after a lingering illness, in his 68th year. The following
re]|orts were published by himself, in 1708, fol. with some
notes of his own upon them : *^ A Report of divers Cases, in
Pleas of the Crown, adjudged and determined, in the reign
^of the late King Charles the Second, with directions for
justices of the peace, and others, collected by sir John
Key ling, knight, late lord chief justice of his Majesty's
court of King's-bench, from the original manuscript under
his own hand. To which is added. The Report of thiree
modern Cases, viz. Armstrong and Lisle; the King and
Plumer ; the Queen and Mawgridge." A second edition
was pretendedly published in 1739, but the title only wsys
new. *
HOLT (John), a miscellaneous writer of considerable
merit, was born at Mottram in Cheshire in 1742, and
educated with a view to the ooinTstry among the dissenters ;
but this pursuit he very early relinquished, in consequence
* Dr. Arbuthnot iii a Letter to Swift jastice Hott'i wife, whom he attended
says, ** I t6ok the same pleasure ia out of spite to the husband, who wished
saring hiiQ (Gay, the poet), as Rad- her dead.
tUffe did in preserving my lord chief
I Life» 1764, Sto.— Biog. Brit. toI. VI L Supplement'— Burnet's Own Times.
•— Atb. 03U vol. U.— Nichols's Atterbury.
'k» H O L T;
of becoming z tneinber of the clitircl^ ol Englaiid. tl^
icontitnied) ho^vever, to cultivate his mind by* levery op^por^
tanity withiti his power, aUhough his circumstfthces in earFy *
Kfe were uo^vour^ble to a liberal education. Abom tht
year 1761 he removed to Walton in Lancashire, three miles*
from Liverpool, where be commenced ^cfaoolmi^ter m4
parish-clierk ; the latter he resigned some years lyeibre h^
tieath. Having married a very sensibly and worthy wbm^n,
)re opened a boarding-school for yoang ladies, with tfaik
Assistance of his wife, and carried it on with great reputa*
tion. f)is time was for many years divided between l!h^
pares of the school knd the study &f tigficulture, ivhich
had always in some measure engaged his nmid. Vdr bis
scholars he compiled several us^nl manuals, particulatly
the "Characters of the Kings and Queens of England,'*
1786—1788, 3 vols, l12mo, so jgdiciousf]y laid doWn, knfl
Illustrated by iso many sensible and original temai'ks, ihA
bad Mr. Holt applied himself to history only, it is not
improbable he might have produced a wotk of Iri^er hn*
portance in that science. In the course of his agriculttiral
?)ursuits, he wrote ** An %iisay on the Curie in Potattoes,"
or which he received the medal from the society of arts,
manufactures, and commerce. The many essays amd me-
moirs which he drew up on such subjects having acquired
him the character of a minute and sfcilful observer, the
Board of agriculture appointed hifn surveyor of the cOunfty
of Lancaster, and the ^^ Report" which he returned, rich
^1 valuable diatter, judiciously arranged, *was the first that
was republished by the Board ; and he had various pre-
miums and other testimonies of approbation adjudged to
him. It appears to have been his utmost ambition to em-
ploy his time in what was useful, and no part of that timei
was allowed to pass without adding something to his stock
of knowledge. He was at last employed in collecting
materials for a History of Liverpool, when a bilious disorder
carried him off, March 21, 1801, to the very great regret
of all who knew his amiablp character. A portrait, and
some other parjticulars of his Kfe, may be seen in our
authority.^
HOLTE (J^QK), author of the first Latin grammar of
any note in England, was a native of the county of Sussex,
and flourished about the latter part of the fifteenth cen*
1 Cent Mag. toI. LXXt.
H O L T K. •»
tury. After bavingr httu for sotne time usher of the school
next to Magdalen college gate in Oxford, be took his
degree of B. A. and in 1491 was admitted fellow of that
"College. He afterwards compteted his degrees in atts, and
comn^enced schoolmaster, in which capacity he acqaireil
'great reputation^ and prepared for college many student!,
who were afterwards men of eminence. When he died Is
unknown, bnt he was alive in 1511. The gramriiar be
|mhliihed was entitled ^'^ Lac PHeroruni. M. Holti. Mylke
for chy Wren," 4to, printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 149T.
It is dedicated^ to Morton archbishop of Canterbury, anil
has some veiy elegant Latin verses by sir Thomas More,
•when he was a young man. The only copy known is in
Mr. Heber's fine collection. This grammar, the first me?-
^odical piece of the kind for the use of schools, was long
-followed by John Stanbiidge, Robert Whittington, Wifliam
l.ily, Leonard Cox, Henry Prime, and other sclioc4-
masters.'
HOLWELL (Johk ZtPHANiAM), a learned EngliA
'gentleman, well known in the history of Britirii India,
was the son of Zepbaniah flolwell, thnher-merchant and
citizen -of London, and grandson of John Holwell, a mathe* .
fwaNScal writer of much feme in the serertieenth century.
The ftither and grandfather of this Jchn Holwell both fell
in support of the royal cause during the nsui|yation, and
libe family estate of Holwell- ball, in Devonshire, was lost
to their descendants for ever ; for although Mr. Holwell
applied to king Charles at the restoration, the only re*
compense he obtained was to be appointed royal astrono-
mer and surveyor of the crown lands, and the advaneemerit
of his wife to a place of some honour, but of little emohi-
ment, about the person of the queen. Some years after ^
lie was appointed mathematical preceptor to the duke ^f
Monmouth, for whom he conceived a warm attachment,
-snd, believing farm lo be the legitimate son of the king,
-was ind^^ed to take a very active and imprudent pan
against the succession of the duke of York, which in the
end proved bis ruin. Having published in 16S3 a small
Latin tract called '^ Catastrophe Mundi,'* which was' soon
after translated, and is a severe attack on the popish t^rty,
he was marked for destruction as soon as the duke of York
4i)QiUe8» vol. II.
dQ H O L WE L L.
xame to the throne. Accordingly, in 1681, it was conr
trived that, in quality of surveyor to the crown, he should
be sent to America, to survey and lay down a chart of the
town of New York ; and at the same time secret orderjs
, were sent to the government agents there, to take some
effectual means to prevent his return. In consequence of
this, it is said, that he had no sooner execqt^d his commis-
sion, than he died suddenly, and his death was attributed,
at the time and on the spot, to the application of poison
administered to him in a dish of coffee. His son was futher
to the subject of the present article.
John Zephaniah Holwell was bom at Dublin, Sept. 17^
1711, and at the age of eight was brought over to England,
and placed at Mr. M'Kenzie's grammar-school at Richmond
in Surrey, where he distinguished himself in classical
learning. After this, his father having determined to breed
bim up to mercantile life in Holland, sent him to an aca-
demy at Iselmond on the Mouse, where he learned th|e
French and Dutch languages, and was instructed in book-
keeping. He was then placed in the counting-house of
Lantwoord, a banker and ship's-husband at Rotterdam^
with a stipulation that he was to be admitted as a partner at
the expiration of five years. The unceasing toil, however,
of his new situation soon affected his health to a very
alarming degree ; and although he recovered by consulting
the celebrated Boerhaave at Leyden, his inclination for
trade was gone,' and on his return to England, his father,
finding him inflexible on this point, bound him appren*
tice to Mr. Forbes, a surgeon in the Park, Southwark, and
upon the death of that gentleman he was placed under the
care of Mr. Andrew Cooper, senior surgeon of Guy's
hospital.
. Being now duly qualified, andf having lost his father in
1729, who left a very slender provision for his widow and
son, he quitted the hospital, and engaged himself as sur-
geon's mate on board the Duke of Cumberland Indiaman,
which jailed from Gravesend Feb. 2, 1732, and proceeded
to Bengal, where he was appointed surgeon of a frigate
belonging to the company, bound for the gulph of Persia.
In the course of this voyage he acquired some knowledge
of the Arabic tongue, and on his return to Calcutta em-
ployed his leisure hours in studying the Moorish ^nd com-
mon Hinduee languages, and the Lingua Franca of the
Portuguese. -In January 1734 he made another voyage, as
\
. H 0 L W E t L. 9^
%
sargeoo of the ship Prince of Wales, to Suri^^ &c. aud
80011 after his return to Bengal, he was appointed surgeon*
major to the Patna party, usually consisting of about 400
European infaDtry^ frhich annually left the presidency in
the. latter end of Septeoiber, with the company's trade for,
ibeir factory at Patna. His next voyage was in ;tbe ship
Prince of Orange^ to Mocha and Judda in the Arabian
gulph. During his stay there he added to his knowledges
of the Arabic tongue, and, on his return to Ca\cutta was
able to speak it with tolerable fluency. After another
visi](, however, to Patna, as surgeon-major, he was anxious
to quit this rambling life, and by the interest of his friends
was appointed surgeon to the company's factory at Decca ;
and here, besides farther improving himself in the Moonsh.
and Hinduee tongues, he commenced his researches into
the Hindu theology.
At the close of the year 1736 he returned to Calcutta,
and was elected an alderman in the mayor's court ; and in-
1740 was appointed assistant surgeon to the hospital, which
first g^ye him a solid establishment in the company's ser-»
vice. In 1746 he succeeded to the place of principal
physician and surgeon to the presidency ; and in the yeara
1747 and 1748 was successively elected mayor of the cor-
poration. In Sept. 1749 his bad state of health rendered
it necessary for him to return to England, where he arrived
in the March following. During this voyage he bad leisure
to arrange his materials on the theology and doctrines of
the ancient and modern Brahmans, and to digest a plam
which he had formed for correcting abuses in the Zemin*
dar's court at Calcutta. This scheme of reform he sub-
mitted to the court of directors, who, in consequence . of
the advantages it promised to produce, appointed him per*»
petual Zemindar, and twelfth, or youngest, in the cou'ncU
at the board of Calcutta ; but With an exception to any
further advancement in it. On his arrival in Calcutta, in
August 17^1, he immediately began his system of reform,
which gave so much satisfaction to the directors, that tb^:
exception against his rising, in the council wa$ removed,
and 4000 rupees added to his salary. I'he nature and
object of this reform is fully delineated in his ^' India Tsracts^'*
a 4to volume, which he published at London in 1764.
In 1756 he rose to be seventh in council, and in the
month of June in that year, Surajah Dowlah, nabob of
bengal, attacked Calcutta. The governor and seniors iit
U H O L W E L L.
council having deserted the place, the renainifig memhets^
of the board, with the inhabitants and trbops, elected
Mr. Holwell governor and commander in chief of the fort
and presidency ; who, supported by i few gallant friends^
•nd the remains of a feeble garrison, bravely held out l^e
jbrt to the last extremity ; but a noble defence could not
.preserve an untenable place, or affect an ungenerous'
eiiemy. The opposition he had met with so incensed the
habob, that although on the surrender he had given Mr.
Holwell his word mat no harm should come to him, he
ordered him and his unfortunate companions in arms, 146
persons in number, to be thrust into a close prison called
the Black Hole, not eighteen feet square, into which no
tfujj^ply of air could cotae but by two small windows in one
end. Here for one whole night they were confined, and
in ibe morning only twenty-three were found alive, one of
whom was Mr. Holwetl, whose affecting and highly inte-
resting ** Narrative*' of the event was published at London
in 1758 *• On his delivery from this place he was carried
in irons to Muxadabad, but was released on July 31st fol-
lowing, by the intercession of the Begum, Surajah Dbwlab's
grandmoUier, vAko was influenced to this act of compassioo-
by the reports of his upright and lenient conduct to the
natives during the time he presided in the Zemindar and
Cutcherry courts. He soon after joined the wretched
remnins of the colony at Fultafa. In December following
tlie presidency was retaken by vice-admiral Watson and
eolonel Clive, and the governor and council re-established
by them.
Mr. Holwell being in a most deplorable state of health,
from bis unparalleled sufferings, obtained leave to take-
dispatches for the company to England, and for that pur-
pose embarked on board the Syren sloop, of no more t^an
eighty tons burthen. In February 1757, after a most ha-
zardous voyage of six months in that small ve8se;l (a very
curious journal of which he nfterwards published), he
arrived in England ; and in consideration of his meritorious
services, eminent abilities, and distinguished integrity,
* At the ttne of Mr. Ho^reIi*s4e»th Uemao vbo, ms mmitipiiiBd m t^> par*^
in 119% there were two survivors of rati ve, manifestecl the truest frieDdship,
that horrible tyranny, in Eugland : Mr. by resigning h is station near the window
Bardett» residing at TbitOD near South- of the dungeon to Mr. Holwell, whg*
an)pton,.aDd Capt Mills on the Haap- otherwise must have expired in a iesr«
stead-road. The latter, who, if we , minutes,
mietake loc, is still iiving, is the ge«-
HOLWELU ^
iwas appointed^ by a nuajoritjr of fifteen aget9«l{ liinti in
ihe court o^ directofs, to return tM» Bengal ai lucaessQt to
eolanel Clire in that government ; but this i^ipointmeiit
hey ^ith great modesty^ decUoed in favoof of Mr* Manning**
haoft. He was tbeil named second in oemncil, aiMl aaceea-
^or to that gentleman. In this situation ke embarked oil
.board tbe Warren Indtaasan in March 1758; bnt betn^
detained by adverse winds till an election of neur dtrecfeoit
took place) tbey reversed the whole ptqceedings of tha
former court, and Mr. Holwell was returned to fats previous
«i|ualrio<) as seventh ia council. With what justice or Ube>»
raUty this proceeding was instituted we know not': Mr.
•Holwellj however, on his arrtvid in Bengal^ found himseil^
by the ^{^arture of some senior members of the coudoi^
Iciartb in rank; and in .17 59^ from. a similar renuJTal^ he
became aecond, when colonel Cbve resigned tbe gov>em«>
4Rient to hia^ The conduct of his administration, and tbe
lienefits the oompany derived from it, are displayed widi
eQual truth and modesty in the *' India Tracts" already
mentioned.
. At the close of the year 1760 he was superseded by
Mr. Vaosittart, and in February followiftg be resigned all
employment in the company'<s service ; and in the succeed-
ing month embarked for England iii a noost wretched state
of health, which it recfuired upwards of twelve months
residence and care to re-establish. Tired of the bustle of
public life, he now made his election in favour of retire-
itient and tranquillity, being possessed of an ample and
independent fortune, acc^ired in the most honourable
planner ; although it has been complained that he did not
veceive those returns from the East India Company^ to
^wbicfa he was entitled by bis long and meritorious services.
Mr. Holwell was the first European who studied the Hmdu
antiquities ; and although be was uimvoidahly led into
many terrors concerning them, from his being totally un-^
acquainted with the Saoscreet language, he must be
allowed the merit of having poimed out the path .which ^hs^
fiaally conducted others to those repositories of learning
and.science. By the capture of Calcutta in 1756, governor
Holwell lost maaycvrioiK Hindu manuscripts, and among
^bem two copies of the Sastras, or book of divine autho-*
rtty, written ia the common Hinduee language, for which
the comausstoners of restitution allowed him two thousand
Madras ri^es« He also lost a translation of a considerable
« holwell;
•part; of liiat work, on which be had employed eighteen
•moqths. However, during his residence in Bengal, after
:be wais removed from the government, he resumed hit
^searches,, and having recovered some manuscripts by an
unforeseen and extraordinary event, he was enabled, in
August 1765, to publish the first part of bis *^ Intei^esting
jiistoiricai events relative to Bengal and Indostan $ as also
^tbe Mythology of the Gentoos ; and a dissertation on the
Metempsychosis," Lxxnd. 8vo. In 1766 and 1771 he ptib-
lisbed the second and third parts of the same work, in
which there is much curious information, although ini'Kis
reasonings he has been supposed to attribute too much of
divine authority to the Sastras. One of his most valuable
publications was ^^ An account of the manner of inoculat-
ing, for tlie small pox in India,'* with observations on the
medical practice and mode of treating that disease in the
east. He piliblisbed also ^* A new experiment for the
prevention of crimes,*' 1786, which consisted chiefly in
establishing a system of rewards for virtue. His last pub-
lication, *^ Dissertations on the origin, nature, and pursuits
of intelligent beings, and on Divine Providence, Religion,
and religious Worship,'* which appeared in 1788, bore some
marks of the whims of old age^ and contains some singular
and fanciful opinions-, isuch as that God created angels of
diiferent degrees, who on their fall became, the best of
them, Aien, dogs, and horses ; the worst, lions, tigei^, and
other wild bea&ts, :&c Mr. Holwell survived this publica*
tion about ten years, dying Monday, Nov. 5, 1 798, at his
bouse at Pinner, Middlesex. He -was twice married, and
of bis family three of his children only survived him,
lieut-col. James Holwell, of Soutbborough in Kent; Mrs^
Birch, the wife of William Birch, esq. ; and Mrs; Swinney,
relict of the late Dr. Swinney.
Mr. HolweU's mind was stored with general knowle|3ge :
his understanding was at once sagacious and comprehen-
sive; while his imagination gave a lively and pleasing
i:olour to all be knew and every thing he said. A taste for
^legant literature, and the possession of elegant accom-»
plishments, completed bis intellectual qualifications. There
l^as a superior urbanity in bis manners, which did not pro-
Qeed more from the babtts of. his life than the benevolei^d
of his heart; and while his demeaiiourassimilated him to
the highest station,' it tendered him emitten^ly pleasing- in
every subordinate rank ot soiial dife.Xi <He was, . indeed.
H O L Y I> A Y. is
throughout life a man of great benevolence, generosity,
and candour.^.
HOLYDAY (BARTfiN), an ingenious and learned English
divine, was the son of' a taylor in Oxford, and born in the
parish of All Saints there about 15^3; He was entered
early of Christ-church in the time of Dr. Ravis, his relation
and patroY), by whom he was chosen student; and in 1615
he took orders. He was before noticed- for his skill in
poetry and oratory, and now distingViished himself so much
by his eloquence and populaHty as a preacher, that he had
two benefices conferred on him in the diocese of Oxford.
In 1618 he went as ebaplain to sir Francis Stewart, wheti
he accompanied the coijint Gundamore to Spain, in which
journey Holyday exhibited such agreeable conversation*
talents, that the count* was greatly pleased with him.
Afterwards he became chaplain to the king, aud was pro^
inoted to the archdeaconry of Oxford before 1626. In
1642 he was made a doctor of divinity by mandamus at
Oxford ; near which place he sheltered himself during the
time of the rebellion. When the royal party declined,
he so far sided with the prevailing powers, as to undergo
the examination of the triers, in order to be inducted into
the rectory of Chilton in Berkshire ; for he had lost his
livings, and the profits of his archdeaconry, and could not
well bear poverty and distress. This drew upon him much
censure from his own party ; some of whom, however,
> says Wood, . commended him, since he had thus made
provision for a second wife he had lately married. After
the Restoration he quitted this living, and returned to Iffley
near Oxford, to live on his archdeaconry ; and had he not
acted a temporizing part, it was said he might have been
raised to much higher promotion. |lis poetry, however,
got him a name in those days, and he stood fair for pre-
ferment. His philosophy also, discovered in his book
*' De Anima,*' and his welManguaged sermons, says Wood,
speak him eminent in his generation, and shew him to
have traced the rough parts of learning, as well as the
pleasant paths of poetry. He died at Iffley, Oct. 2, 1661,
and was buried at Christ-church.
His works consist of twenty sermons, published at dif-
ferent times. ^' Technogamia, or the Marriage of Arts,
a comedy,^* 1630*. ^* Philosopbis pQlito-barbarse speci-
I Asiatic Annual Register,' vol. I.
* Wood teltt'iis that thii ^iec«^ bail halt in the yenr 1617, but witb do very
been publicly ade^l in Cbrisicburcii great applause ^ but tbat tbe irits of
#«
tt 0 t Y 0 A Y.
mevi^ m c^o d« ftnima & ^us habititius ioteUeetuaUbas
iqusBstiones aliquot libris duobus illustrantur^*' 162(3, 4lq4
*^ purvey of the World, in ten books, i^ poena/' 1661, 8to.
B^t the work be is koown for now U his ** TraasUtion o^
tbe /Satires of Juvepal and Persius;'' for thougpb bis poetry
ia but ixidiflPeren^ bis translation is allowed to be faithful^
and bis nqtes g^d^. Tbe second edition of bis *' Persiqs**
was published in 1616 ; and the fourth, at tbe end of tb^
^< Satires of Juvenal illustrated, witb notes and sculptures,^*
^673, folio. Dryden, in. the dedication of bis ''Trans«
la^on of Juvenal and Persii^,'' qaakes tbi^ foiiowiog critique
ppou our autbor's performance : ^^ If,*' says b9, ^^ rendefiog
tbe exact sense of these autbots, pdraost line for line, bad
be;^ opr business, Barten Holyday bad done it already U$
our handa ; and by tbe help of bis learned notes and illxisr
tratioQs, not only Juvenal and Persias, but (what is ye€
more obscure) bis. own verses migbt be understood.'*
Speaking] a little farther on^ of close and literal tran8lat.ioni
be ad4sy that ^f Holyday, whq m^de this way bis cboi^e^
seized tbe meaai^ of Juve;Dal, but tbe poetry bi|s alwaya
escaped bini^'' In. bis account of Holyday's wriiingSf
Wood h93 omitted an instructive and entertaining litiW
work entitled '^ Comes jucundus in via/' which he pub*
lished anonymously in 1658. In the latter part of tbe
^cond addr<ess to the r^tader, tbed:e is s^ quainx aUusiop tp
his name.'
HOLYOAKE (Francis), a learned Englisbipan, memoirs
able for having made an/^ Etymological Dictionary of Latin
woards," was born at Nether Wtuta(i:re in Warwickshirei
about 156-7, and studied in the university of Ox£or^ abo^ii
X582 ; but it does not appear tbat be ever took a degree4
those times, being willing to clSstinguish
themselnes before the king, were re-
solved, with leave, to act tbe Mine co->
iqedy at Woodstock. Permission being
obtained, it was accordingly acted oa
9nnday eTeaing^ Aqg. 96, 16^1. But,
whether it was too grave for bis majesty
and too scholastic for the audience, or
^belbef, assoraeeaid* tbe'aolofs bad
taken too mnch wine before they began,
IQ order to remove their timidity, his
mejesty grew so lirc^ with the perform-
anee, tbat» after the two first acts were
over, he several times made efforts to
begone. At length, however, being
persuaded by those who were about
him to have patience till It was over,
lest tbe yoqog men should be disooU'S-
raged by so apparent a slight shewn to
them, be did sit it ont, though much
ag«ittst.|iis will. Qn which tbe foHow-
ing smart and ingeoieus epigram was
made by a c<rrtain scholar:
** At Chnst^bUrch Marriage, dent be-
fore the king.
Lest tbat their mates should want ao
offering,
TbekHSg bimself did.o0wv Wb^t» I
pray ?
He oj(fer»d twice or thrice — to go away.^
> Ath. Ox. vol. n.— Wood's Life, 8vo. 177^.— Lloyd's Memein, fol — ^Ma-
tone's Orjrden, vol. IV. p. 186. 218.
JI O L Y O A K E. S7
He taught school at Oxford, and in his own country ; and
became rector of Southam in Warmckshire, 1604. He
was elected a member of the convocation of the clergy in
the first year of Charles the First^s reign ; and afterwards,
in the civil wai^, suffered extremely for his attachment to
that king. He died Nov. 13, 1653, and was buried at
i\^arwick. His ** Dictionary^' was first printed in I60e^
4to ; aqd the fourth edition in 1633, augm^ted, was dedi-.
cated to Laud, then bishop of London. He subscribed
himself in Latin, ^' Franciscus' de sacra quercu.*^^
HOLYOAKE (Thomas), son of the preceding, was
born in 1616 at Stony-Thorp near Southam in Warwick-
fibire, and educated in grammar learning Under Mr. White
at Coventry ; from whence he Was sent in Michaelmas term
1632, at the age of sixteen years, to Queen's college in
Oxford, where he took the degree of bachek>r of arts July
5, 1636, and that of master, May 16, 1639, and became
chaplain of the college. In the beginning of the civfl
wars, when Oxford became the seat of king Charles, and
was garrisoned for his use, he was put into commission
for a captain of a foot company, consisting mostly of
ftcholars. In this post he did great service, and had the
degree of doctor of divinity conferred upon him by the
fiivour of his majesty, though no such matter occurs in the
public register of the univ^sity, which was then sometimes
neglected. After the surrender of the garrison of Oxford
to the parliament, he, by the name of Thomas Holyoke^
without the addition of master of arts, bachelor or doctor
of divinity, obtained a licence from the university to prac-
tise physic, and settling in his own country, he practised
with good success till the Restoration in 1660, in which
year Thomas lord Leigh, baron of Stone Leigh in War-
wickshire, presented him to .the rectory of Wbitnash near
Warwick. He was soon after made prebendary of the col-
legiate church of Wolverhampton in Staffordshire. In
1674 Robert lord Brook conferred upon him the donative
of Breamour in Hampshire (which he had by the mar-
riage of bis lady), worth about two hundred pounds per
annum ; but, before he had enjoyed it a year, he died of a
fever, June 10, 1 675. His body was interred near that of his
fether in the church of St. Mary in Warwick. His Dic^
tionary was published after his death in 1677^ in foL aod^
» Ath. Ox., vol. II.
VouXVin. H
98 . H O L Y O A K E.
AS. Wood says^ ^< i^ made upon the foundation laid by
hi§ father,'* Before it are two epistles, one by the
author's son, Charles Holyoake of the Inner Temple^
dedicating the work to lord Brooke, and another by Dn
jBarlow, bishop of Lincoln, which contains many parti-
culars of the work and its. author. He had another soo^
the Itev* Henry. Holyoake, who was for forty years
xnaster of Rugby school in Warwickshire, and died
inl73L^
HOLYWOOD (John), or Halifax, or Sacrohosco^ was,
according to Leland, Bale, and Pits, born at Halifax in
Yorkshire, which Mr. Watson thinks very improbable ;
accordi^ig to Stainhurst, at Holywood near Dublin ; and
according to Dempster and Mackenzie, in Nithsdale ia
Scotland. There may perhaps have been more than one
of the name to occasion this difference of opinion. Mac-
kenzie informs us, that having finished bis studies, he
entered into orders, and became a canon regular of the
order of St. Augustin in the famous monastery of Holy-
wood in Nithsdale. The English biographers, on the con-
trary, tell us that he was educated at Oxford. They all
agree however in asserting, that he spent most of his life ak
Paris ; where^ says Mackenzie, he was admitted a member
of the university, June 5, 1221, under the syndics of the
Scotch nation ; and soon after was elected professor of m^*
thematics, which he taught with applause for many years*
According to the same author, he died in 1256, as appear^
from the inscription on his monument in the cloisters of the
convent of St. Maturine at Paris.
Holywood was contemporary with Roger Bacon, but
probably older by about 20 years. He was certainly the
first . mathematician of his time; and he wrote, I. ^^De,
Sphs^ra Mundi," Venice, 1478, 1490,^ 4to, a work often
reprinted, and illustrated by various commentators. 2. ^'De
Anni Ratione, sen de Computo Ecclesiastico.'' 3. ^< De
Algorismo/' printed with ^* Comm. Petri Cirvilli Hisp.'*
ParijS,. 1498.*
ROMBERG. (William), a cele))rated chemist, was bora
at Batavia in the island of Java/Jan. 3, 1652| the son of
John Homberg, a Saxon gentleman, governor of the
arsenal of that place. His father at first put him into the
^ Ath^Os. Vol. Il.-^^en. Dkt.— Oent. Mag« vol. L
• Mackenzie's SootclrWriten, toI. I.— Harrii'i •ditioB of Ware's Ircbad««»
Wstson'i Haiifaz.-— Hutton*B Pictionary,
H O M B £ R O;
99
army) but soon after qoitting .the service of the Dutcb^ and
a military life, brought him to Amsterdam, where he settled.
He, was now educated, by paternal indulgence, at Jena and
Leipsic, for the law, and was received as an advocate ia
1674 at Magdebourg, but the sciences seduced him from
the law : in his walks he became a botanist, and in his noc"
turnal rambles an astronomer. An intimacy with Otto de:
Guericke, who lived at Magdebourg, completed his con->
version, and he resolved to abandon his first profession*
Otto, though fond of mystery, consented to communicate
his knowledge to so promising a pupil ; but as his friends
continued to press him to be constant to the law, he soon
quitted Magdebourg, and went into Italy. At Padua and
Bologna he pursued his favourite studies, particularly me«*
dicine, anatomy, botany, and chemistry. One of his first
efforts in the latter science was the complete discovery of
the properties of the Bologna stone, and its phosphoric
appearance after calcination, which Casciarolo had first
observed. The efforts of Homberg in several scientific
inquiries, were pursued at Rome, in France, in England
with the great Boyle, and afterward in Holland and Ger--
many. With Baldwin and Kunckel he here pursued the
subject of phosphorus. Not yet satisfied with travelling.
in search of knowledge, he visited the mines of Saxony,
Hungary, Bohemia, and jSweden. Having materially im-
proved himself, and at the same time assisted the progress
of chemistry at Stockholm, he returned to Holland, and
thence revisited France, where he was quickly noticed by
Colbert. By his interposition, he was prevailed upon to
quit his intention of returning to Holland to marry, accord-;
ing to the desire of his father, and fixed himself in France^
This step also alienated him from his religion. He re-
nounced theProtestaut communion in 1682, and thus losing
all connexion with his family, became dependent on, Louis
XIV. and his minister. This, however, after the death of
Colbert in 1683, ^became a miserable dependence ; men of
learning and science were neglected as much as before
fhey had been patronized; and Homberg, in 1687, left
Paris for Rome, and took up the profession of physic. He
now pursued and perfected his discoveries on phosphorus,
and prosecuted his discoveries in pneumatics, and other
branches of natural philosophy. Finding, after some time^
that the learned were again patronized at Paris, he returned
there in 1690, and entered into the academy of sciences
H 2
100 H O M B E R G.
under the protection of M. de Bignon. He now resumed
thei study of cbemistryy but found his finances too limited
to carry on bis experiments as he wished, till he had the
good fortune to be appointed chemist to the duke of Orleans,
afterwards regent In this situation he was supplied with
the most perfect apparatus, and all materials for scientific'
investigation. Among other instruments, the large burning
mirror of Tschirnaus was given to his care, and he made
with it the most interesting experiments, on the combusti-
bility of gold and other substances. In examining, the
nature of borax he discovered the sedative salt, and traced
several remarkable properties of that production. Pleased
with the researches of his chemist, the duke of Orleans in
1704 appointed him his first physician. About the same
time he was strongly solicited by the elector palatine to
settle in his dominions, but h^ was too much attached to
his present patron to quit Paris, and was besides not without
an inclination of a more tender kind for mademoiselle
Dodart, daughter to the celebrated physician of that name.
He married her in 1708, though hitherto much averse to
matrimony ; but enjoyed the benefit of his change of sen-
timents only seven years, being attacked in 1715 with a
dysentery, of which he died in September of that year.
Homberg was indefatigable in application, and his man-
ners were mild and social. Though bis constitution was
not robust, he was rather addicted to pleasure, and was glad
to forget his fatigues in the charms of good company*
He did not publish any complete work, the productions
he has left being only memoirs in the volumes of the
academy.'
HOME (David), was a protestant minister of a distin-
guished family in Scotland, but educated in France, where
be passed the chief part of his life. James I. employed
him to reconcile the differences between Tilenus and da
iVlouIin^ on the subject of justification ; and, if possible, to
reconcile the protestants throughout Europe to one single
form of doctrine'; but this was found impracticable. The
chief work of Home is, his, 1. '^ Apologia Basilica; sea
Machiavelli ingenium examinatum,'' 1626, 4to. There are
, attributed to him also, 2. *^ Le contr' Assassin, ou reponse
a TApologie des Jiesuites,** Geneve, 1612, in 8vo. 3.
' ^* L'Assassinait du Roi, ou maximes du Viel de la Mon-
1 Nioerop, fol. XlV.-^Cliaaiepie.
HOME. 101
tsig^^i pratiqu^es en la personne de defuDt Henri le
Grand/' 1617, 8vo. He is also the author of several com-
positions in .the '* Deiiciae Poetarum Scotorum.'' The
times of his binh and death are not known.'
HOME (Henry), usually called Lord Kames, an emi-
nent Scotch lawyer, philosopher, and critic, the son of
George Home of Karnes, in the county of Berwick, was
born at Karnes in 1696. He was descended from an an-^
cient and honourable family ; being on bis father's side,
the great grandson of sir John Home of Renton, whose
ancestor was a cadet of th^ family of the earls of Home,
who held the office of lord justiccrclerk in the reign of
king Charles H. His mother was a daughter of Mr. WaU
kinshaw of Barrowfield, and grand-daughter of Mr. Ro-
bert Baillie, principal of the university of Glasgow, of
whom an account is given in our third volume. His father
having lived beyond his income, and embarrassed bis
affairs, Henry, op entering the world, had nothing to trust
to but his own abilities and exertions, a circumstance which
although apparently unfavourable, was always most justly-
regarded by him as the primary cause of his success in life.
The only education he had was from private instructions
at home from a tutor of the name of Wingate, of whom he
never spoke in commendation.
With no other stock of learning than what he had ac-
quired from this Mr. Wingate, he was, about 1712, bound
by indenture to attend the office of a writer of the signet
in Edinburgh, as preparatory to the profession of a writer
.or solicitor before the supreme. court; but circumstances^
hispired him with the ambition of becoming an advocate ;
and now being sensible of bis defective education, he re-
sumed the study of the Greek and Latin languages, to
which he added French and Italian, and likewise applied
himself to the study of mathematics, natural philosophy,
logic, ethics, and metaphysics. These pursuits, which be
followed at tlie same time with the study of the law, af-
forded, independently of their own value, a most agree-
able variety of employment to his active mind. His atten-
tion appears to have been much turned to metaphysical
investigation, for which he all his life entertained a strong
predilection. About 1723, he carried .on a correspond-
ence with the celebrated Andrew Baxter, and Dr. Clarke^
vpon subjects of that kind.
^ Maichanili vol. L— Diet. Hist.
102 HOME.
In January 1724, he was called to the bar, at a time
vrhen both the bench and bar were filled by men of ui|-
• common eminence. As he did not possess in any great
degree the powers of an orator, he engaged for some time
but a moderate share of practice as a barrister. In 1728,
' he published a folio volume of ^^ Remarkable Decisions of
the Court of Session," executed with so much judgment,
that he began to be regarded as a young man of talents,
who had his profession at heart, and would spare no pains
to acquit himself, with honour, in the most intricate causes
in which he might be employed. His practice was qi\ickly
increased ; and after ^732, when he published a small vo«
lume, entitled *' Essays upon several subjects in Law," he
was justly considered as a profound and scientific lawyer.
These essays afford an excellent example of the mode of
reasoning which iie afterwards pursued in most of his juris- .
prudential writings, and, in the opinion of his biographer,
furnish an useful model for that species of investigation. -
Mr. Home, in every period of his life, was fond of so-
cial intercourse, and with all his ardour of sti^dy, and va-
riety of literary and professional occupations, a consi-
derable portion of his time was devoted to the enjoyments
of society in a numerous circle of acquaintance. Among
his early friends or associates we find the names of colonel
Forrester, Hamilton of Bangour, the earl of Findlater, Mr.
Oswald, David Hume, and Dr. (afterwards bishop) But-
ler, with whom he had a correspondence. In M 74 1 be
married miss Agatha Drummond, a younger daughter of
•James Drummond, esq. of Blair, in the county of Perth.
• His fortune being then comparatively small, oeconomy
Ibecame a necessary virtue, but unfortunately, this lady,
who had a taste for every thing that is elegant, was parti-
cularly fond of old china; and soon after her marriage had
made such frequent purchases in that way as to impress
her husband with some little apprehension of her extra-
vagance. After some consideration, he devised an inge-
nious expedient to cure her of this propensity. He framed
a will, bequeathing to his spouse the whole of the china
that should be found in his possession at his death ; and
this deed be immediately put into her own hands. The
success of the plot was complete ; the lady was cured froin
that moment of her passion for old china. This stratagenA
his biographer justly considers as a proof of the autbqr's
intimate knowledge of the human miad;, and discernment
HOME. lOl
«f thie power of the passions to balance and restrain each
other. It is, indeed, in its contriiranoe and result, equally
honourable to the husband and wife.
The mode in which Mr. Home occupied bis time, both
in town and country, appears to have been most judicious.
In town he was an active and industrious barrister; in the
country he was a scientific farmer on his paternal estate^
which came to him in a very waste and unproductive con-
dition. He had the honour to be among the first who in^
troduced the English improvements in agriculture into
Scotland. Amidst all this he found leisure, durilig the
vacaticms of the court, to compose those various works
which he has left to posterity. In 1741 he published, ia
2 vol«L fol. the *' Decisions of the Court of Session, from
its institution 'to the present time, abridged and digested
under proper heads, in the form of a Dictionary," a cool-
position of great labour, the fruit of many years, and a
work of the highest utility to the profession of the law in
Scotland. In 1747 he published a small treatise entitled
*' Essays upon several subjects concerning British Anti-
quities.^' The subjects are, the feudal law ; the constitu-
tion of parliament; honour and dignity; succession pr
descent ; and the hereditary and indefeasible rights of
kings. These were delicate subject^at that time in Scot-
land, and the general doctrines p^?baps more seasonable
than now.
In 17S1 Mr. Home, though now at the head of the bar,
published a work entitled ^^ Essays on the principles of
Morality and Natural Religion," the object of which is to
prove that the great laws of morality which ijifluence the
conduct of man as a 60cial being, have their foundation in
the human constitution ; and areas certain and immutable
as those physical laws which regulate the whole system of
nature. His biographer attributes this publication to the
desire of its author to counteract some sceptical doctrines
of his friend David Hume, which he had invain endeavoured
to suppress; That the work, however, had not this effect^
we know, in point of fact ; and we have no hesitation in
asserting that it was not calculated to produce the effect^
as it leads to consequences as fatal as any which have fol-
lowed David Hume's works. It accordingly attracted the-
notice of the church of Scotland, although be appears to>
have had friends enough in the general assembly to prevent^
its being censured. In some respect he saw his error^ and
iQ4 it O M E.
endeavoured to amend it rn a second edition ; but in the
third it seems doubtful -whether he has not retained the
most offensive of his opinions.
In Feb. 1752 he was appointed one of the judges of the
court of session, and took his seat on the bench by the title
of lord Kames. This promotion was attended with the
general satisfaction of bis country^ as he stood high in
the public esteem, both on the score of bis abilities, and
knowledge of the laws, and his integrity and moral virtues^
As a judge, his opinions and decrees were dictated by an
mciite understanding, an ardent feeling of justice, and a
perfect acquaintance with the jurisprudence of his bountry,
which^ notwithstanding the variety of pursuits in which hi#
comprehensive mind had already found exercise^ had al-
ways been his principal ^tudy, and the favoifrite object of
his researches. The situation which he now filled, while
it eKtended his opportunities of promoting every species
of improvement, gave the greater weight and efficacy tO'
his patronage ; and his example and encouragement were
more particularly beneficial in exciting a literary spirit,
which iiow began to prevail among bis countrymen, and
which was destined to shine forth in his own times with no
common lustre. It was but a just tribute to bis merits
when, many years afterwards. Dr. Adam Smith, then in
the height of his literary reputation', said, in reference to
^ remark on the great number of eminent writers which
Scotland bad of late years produced, ^^ We must every
one of us acknowledge Kaoies for our master.'*
It was not, however, to the cultivation and patronage
of literature, and to the duties of a judge in the court of
session, that the time and talents of lord Kames were
wholly confined. He was appointed in 1755 a member of
the board of trustees for the encouragement of the fisheries,
artisi, and manufactures of Scotland, and soon after .one of
the commissioners for the management of the forfeited
estates ; and in the discharge of these important trusts he
WAS a zealous and faithful servant of the public. Amidst
such multifarious employment, he found leisure to com*
pose, and in 1757, to publish, in one volume 8vo, << The
Statute Law of Scotland abridged, with historical notes,V
a work which still retains its. rank among those which are in
daily use with barristers and practitioners. About tbiis
period he conceived the hope of improving the liaw of Scot*
land by fissimilating it a« much as possible with the kw of
/
HOME. IQS
England. With this view, after corresponding on the sub-
ject with the lord chancellor Hardwicke, he published
^ Historical Law Tracts/' 1759, Svo. In this be advances
some singular opinions on the subject of the criminal law,
which are, in our opinion, but feebly defended by hit
biographer. The work, however, has undergone several
editions, and still preserves its reputation ; and with the
samejriew of counteracting, as £ir as possible, the incon*
venipncies arising from, two systems of law regulating the
separate dtvisipns of the united kingdom, be published in
1760 his ^' Principles of Equity,"* fol. Courts of equity
and common law are separate in. England, but the powers
of b^th are united in the supreme civil court of Scotland,
and it is for this union lord Kames contends- in the pubUca*
tion just mentioned.
The greater part of lord Kames^s works had hitherto been
connected with, his profession, but in 1761 be published a
small volume on the elementary principles of education^
entitled an '< Introduction to the art of Thinking.'* This
has often been reprinted as an useful manual for young
persons, although, some parts of it are rather above their
comprehension. In 1762 he published, in 3 vols. 8vo, his
*^ Elements. of Criticism," the work, which, of all others,
is best known in England. We cannot, however, agree
with his biographer, that it entitles him to be considered
as the inventor of philosophical criticism, although be has
unquestionably done much to advance it, and some of his
principles have been followed by subsequent writers on the
subject. Blair is evjidently much indebted to him.
In 1763 he waa appointed one of the lords of justiciary,
the supreme. criminal tribunal in Scotland. The mere fact
of his appointment.is suted by bis biographer, but we have
seen a letter from him ia which he appKed for it to a no-
bleman in power. This important duty he continued to
discbarge "with equal diligence and ability, and with the
strictest rectitude of moral feeling. In 1766 he received
a very large addition to his income by succession to an
estate called Blair-Drummond, which devolved on his wife
by the death of her brother, and which furnished him with
opportunities of displaying bis taste and skill in embellish**
ing hia plfsasure^grounds and improving his lands. His
ideas as a land*holder do him much honour : ^' In point of
morality," he says in a letter to the late duchess of Gordon,
^U consid^, that di0 people upon our estates are trusted by
106 HOME.
Providence to our care, and that we are accountable for
our management of thetn to the great God, their Creator
as well as onrs,^' Before this accession to bis fortune he
bad published, in 1765, a small pamphlet on the progress
of flax^hiisbandry in Scotland, with the patriotic design of
stimulating his countrymen to continue their exertions iif
a most valuable branch of national industry. He was also
very active in promoting the project of the canal between
the Forth and Clyde, now completed, andwhicb has been
beneficially followed by other undertakings of a similar
kind. In 1766 be published ^^ Remarkable decisions of
the Court of Session, from 17S0 to 1752,*' fol. a period
which includes that of his own practice at the bar. These
reports afford the strongest evidence of the great ability
and legal knowledge of their compiler, but his biographer
allows that the authorV own argument is generatly stated
with greater amplitude, and is nyore strenuously enforced
than that which opposes his side of the question.
In 1774 he published, in 2 vols. 4to, his " Sketches of
the History of Man,'' which of all his works, if we except
the ^^ Elements of Criticism," has been the most generally
read. It is greatly to his honour that when many of his
opinions were controverted, he not only received the hints
and remarks with candour, but sought out and behaved with
great iliberality to the authors. In pursuance of bis pa-
triotic wish to improve the agriculture of his country, he
published^ in 1776, when he had attained the age of eighty,
the ** Gentleman Farmer, being an attempt to improve
agriculture by subjecting it to the test of rational prin-
ciples." Noiie of bis works is more characteristic of his
genius and disposition in all their principal features than
this, which was one of the most useful books that had ap-
peared at the time of its publication.
At the advanced period we have just mentioned, lord
Kames's constitution had suffered nothing from the attacks
of old age. There was« no sensible decay of his mental
powers, or, what is yet more extraordinary, of the flow of
his animal spirits, which had all the gaiety and vivacity of
his early years. Indefatigable in the pursuit of knowledge ;
ever looking forward to so^e new object of attainment ;
one literary task was no sooner accomplished than another
was entered upon with eq[ual ardour and unabated perse-
verance. In 1777 he publislied *^ Elucidations respecting
ibe Common and Statute Law of Scotland/' 8vO| in which
HO ME. 107
it is his object to vindicate the municipal law of his country
from the reproach it has incurred from the writings of the
old Scotch jurists. In 1780 he published a supplement to
bis ^^ Remarkable Decisions/* under the title of *^ Select
Decisions of the Court of Session/' recording the cases
most worthy of notice from 1752 to 1769.
The subject of education had always been regarded by
lord Kames in a most important point of view^ and fur-
nished the matter of that work with which he closed his
literary labours. In 1781 he published, when in his eighty-
fifth year, an octavo volume entitled ** Loose hints on
Education, cfaiefTy concerning the Culture of the Heart.'^
A work composed at such an advanced age ought not to
be subjected to rigorous criticism, yet there are many
shrewd and useful remarks in the book, althbugh mixed
with others in which the decay of mental powers is visible^
•In the following year his constitution began to give way,
principally from old age, for he bad very little that could
be called disesMse. In November he left his seat kt Blair-
Drummond for Edinburgh, and the court of session meet-
ing soon after, for the winter, he went thither on the first
day of the term, and took his seat with the rest of the
judges. He continued for some little time to attend the
meetings of the court, and to take his share in its usual
business, but soon became sensible that his strength was
not equal to the effort. On the last day of his attendance
he took a separate and affectionate farewell of each of his
brethren. He survived that period only about eight days:
He died December 27, 1782, in the eighty-seventh year
of his -age.
His excellent biographer, the late lord Woodhouselee^
has drawn up his character with impartiality and just dis-
crimination, without dwelling extravagantly on his virtues,
or offensively and impertinently on his foibles. The latter
appear to have been of a kind perhaps inseparable from
humanity in some shape or other, such as a degree of fond-
ness for flattery, and somewhat, although certainly in a
small proportion^ of literary jealousy. A suspicion of lord
Karnes's religious principles has long prevailed in his own
country, and his biographer has taken such pains on this
subject as to leave the reader with an impression that lord
Kames was more a friend to revealed religion than he ap-
pears to be in some of his writings ; but while those writ-
ings remain, we question whether the suspicion to which
108 H O M £.
we allude can be e£Fectuaily removed. Too nracb, how-
eyer^ cannot be said in favour of his genius, and industry
in many branches of literature ; his private virtues ana
, public spirit ; his assiduity through a long and laborious
life in the many honourable offices with which he was en*
trusted, and his zeal to encourage and promote every thin|^
that tended to the improvement of his country, in laws^
literature, commerce, manufactures, and agriculture. The
preceding sketch has been taken, often literally, from lord
Woodhouselee's valuable work, which appeared in 1807^
entitled *^ Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the hon.
Henry Home of Kames, &c." 2 vols. 4to, which contains
' what we have been in other instances indebted to, ^^ Sketches
of the progress of Literature and general improvement
in Scotland during the greater part of the eighteenth
century." *
HOME (John), a clergyman pf the church of Scotland^
but known only as a dramatic writer, was born in the yi*
cinity of Ancrum in Roxburghshire* Scotland, in 1724,
and was educated at the parish school, whence he went to
the university of Edinbuigh, and went through the usual
academical course, as preparatory tor his entering the church*
Here his studies were for some. time suspended by the re^
beilion in 1745. On the approach of the rebels, the citi<»
zens of Edinburgh assembled, and .formed themselves into
an association fur the support of their sovereign, and the
defence of their city. Mr. Home, having once taken up
arms in this cause, was not to be deterred by danger, and
xnarcned with a detachment of the royal army to Falkirk^
, where he was taken prisoner in the battle fought in tluit
neighbourhood, and confined for some time in the castle of
Donne. He contrived, however, to make his escape aboolt
the time that tranquillity was restored to the country by
the battle of CuUoden ; and having resumed his studies^
was licensed to preach the gospel in 1747.
Not long after, while on a visit in England, be was in-
troduced to Collins, the poet, at Winchester, and Collins
addressed to him his ^* Ode on the Superstition of the
Highlanders.*' In 1750 Home was settled as minister of
the parish of Athelstaneford in East Lothian, on the .de«-
mise of the rev. Robert Blair, author of the ^<. Grave }'* but
} Life as above.— See also British Criiic, toU XXX. iB which are many ra^
luable remarks on the Life 6( lord Kames.
HOME. 109
«
i^ch a situation could not be Tery agreeable to one M^ho
bad tasted the sweets of literary society, and who, in par-
ticular, bad a paramount ambition to shine as a dramatic
writer. His first tragedy was **Agis,'* with which it is
said he went to London, where the managers refused it^
and immediately returning home be wrote his ** Douglas,^*
which Garrick peremptorily refused. By such discourage-
ment, however, the ardour of the author was not to be
suppressed. Being acquainted with the leading characters
in Scotland, a ready reception of bis play was secured ;
and accordingly ^^ Douglas" was performed at the theatre
in the Canongate, Edinburgh, in December 1756, Mr.
Home and several of his clerical brethren being present.
Such a departure from the decorum enjoined by the church
of Scotland could not be overlooked, and the author was
so threatened with ecclesiastical censures, and in reality be-
came so obnoxious in the eyes of the people, that in the
following year he resigned his living, and with it all con-
nexion with the church, wearing ever afterwards a lay ha-
bit In the mean time the presbytery of Edinburgh pub-
lished an admonition and exhortation against stage-plays,
which was ordered to be read in all the pulpits within their
bounds on sr Sunday appointed, immediately after divine
service. In it there is no mention of Home or his play,
althotigh the latter was probably the cause. It merely con-
tains a. recapitulation of what had formerly been done by
the church and the laws to discourage the theatres.
This opposition, which has been too hastily branded with
the epithets of " bigotry and malicie," turned out much to
Mr. Home's advantage, whose friends contrived now to add
to his other merits that of being a persecuted man ; and
David Hume, whose taste for the drama was the least of
his qualifications, addressed his *^ Four Dissertations" to
the author, and complimented him with possessing ^^ the
true theatric genius of Shakspeare and Otway, refined from
the unhappy barbarism of the one, and licentiousness of
the other.'* With such recommendation, " Douglas" was
presented at Covent-garden in March 14, 1757, but re-
ceived at first with moderate applause. Its worth, how-
ever, was grsuiually acknowledged, and it is now fully esta-
blished as a stock-piece. It would iiave been happy for
the author had he stopt here ; but the success of '^ Dou-
glas" had intoxicated him, and be went on froni this time
to 1778, producing "Agis,'' "The Siege of Aquileia,V
110 HOME.
« The Fatal Discovery," " Alonzo," and « Alfred," none
of which had even a temporary success. In the mean time-
lord Bute took him uilder bis patronage, and procured bt<B,
a pension. In March 1763 he was also appointed a com^
missioner for sick and wounded seamen, and for the ex-
change of prisoners ; and in April of the same year waa^
appointed conservator of the Scotch privileges at Cample
vere in Zealand. With his " Alfred," which lived only
three nights, he took his leave of the stage, and retired to
Scotland, where he resided the greater part of his life. la
1778, when the late duke of Buccleugh raised a regiment
of militia, under the name of fencibles, Mr. Home received
a captain^s commission, which be held until the peace. A
few years ago, he published " The History of the Rebel-
lion in Scotland in 1745-6," 4tQ, a work of which great
expectations were formed, but whether he delayed it un*.
til too late, for he was now seventy-eight years old, or
whether he did not feel himself at liberty to make u&e of
all his materials, the public was not satisfied. For a con-
siderable time prior to his death, his mental faculties were
impaired, aod in this distressful state he died at Merchis- .
ton-house, Sept. 4, 1808, at the advanced age of eighty-.
five. *
HOMER, the most ancient of the Greek poets extant,
has been called the Father of poetry; but, however cele-r
brated by others, he has been so very modest about him-^
(self, that we do not find the least-mention of him through-,
out his poems : Where he was born, who were his parents^
at what exact period he lived, and ulmost every <;ircum-.
stance of his life, remain at this day in a great measure, if
not altogether unknown. The Arundel marbles say that he^
flourished in the tenth century before Christ, and other
authorities say the eighth. The most copious account we .
have of the life of Homer is th^t which goes under the-
name of Herodotus, and is usually printed with his history :
and though it is generally supposed to be spurious, yet as it
is ancient, . was made use of by Strabo, and exhibits that
idea which the later Greeks, and the Romans in the age of.
Augustus^ entertained of Homer, an abstract of it cannot,
be unnecessary.
A man of Magnesia, whose name was Menalippus, went
tQ aettU at Cumas, where he married the daughter of a citi-
* Biog, Dntin. — Atfaensum, vol. V. — Davies'g Life of Qarrick, Tol. L p. ^219^ '
f»L II. p. 980.<*-Qciit. Ma9» LXXVllI. *
HOMER. Ill
«cn called Homyres, and had by. her a d^^ugbfer called
Critbeis. The father and mother dying/ Critheis Vvas left
under the tuition of Ci^eonax her father's friend; and, suf-
fering herself to be deluded, became pregnant. The
guardian^/ though his care had npt prevented the misfor*
tune, was however willing to conceal it ; and therefore
sent tiritheis to Smyrna. Critheis being near her time,
went one day to a.festivat, which the town of Smyrna was ,
celebrating on the banks of the river Meles ; where she
was delivered of Homer, whom she called Melesigenes,
because he was born on the banks of that river. Having
nothing to maintain her, sh^ was forced to spin : and a
man of Smyrna called Pbemius, who taught literature and
music, having often seen Critheis, who lodged nea,r him,
atid being pleased with her housewifery, took her into his
house to spin the wool he received from his scholars for>
their schooling. Here she behaved herself so modestly
and discreetly, that Phemius married her, and adopted her
son, in whom he discovered a wonderful genius, and. an.
excellent natural disposition. After the death of Phemius
and Critheis, Homer succeeded to his fatber-in -law's for-
tune and school ; and was admired not only by the inhabi-
tants of Smyrna, but by strangers, who resorted from all
parts to that place of trade. A ship-master called Mentes,
who was a man of wit, very learned, and a lover of poetry,
was so pleased with Homer, that he persuaded 'him to leave
his school, and to travel with him. Homer, whose mind
was then employed upon his " Iliad," and who thought it
of great consequence to see the places of which he should
have occasion to ,treat, embraced the opportunity, and
during their several voyages, never failed carefully to note
dowti what he thought worth observing. He travelled into
Egypt, whence he brought into Greece the names of their
gods, and the chief ceremonies of their worship. He
visited Africa and Spain, in his return from which places
he touched at Ithaca, and was there much troubled with a
rheum falling upon his eyes. Mentes being in haste t;o
visit Leucadia his native country, left Homer well recom-
mended to Mentor, one of the chief men of the island of
Ithaca, and there be was informed of many things relating
to Ulysses, which he afterwards made use of in composing
his ** Odyssey.^ Mentes returning to Ithaca, found Homier
cured. They embarked together; and after much time:
•pent in visiting the coasts of .Peloponnesus -and th»^
112 HOME R.
Islands, they arrived at Colophon, where Homer was again
troubled with the defluxion upon his eyes, which proved
so violent, that he is said to have lost his sight ^. - This
misfortune made him resolve to return to Smyrna, where
be finished his ** Iliad." Some time after, the bad state of
his afiairs obliged him to go to Cumse^ where he hoped to
have found some relief. Stopping by the way at a place
called the New Wall, which was the residence of a colony
from Cumse, he lodged in the boose of an armourer called
Tichius, and recited some hymns he had made in honour
of the Gods, and bis poem of Amphiaraus's expedition
against Thebes. • Mter staying here some time and being
greatly admired, he went to CumsB ; and passing through
Larissa, he wrote the epitaph of Midas, king of Phrygian
then newly dead. At Cumse he was received with extra*
ordinary joy, and his poems highly applauded ; but when
he proposed to immortalize their town, if they would allovr
him a salary, hQ was ttnswered, that ** there would be ho
end of maintaining all the *Ofmpot or Blind Men," and hence
got the name of Homer. From Cumce he went to Phocseay
where he recited his verses in public assemblies. Here
one Thestorides, a schoolmaster, offered to maintain him, if
he would* suffer him to transcribe his verses : which Homer
complying with through mere necessity, the schoolmaster
privily withdrew to Chios, and there grew rich with Ho-
mer's poems, while Homer at Phoceea hardly earned his
bread by repeating them.
Obtaining, however, at last some intimation of the school-
master, he resolved to find him out y and landing near
Chios, he was received by one Glaacus, a iihepherd, by
whom he was carried to his maAer at Bolissus, who, ad-*
miring his knowledge, intrusted him with the education of
his children. Here his praise began to get abroad, and the
schoolmaster hearing of him, fied before him. At Chios,'
Homer set up a school of poetry, gained a competent for-
tune, married a wife, and had two daughters ; one of which
died young, and the other was married to hts patfo'n at
Bolissus. Here he composed bis ^^ Odyssey," and inserted
the names of those to whom be had been most obliged, as
Mentes, Pbemius, Mentor; and resolving to visit Athens,
* The bUodoeN of Honier has been title of ** Curatio cttckHomeri.'? ' If he
contested by several authors, and par- was blind at aU, it was probably oalj
ticaiarly by a acholar name An^i^as in extreme old age,
waking in a book beanos the quaint .
HOMER. 113
I
he made bonoufable mention of that city» to dispose the
Athenians fur a kind reception of him. But as he went^
the ship put in at Samos, where he continued the whole
winter, singing at the houses of great men, with a train of
boys after him. In the spring he went on board again, ia
order to prosecute his journey to Athens ; but, landing by
the way at Chios, he fell sick, died, and was buried on the
sea-shore.
. This is the most regular life we hare of Homer; and
though probably but little of it is exactly true, yet it has
this advantage over all other accounts which remain of him^
that it is more within the compass of probability. The
only incontestable works which Homer has left behind
bim, are the *• Iliad," and the " Odyssey." The " Batra-
cbomybmachia," or '^ Battle of the Frogs and Mice," has
been disputed, but yet is allowed to be his by many au-
thors. The Hymns have been doubted also, and attributed,
by the scholiasts to CynsBthus the rhapsodist : but Thucy<*
dides, Lucian, and Pausanias, have cited them as genuine.
We have the authority of ^he two former for that to
Apollo ; and of the last for a ^^ Hymn to Ceres," of which
he has given us a fragment. The whole hymn has beea
lately found by Matthaei at Moscow, and was published by
Ruhnkenius in 1782, at Leyden. A good translation has
since been given by Mr. Hole. The Hymn to Mars is
objected against ; and likewise the first to Minerva. The
" Hymn to Venus" has many of its lines copied by Virgil,
in the interview between £neas and that goddess in the
first ** ^neid." But whether these hymns are Homer's or
not, they were always judged to be nearly as ancient, if
not of the same age with him. Many other pieces were
ascribed to him : " Epigrams," the " Margites," the " Ce-
cropes^" the ^^ Destruction of Oechalia," and several more-
Time may here have prevailed over Homer, by leaving
only the names of these .works, as memorials that such
were once in being ; but, while the "IliadV and "Odyssey'*
rc;main, he seems like a leader, who, though he may have
failed in a skirmish of two, has carried a victory, for which
he will pass in triumph through all future ages.
Homer had the most sublime and universal genius that
the world has ever seen ; ^nd though it is an extravagance
of enthusiasm to say, as some of the Greeks, did, that all
knowledge may be found iu his writings, no man pene-
trated deeper into the feelings and passions of human
vouxvni. I
lU HOME R.
nature. He represents great things with such sublimity, and
inferior objects with such propriety, that he always makes?
the one adniirable, and the other pleasing. Strabo, whose
authority in geography is indisputable, assures us, that
Homer has described the plaees and countries, of which he
gives an account, with such accuracy, that no man can
imagine who has not seen them, and no man can observe
without admiration and astonishment. Nothing, however^
can be more absurd, than the attempts of some critics,
who have possessed more learning and science than taste,
to rest the merit of Homer upon the extent of his know-
ledge. An ancient encomiast upon Homer proves him to
have possessed a perfect knowledge of nature, and to have
been the author of the doctrine of Thales and Xenopbanes,
that water is the first principle of all things, from his hay-
ing called Oceanus the parent of nature; and infers, that
be was acquainted with Empedocles' doctrine of friendshfp
and discord, from the visit which Juno pays to Oceanus
and Thetis to settle their dispute : because Homer repre-
sents Neptune as shaking the earth, he concludes him to
have been well acquainted with the causes of earthquakes }
and because.he speaks of the great bear as never touching
the horizon, he makes him an eminent astronomer. The
truth is, the knowledge of natare, which poetry describes,
is very different from that which belongs to the philosopher.
It would be easy to prove, from the beautiful similes of
Homer, that he was an accurate observer of natural ap-
pearances; and to show from his delineation of characters,
that he was intimately acquainted with human nature. Bufe
he is. not, on this account, to be ranked with natural phi^
losophers or moralists. Much pains have been taken to
prove, that Homer expresses just and sublime conceptions
of the divine nature. And it will be acknowledged, that,
in some passages, he speaks of Jupiter in language which
may not improperly be applied to the Supreme Deity. But,
if the whole fable of Jupiter, as it is represented in Homer,
be fiiirly examined, it will be very evident, either that he
had not just conceptions of the divine nature, or that be
did not mean to express them in the portrait which be has
drawn of the son of Saturn, the husband of Juno, and the
president of the council of Olympus/ It would surely have
been too great a monopoly of perfection, if the first poet in
the world had also been the first philosopher.
HOMER. 115
" Homer has bad His enemies; and it is certain, that Plata
banished bis writings from his commonwealth ; but lest this
should be thought a blemish upon the memory of the poet^
ive are told that the true reason was, because he did not
esteem the common people to be capable readers of them.
They would be apt to pervert his meaning, and have wrong
notions of God and religion, by taking his bold and beau*
tiful allegories in a literal sense. Plato frequently declares,
that he loves and admires him as the best, the most plea*
sant, and divine of all poets, and studiously imitates his
figurative and mystical way of writing : and though he
forbad his works to be read in public, yet he would nev^r
be without them in his closet. But the most memorable
enemy to the merits of Homer was Zoilus, a snarling cri-
tic, who frequented the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus,
king of Egypt, and- wrote ill-natured notes upon his poems,
but received no encouragement from that prince;' on the
contrary, he became universally despised for his pains, and
was at length put, as some say, to a most miserable death.
It is said that though llomer's poems were at first pub*
lished all in one piece, and not divided ipto books, yet
every one not being able to purchase them entire, they
were circulated in separate pieces ; and each of those
pieces took its name from. the contents, as, *' The Battle
of the Ships ;" « The Death of Dolon ;" « The Valour of
Agamemnon ;*' " The Grot of Calypso ;" " The Slaughter"
of the Wooers,'' &c. ; nor were these entitled books, but
rhapsodies, as they were afterwards called, when they were
divided into books. Homer's poems were not known en-
tire in Greece before the time of Lycurgus ; whither that
law-giver bising in Ionia carried them, after he had taken
the pains to transcribe them from perfect copies with his
,own hands. This may be called the first edition of Homer
th£t appeared in Greece, and the time of its appearing
there wa^ about 120 years before Rome was built, that is,
about 260 years after the time of Homer. It has been said,
that the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were not composed by
'Hoiner in their present form, but only in separate littJb
poems, which being put together and connected afterwards
hy sofme other person, make the entire works they now ap-
pear ; but this is so extravagant a conbcfit that ic scarcely
deserves to be ment.oned.
The editions of Homer are numerous beyond those of
any other classic, and there are many excellent ones ; per-
i %
116 H O M E It
baps the best are^ that by Dr. Barnes with the Greek scho-
Fia, in two vols. 4to ; that by Dr. Clarke published in 1729^
4to ; and that by the learned Heyne, 1 802, 8 vols. 8vo.
The most elaborate commentary is that by Eustathius, bi-
shop of Thessalonica, and the best English translation is
that by Pope : though Cowper^s, in blank verse, is thougbt
to come nearer to the original. The French, and almost
every nation, has its translation of Homer. '
HOMER (Henry), an excellent classical scholar, the
son of the rev. Henry Homer, rector of Birdingbury, in
Warwickshire, who died a few months after this son, in
1791, was born in 1752, and at the age of seven was sent
to Rugby school, where he remained seven years, and be-
came the head-boy of about sixty. He afterwards went to
Birmingham-school, where he remained three years more.
In November 1768, he was admitted of Emanuel-college,
Cambridge, under Dr. Farmer, where he became acquainted
with Dr. Samuel Parr, and was in some measure directed
in his studies by this eminent scholar. He proceeded re-*
gularly to his degree of B. A. in 1773, of M. A. in 1776,
and that of B. D. in 1783. He was elected fellow of his
college in 1778, but had lived in Warwickshire about three
years before he became fellow, and returned to the uni-
versity soon after his election. He then resided much at
Cambridge, frequently visiting the public library, and mak-
ing himself acquainted with the history 6t contents of many
curious books which are noticed only by scholars, and par*
ticularly turned his attention to several philological works
of gvesiX utility and high reputation. He was well versed
in the notes subjoined to some of the best editions of vari-
ous authors ; and of his general erudition the reader will
form no unfavourable opinion from the following account
of the works in which he was engaged. He joined with
Dr. Parr in the republication of BeUenden's Tracts in 1787^
and about the same year published three books of ^ Livy,'*
viz. the Ist, 25th, and 31st from Drachenborch^s edition^
with dissertations, &c. This was followed by, 1. <* Trac-
tatus varii Latini aCrevier, Brotier,^' &c. 1788. 2. OvidV
*^ Epistles** ex editione Burman. 1789. 3. ''Sallust. ex
editione Cortii,** 1789. 4. << Pliny, ex editione Cortii et
Longolii,*' 1790; 5. << CsBsar, ex edit. Oudendorp," 179Q.
1 Life by Herodotus..— Vo08ii Poet. Gnec.— Dibdin's CUssics.— Saxii Ou^
■■Itioon.— Bracker#
HOMER 117
6; *^ Perstus ex edit HenlniL" 7. *^ Tacitus^ ex edit.
Brotier/' complete all but the Index* 8. ** Livy*' and
^' Quintilian," io the press at the time of bis death* He
also intended to have published <* Quintus Curtius/^ but
no steps were taken towards it. To these^ however, may
be added bis ** Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum et de
Vita Agricolas/' 1788, and Tacitus " De Oratoribus,**
1789. Dr. Parr having considered him as a very proper
pierson to undertake a variorum edition of Horace, he had
made some progress in that work, which was finally pub*
lished by Dr. Combe, and occasioned a paper-war between
Dr. Combe and Dr. Parr, which we had rather refer to
than detail* Mr. Homer, in consequence of some religious
scruples, refused to take priest^s orders, when by the
founder's statutes be was required to take them, in order
to preserve the rank be had attained in the college; in con-
sequence, of which his fellowship was declared vacant in
June 1788. HediedMay 4, 1791, of a decline, hastened,
if not occasioned, by too close an attention to his literaiy
pursuits. The works he left unfinished were completed by
his brothers, but, we are sorry to hear, have not met with
that encouragement from the public, which they amply
merit. ^
HOMMEL (CHAatES Frederick), a lawyer, philobger,
and historian of Leipsic, was born in 1722. He published
bis first work in 1743, which was a tract in 4to. 1. ^* De
Legum civilium et naturalium Natura.'* 2. <^ Oblecta-
menta Juris Feudalis, sive Grammatical Observationes jus
rei elieintelaris, et antiquitates Germanicas, varie ijlustran-
tes," 1755. This was also in quarto, and tends, as well
as bis other works, to prove the pleasing qualities and the
acuteness of bis mind. 3.^* LiteraturaJuris,*' 1761, 8vo.
4. ^^ Jurisprudentia numismatibus illustrata, necnon sigiU
lis, gemmis, aliisque picturis vetustls varie exornata,*' 1763,
8vo. 5. '* Corpus juris civilis, cum notis variorum,'^ 1768,
8vo. 6. *^ Palingenesia librorum - juris veterum," &c.
1768, 3 vols. 8vo. He published some smaller tracts, but
these are the most important. Hommel died in 1781.*
HONAIN, an Arabian, and celebrated translator of the
ninlh century, was a Christian and a native of Hira. Hav-
iag quitted Bagdad, where he had been improperly treated,
I Gent. Mag. vol. LXXVI. and LXXX.-.Brit. Crit. vol. HI.— Dr. Fan's
''Hemarks on the Sutement of Dr. Charles Combe/' 1795, 8fo,
' DicuHisU^-Sazu OnooMSticoo.
y
lis H O N A I n;
he went to Greece, and remained there two yearsi study*
ing the language, and collecting a library of the best wri«» '
ters. He then returned to Bagdad, and some time after *
went to Persia, where he learned the Arabic, and then
finally settled at Bagdad, and executed ve.ry valuable trana- .
lations of the Elements of Euclid, the Almagestus of Ptole-
my, and the writings of Hippocrates and other Greek au-
. th9rs. At the desire of Almamon or Abdallah III. he trans-
lated into Arabic all the works of Aristotle ; and for every
book of that philosopher is said to have received from Al-
mamon its weight in gold. An anecdote very honourable
to him is told by Abulfaragius. One day, after some me* .
dical conversation, the Caliph said to him, ^^ Teach me a
prescription by which I may take oiBF any enemy I please»
without being discovered.*' Honain declining to give aa
answer, and pleading ignorance, ^was imprisoned. Being
brought again, after a year's interval, into the Galiph^a
presence, and still persisting in ignorance^ though threat-
ened with death, the Caliph smiled upon him, and said,
** Be of good cbeer^ we were only trying thee, that we
might have the greater c6nfidence in thee." As Honain
upon this bowed down and kissed the earth, ^^ What hiiw
^ered thee," says. the Caliph, ** from granting our request,
when thou sawest us appear so ready to perform what we
had threatened f" " Two things ;" replied Honain, " my
Keligion, and my Profession. My religion, which com-
mands me to do good to my enemies ; and my profession,
which was purely instituted for the bene6t of mankind.**
'< Two noble laws," said the Caliph ; and immediately pre-
sented him, according to the Eastern usage, with rich gar-
ments, and a sum of money. This Caliph was not only an
illustrious patron of the learned, but was himself no mean
adept in several branches of science. He was well ac-
quainted with astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy ;
and was frequently present at the conferences of learned
men, entering with great spirit into the 'subjects of their
debates. In the midst of the praise which is due to thia
Caliph, it must, however, be mentioned with regret, that,
through an ill-judged partiality for his vernacular tongue,
be gave orders that, after the Arabic versions were finished,
the original Greek manuscripts should be burned. A simi-
lar folly seized the Caliphs of Africa : and to this cause we
are, dou&fless, to ascribe the entire loss of many ancient,
writings. The diligence, however, .with which this Caliph
H O N A I N. 119
cultivated and encouraged learning, cancels; iti some mea-
sure this disgrace, and leaves him entitled to an honour-
able station among philosophers. '
HONDEKOTTeA (Melchior), the son and grandson
of two Dutch painters of considerable repQtation, was born
at Utrecht in 1636, and carefully trained up to the profes-
sion by his father. He chose the same subjects; but, in
bis manner, be surpassed not only his master, but even
the best of his contemporaries, in a very iiigb degree. Till
be was seventeen years of age be practised under bis father^s
direction, and accustomed himself to paint several sorts of
birds ; but he was particularly pleased to represent cocks,
hens, ducks, chickens, aud peacocks, which be described
in an elegant variety of actions and attitudes. After the
death of his father, in 1653, he received some instructions
fjrom his uncie John Baptist Weeninx ; but his principal
and best instructor was nature, which he studied with in-
tense application, and that enabled him to give to every
animal he painted such truth, such a degree of force, ex-
pression, and life, as seemed to eqyal nature itself; nor
did any artist take more pains to study every point that
might conduce to the perfection gf his art. His pencil
was wonderfully neat and delicate ; his touch light, his co-
louring exceedingly natural, lively, and remarkably trans-
parent; and the feathers of his fowls were expressed with
such a swelling softness, as might readily and agreeably
deceive the eye of any spectator. It is reported, that he
had trained up acock to" stand in any attitude he wanted to
describe, and that it was bis custom to place that creature
near his easel ; so that, at the motion of hifi hand, the bird
^ould fix itself in the proper posture, and would continue
in that particular position, without the smallest perceptible
alteration, for several hoars at a time.
The landscapes which he introduces as the back grounds
of his pictures, are adapted with peculiar judgment aiul
skill, and admirably finished ; they harmonize with . his
subject, and always increase the force and the beauty M
bis principal objects. His touch was very singular in imi-
tating the natural plumage of the fowls he painted ; which
not only produced a charming effect, but also may prove
serviceable to an intelligent observer, to assist bini in de-
termining which are tbe genuine pictures pf this mastar,
J Moreri.— Chaufepie.-^Bruclcier.— See Almanon^ vpL lit of this Dlctioiuiry.
120 H O N D E K O T T E R.
and which are impositions. The works of Hondekotter are
justly in very great request and estimation, and they gene-
rally afford a large price, almost in proportion to their va-
lue. He died 1695, aged 59.'
HONDIUS (Abraham), another artist, well known in
this kingdom, was born at Rotterdam in 1638, according
to the most authentic writers, though Descamps fixes his
birth in 1650. He appears to have been an universal mas-
ter, painting, with e^ual readiness, landscapes, animals of
all kinds, particularly dogs, huntings of wild animals, boars,
defer, wolves, and foxes, as also conversations and fowls ;
but his favourite subjects were huntings. His manner
seems peculiar to himself; it was bold and free; and, ex-
cept Rubens and Snyders, few masters have painted ani-
mals in a greater style, or with more spirit. There is cer-
tainly a great deal of fire in his compositions ; bat his co-
louring is often extravagant, and his drawing extremely
incorrect In general his pencilling was harsh, and he de-
lighted in a fiery tint ; yet some of his small pictures are
very neatly finished. There is a great inequality as to the
merit of the works of Hondius, some of them being in
every respect abundantly superior to others ; but there is
scarce any master whose compositions are so easily distin-
guishable as^ those of Hondius, by certain particularities in
bis touch, his taste of design, and his colouring.
Several of his pictures of dogs are much esteemed ; and
one especially is mentioned, in which he represented thirty
difierent species of those animals, all beingwell designed,
and every distinct animal being characterised with some
peculiar air, action, expression, or attitude. As he was
exceedingly harassed and tormented with the gout, the
works of his latter time are more negligently executed than
those which he finished in his prime ; and, therefore, they
very much contribute to lessen the reputation he had ac-
quired by some of his more studied and better finished per-
formances. His most capital picture is the burning of
Troy, in which there are a variety of figures, many of them
veil designed, and disposed with judgment. Houbraken
also mentions a candle-light of this master's hand, in wbtefa
appeared a fine opposition of light and shadow, and the
figures were extremely well designed and well coloured*.
When he came to England is not known. Vertue says he
•— P*AffenTiUe, vol. III.
H O N D I U S. 121
wns a man of bdmour. He lired on Ludgate-hilly^ bat died
of a seirere fit of the gout ia i 695 at the Biackinoor's head^
over against Water-lane, Fleet-street. — loDOCUS or j£8SE
Hondius is supposed to have been his graodfiauther« He
was born at Wackerne, a small town in Flanders, in 1563,
and died in 1 6 1 1 . He was a self-taught engraver both on
copper and ivory, and a letter-founder; in all which
branches he attained great excellence. He 'Studied geo-»
graphy also, and in 1607 published a work entitled ^' De^
scriptio Geographica orbis terraruni,'Vin folio.^
HONE (Georce Paul), a lawyer of Nuremberg, was
born there in 1662. He became counsellor to the duke of
.Meinungeu, and bailli of Cobourg, at which place be died
in 1747. His works are chiefly these: 1. ^^ Iter Juridioum,
per Belgium, Angliam, Qalliam, Italiam.*' 2. ** Lexicon
Topographicum Franconiae.*' 3. ** History of the Duchy
of Saxe^Cohourg," in German. 4. ^' Though ta on the
Suppression of Mendicity," in the same language.'
H0N£ (Nathaniel), was born in Dublin in 1767, and
came to England in the early part of life, painting in se*>
veral parts of the country, particularly at York, where he
married a lady of some property. A short time after bia
marriage, he settled in London, and practised with repu^
tation, both as a painter in oil, and in miniature, particu-
larly enamel; and after the death of Zincke, ranked among
the r principal artists of bis. day in that branch. He was
chosen one of the members of the royal academy at its
first institution ; . but took offence at one of bis pictures,
intended as a satire on sir Joshua Reynolds, being rejected
from' the exhibition. Another was also objected to, as
containing a very profane allusion, which he altered with
a substance easily washed away, and the picture was again
exhibited/ in its original state at an exhibition of his ownj
in 1775. As a painter in oil, he was by no means an in-^
ferior artist, yet the colouring of bis pictures was too red
for the carnations, and the shadows not sufficiently clean
A few years before his death, he removed to Rathbaee«^
place. He died Aug. 14, 1784, and was buried at Hendoui
where five of bis children lie.'
HONESTIS, Petrosde. See D AMI AN.
HONORATUS, bishop of Marseilles, flourished about
.the year 490. He was, according to Gennadius, who
> PilktBg^oD.--Orfonl's Anecdotes. — Strutt's DictiQqaiy.^-Rees's Cyclopedia*
> Diet. Hist. 3 Edwards's Continuation of Walpole't Anecdotei.
122 H O N O R A T U S.
celebrates bim, a man of ready and abundant eloquence.
He published many bomilies, some delivered in an ex-
temporary manner, others regularly composed ; in which
his object was to confute the dreams of heretics, and ex*
hort his hearers to piety. He wrote also lives of many-
eminent leaders of the churchy of which no one is e^ctant^
except his life of St. Hilary of Aries.*
HONORIUS De Sancta Mauia, whose proper name
was Blaize Vauzelle, was born July 4,. 1651, at Limoges.
He made profession among the Carmelites at Toulouse,
in 1671 ; taught theology with reputation-in his order, in'
which he was prior, counsellor, provincial, and visitor^'
general of the three provinces of France. He died i72§,
at Lisle, aged seventy-eight. His most curious work is
entitled " Reflexions sur les regies, et *ur Tusage de la
Critique," 3 vols. 4to ; the first volume is most esteemed.'
He atso left, ** La Tradition des Peres, et des Auteurs Et*»
clesiastiques, sur la Contemplation; avec un Trait^ sur
les motifs, et la pratique, de PAmour Divin,*' 3 vols.
12mo; ** Trait6 des Indulgences et du Jubii^," 12mo;
** I>issertations historiques et critiques sur les (>rdre& mili-
taires," 1718, 4to. He wrote some pieces in favour of
the Formulary, and the constitution Unigenitus, &c.'
HON TAN (the Baron de), was a native of Gascony,
in the seventeenth century, and is principally known by
his travels in North America, which, however, are writ*
ten in an . embarrassed and barbarous style, confounding
truth and falsehood, disfiguring names, and disguisftig^
facts. They contain some episodes of pure fiction, par-»
ticularly the narrative of the voyage up the long river,
which is supposed to be of equal authority with the Voyage
to Liliiput. He describes, nevertheless, with some suc^
cess, the general face of the country, and the disposition,
customs, government, and other particulars of the inha-
bitants. There is an edition of his travels published at
Amsterdam in 1705, 2 vols. 12mo. He began his career
in Canada as a common soldier, was raised to the rank of
an officer, went to Newfoundland in the quality of royal
lieutenant, there quarrelled with the governor, was broken,
and retired first to Portugal, and finally to Denmark.'
HONTHORST (Gerard), a celebrated artist, called
also Gerardo Dalle Nottt, from his principal subjects,
. * Gare, vol. I.— Moreri. « Moreri.— pict. Hist. 3 oict. Hist,
H O N T H O R S T. 125
WIS bom at Utrecht in 1592, and was a disciple of Abra*
ham Bloemart; but completed his studies at llome, where}
he continued several years, employed there by persons of
the first rank, and particularly by prince Justiniani. He
imitated the style of Caravaggio, with who^e vivid tone
and powerful masses of light and ^hade, h^ attempted to^
combine correctness of outlinei refinement of forms, grace-
ful attitudes, and that dignity which ought to be the cha-
racteristic of sacred subjects. In this he often succeeded*.
His subjects are generally night-pieces as large as life,
and illuminated by torch or candle-light. Among his
numerous pictures, that of our Saviour before the Tribunal
of Pilate, in the gallery Justiniani^ for energy, dignity,,
and contrast, is the most celebrated. Soon after his re*
turn to his own country he visited London, and obtained,
the favour of king Charles I. by several grand performancesr
and portraits; especially hy one allegorical picture, in
which he represented the portraits of the king and queen^
intthe characters of two deities, and the portrait of the,
duke of Buckingham in the character of Mercury, intro-
ducing the liberal arts to that tfionarch and bis consort.-
For that composition, which jwas well drawn and extremely
well coloured, the king presented him with three thousand
florins, a service of plate for twelve persons, and a beauti-
ful horse; and he. had afterwards the honour to instruct
the queen of Bohemia, and the princesses her children, ia
drawing.
His pencil is free and firm, and his colouring has a
great deal of force,, although it often is not. pleasing, by a
predominancy of the yellow and brown tints ; yet un-
doubtedly Hpnthorst would have been an excellent painter^
if he had known how to give more grace and more correct-
ness to his figures. At his return from London to Holland;
he adorned the pleasure houses of the prince of Orange
with many poetical subjects, which he executed in fresco
as well as in oil ; but he principally was employed lu
painting portraits, which are described as having good ex-.
pression, and extraordinary life and force, by their broad
' masses of light being contrasted by strong shadows. He
died in 1 660, aged sixty eight. His brother, William, was
born at Utrecht in 1604, and learned the art of pa'uiting
from Abraham Bloemart. The portraits which he painted
were very much esteemed, and are far superior to his histo-
rical subjects, which are in no degree equal to those of
126 H O O G E V E E N.
fessedijrto a certain point, bat went far beyond htm in
copiousness and sagacity. A very useful abridgment of
this work, the only faalt of which is too great prolixity,
was poblisbed at Dessau, iu 1782, by Schtttz. This edi-
tio» will be found more useful to the yoiing student than
the vast work on which it is founded, as more easily pur- "
chased, and more easily read.^
HOOGSTRATEN (David van), a professor of the
belles lettres, was born at Rotterdam in 1658, and died at
Amsterdam in 1724» In the evenuig of Nov. 13, there
suddenly arose so thick a mist, that he lost his way, and
fell into a canal. He was soon taken out; but the coldness
of the water, and the fright from the fall, brought on so
strong an oppression upon the breast, that he died in eight
* days after. There. are of his, 1. " Latin PoemS." 2. " Fle-
mish Poems.'* 3. ** A Flemish and Latin Dictionary.**
4» " Note* upon C. Nepos and Terence." 5. "An edition
of Pbcedrus,'' for the prince of Nassau, 4to,'Th imitation
of the Delphin editibns. 6. A fine edition of ^* Janus
Broukhusius^s Poems."*
HOOGUE (RoMAiN DE), a Dutch designer and engraver,
who flourished towards the close of the seventeenth century,
bad a lively imagination, by which he was sometimes led
astray ; and his works must be viewed with some allowance
for incorrectness of design and injudicious choice of sub-
jects, which were in general of an allegorical cast, or dis-
tinguished by a kind of low caricature. His works are
chiefly extant in certain editions of books for which he was
employed ; as, 1. Plates for the Old and New Testament;
in folio, published by Basnage in 1704. 2. Plates to '^the
Academy of the Art of Wrestling," in Dutch, 1(574, and
in French in 1712. 3. Plates to the Bible, with Dutch
explanations. 4. Plates for the Egyptian Hieroglyphics^
Amsterdam, 1-735, small folio. 5. Plates to Fontaine's
Fables, 1685, 2 vols. 8vo. 6. To Boccace, 1695, 2 vols.
8vo. 7. To the Tales of the Queen of Navarre. 8. To
the "Cent Nouvelles nouvelles,'' 1701, 2 vols. Svo. Sudh
of bis plates, as are to be met with separate from tbe works
to which they belong, bear a higher price.*
HOOKE (Nathaniel), celebrated for a ** Roman His-
tOTYf* died July 19, 1763, but we know not at what age;
, 0
. ■ •
> Hades de Vitis Pbilolognnim^ Tol. IV.— SftxIS Onmiiattioon, vol. VHk
* Moreri*— Saxii Onoiaast. * Strait's JDlcU of Sogmvers*
H O O K E. 127
as indeed few particulars of him are recorded, tboogh ke
is said, ^^ from 1723 till bis death, to have enjoyed the
conddence and patronage of men not less distinguished by
virtue than by titles.^* The first particular that occurs of
him is from a letter to lord Oxford, dated Oct^l7, 1722,
by which it appears, that, having been ^^ seized with the
l^te epidemical distemper of endeavouring to be rich,^*
meaning the South-sea infatuation^ *' lie was in some mea-
sure happy to find himself at that instant just woriii
Dothing.'* ^ome time after, however, he was recommendefd
to Sarah duchess of Marlborough, who presented him with
5000/. the condition of which donation was expressly, that
he the said Hooke should aid and assist her the said duchess
id drawing up and digesting ^^ An account of the conduct
of the dowager duchess of Marlborough, from, her &ru
coming to court to the year 1710.** This was done, and
the work was published in 1742, 8vo ; but soon after she
took occasion, as was usoa.1 with her, to quarrel with him,
** because," finding her without religion, " he attempted,"
as she affirmed, " to convert her to. popery." Hookewas
a mystic and quietist, and a warm disciple of Fenelon,
whose life he translated from the French, and published iR
1723, l2nio. It was he who brought a catholic priest to
take Pope's confession upon his death-bed : the priest had
scarcely departed, when Boiingbroke coming in, flew into
a great^ passion upon the occasion^ He is said to have
been a remarkably fine reader. Richardson informs us,
that be once read some speeches of his Roman History to
the speaker Onslow, who piqued himself too upoa reading,
and begged him to give his opinion of the work : the
Speaker answered, as in a passion, *^ he could not tell what
to think of it : it might be nonsense for aught he knew ;
for that his manner of reading had bewitched him."
The " Roman History" of Hooke was pubiished.in 4 vols*
4to; the first in 1733, the second in 1745, the third iii
1764, and the fourth in 1771. It embraces the events
from the building of Rome to the ruin of the common-*
wealth. In 176B he published ** Observations -on four
pieces upon the Ronnan Senate," among which were those
of Middieton and Chapman ; and was answered in an auo«
nymous pamphlet, entitled " A short Review of Mr. Hookers
Observations, i&c. concerning the Roman Senate, and the
character of 'Dloaysius of Halicarnassus," 1758, 8vo. But
the author of this was Edward Spelman, esq. who was then
/
]2d H O O K E.
publishing ftn English translation of Dionysius. Hoc^
published also a translation of Ramsay^s.^* Travels of Cyrus,**
1739, 4to. Mr. Hooke left two sons; one a clergyman of
the English church, rector of Birkby and vicar of Leek in
Yorkshire, who died in 1791 ; the other a doctor of the
Sorbonne, and professor of astronomy in that seminary.^
HOOKE (Robert), an eminent English mathematician,
and one of the most inventive geniuses that the world ha^
ever seen, was son of Mr. John Hooke, rector of Fresh*
water in the Isle of Wight, and born there July 18, 1635.
He was designed for the church ; but being of a weakly
constitution, and very subject to the head-ache, he was left
to follow the bent of his genius, which led him to iiie<«
ehanicsi and first appeared in bis making little toys, which
he did with wonderful art and dexterity. Seeing, on one
occasion, an old brass clock taken to pieces, he made ar
wooden one that. would go : be made likewise a small ship
about a yard long, fitly shaped, masted, and rigged, with
a contrivance to make it fire small guns, as it was sailing
across a haven of some breadth. These indications led hia
friends to think of some trade for him in which such talents
might be useful ; and after his father's death in 1648, as he
had also a turn for drawing, he was placed with sir Peter
Lely, but the smell- of the oiUcolours increased his head<*
aches, and he quitted painting in & very short time^. After««
wards he was kindly taken by Dr. Busby into his house,
and supported there while he attended Westminster-schooL
Here be not only acquired Greek and Latin, together with
some knowledge of Hebrew and other oriental languages^
but also made himself master of a good part of Euclid's
Elements ; and Wood adds, that while he lived with Dr.
Busby he ^^ learned of his own accord to play twenty
lessons on the organ, and invented thirty several ways of
flying ; as himself and Dr. Wilkins of Wad ham- college
have reported."
* Aubrey says he bad some instruc- been paid as an apprentice fee to Lely|
tions in drawing from the celebrated but after he had been some time upon
Sam. Cooper, but does not knoir wbe- trial, Hooke left htm, as thinking b«
ther this was before or after he went to could do all that was to b« done, an4
Lely. He gives us an auecdote of keep his hundred pounds. When' ha
Hooke, however, which is very charac- went to Busby's be " lodged his 1 00/^
teristic of that sordid regard for money with him.'' — Letters by Emioeoi Pfr*
which predominated all his life. His sons, 1813, 3 vols. 8 vo«
father left him 100/. which was to have
I Nichols's Bowyer.— Ruffhead's Life of Pope, 4to edit. p. 3S1. 421.— <%€»;
Urfitld's Memoirs, 4to« p* 116.— Bo8weU'» Tour to ^ Hebridje^ .
>
H O O It £. 128
About 1653 he went to Cbrist-churcb, Oxford^ and in
1655 was introduced to the philosophical society tbere;
where, discovering his mechanic genius, he was first em-
ployed to assist Dr. Willis in his operations of chemistry,
and afterwards recommended to Mr. Boyle, whom he served
many years in the same capacity. He was also instructed
about this time by Dr. Seth Ward, Savilian professor of
astronomy, in that science ; and fipom henceforward distin-
gimhed himself by a greater number of important inven-
tions and improvements of the mechanic kind, than any
one man had ever discovered. Among these were several
astronomical instruments for making observations both at
sea and land; and he was particularly serviceable to Boyle,
in completing the air-pump. Wood tells US| that he also '
explained '^ Euclid's Elements,'' and ^^ Des Cartes's Philo-
sophy," to Boyle. In Nov. 1662, sir Robert Moray, then
president, having proposed him for curator of experiments
to the Royal Society, he was unanimously accepted, and
it was ordered that Boyle should have the thanks of the
.society for dispensing with him for their use ; and that he
should come and sit among them, and both exhibit every
day three or four of bis own experiments, and take care
of such others as should be mentiomed to him by the so<»
ciety. He executed this oflSce so much to their satisfac-
tion, that when that body was established by the royal
charter, his name was in the list of those who were first
nominated by the council. May 20, 1663 ; and he was
admitted accordingly, June 3, with a peculiar exemption
from all payoients. Sept 28 of the same year, he was
nominated by Clarendon, chancellor of Oxford, for the
degree of M.A.; and Oct. 19, it was ordered that the
repository of the Royal Society should be committed to his
care, the white gallery in Cresham-college being appointed
for that use. In May 1664, he began to read the astrono*
mical lecture at Gresham for the professor. Dr. Pope, then
in Italy ; and the same year was made professor of mecha-
nics to the Royal Society by Sir John Cutler, with a salary
of 50/. per annum, which that gentleman, the founder,
settled upon him for life. On Jan. 11, 1664-5, he was
elected by that society curator of experiments for life, with
an additional salary of 30/. per annum to sir John Cutler^s
annuity, settled on him *'pro tempore:" and, March fol-
lowipg, was elected professor of geometry in Gresham «^
college, i.
VouXVlll K
ISO H O O K E*
In 1665, he published in folio bis '' Micrographia, or
some philosophical descriptions of minute bodies, made by
magnifying glasses, with observations and enquiries there-
upon f * and the same year, during the recess of the Royal
Society on account of the plague, attended Dr. Wilkins
and other ingenious gentlemen into Surrey, where they
made several experiments. In Sept. 1666, he produced
his plan for rebuildiM the city of London, then destroyed
by the great fire ; which was approved by the lord- mayor
and court of aldermen* According to it, all the chief
streets were to have been built in regular lines ; all the
0thet cross streets to have turned out of them at right
angles ; and all the churches, public buildings, market-
places, &c. to have been fixed in proper and convenient
places ; but the nature of the property, and the impossi-
bility of raising funds to indemnify the landholders who
would be injured by this scheme, prevented its being car-
ried into execution. The rebuilding of the city, however^
according to the lact of parliament, requiring an able per-
son to set out the ground to the several proprietors, Hooke^
was appointed one of the city surveyors, and Ofiver, a
glass-pain tet, the ot^het*. In this employment he acquired
the greatest part of that estate of which be died possessed ;
as appeared sufficiently evident from a large iron chest of
money found after his death, locked down with a key in it,
and a date of the time, which shewed that the contents had
been so shut up for above thirty years, and seldom dis-
turbed, for he almost starved himself and all in his house.
in 1668, Hevelius, the famous astronomer at Dantzick,
pi^esented a copy of his ** Cometographia" to Hooke, in
acknowledgment for an handsome compliment which Hooke
}iad paid to him on account of his '* Selenographia,^* printed
in 1647 ; and Hooke, in return, sent Hevelius a description
of the dioptric telescope, with an account of his manner
9f iising it, and recommended it to him as preferable to
those with plain sights. This circumstance gave rise to a
great dispute between them, noticed in our account of
Hevelius, in which many learned men afterwards en-
ffag^d, and which Hooke so managed, as to be uni-
versally condemned, though it haa since been agreed
that he had the be^t side of the question. In 1671 he
attacked sir Isaac Newton's " New Theory of Light and
Colours ;'* where, though he was forced to submit in re-
tpect to the argument, he U said to have come off with ^
b^euer reputation than in the former instance. The Royal
HOOKS. I3i
Society having begun their meetings at Gresham-coUege^
in Nov. 1^74^ the committee in December allowed him 40/.
to erect a turret over part of his lodgings, for proving his
instruments, and making astronomical observations ; and
the year following he published *< A Description of Tele-
scopes, and some other instruments,*' made by him, with
a postscript, complaining of some injustice done him by
Oldenburg, the publisher of the " Philosophical Transac-
tions,*' in regard to his invention of pendulum watches.
This charge drew him into a dispute with that gentleman,
which ended in a declaration of the Koyai Society in their
secretary's favoun Oldenburg dying in Aug. 1677, Hooke
was appointed to supply his place, and began to take
minutes at the meeting in October, and published seven
numbers of the ^* Philosophical Collections,*' which have
been always considered as a part of the '* Philosophical
Transactions.". Soon after this be grew more reserved than
formerly, and though he read his Cutlerian lectures, and
often made experiments, and shewed new inventions before
the Royal Society, yet he seldom left any account of them
to be entered in their registers, designing, as he said, to
fit them for himself, and make them ppblic, which however
he never performed. In 1686, when sir Isaac Newton's
Prtncipia were published, Hooke, with that jealousy which
was niittural ' to him, claimed priority respecting the idea
of gravitation. Newton, with a candour equally natural
to him, admitted his claim, but shewed at the same time
that Hooke's notion of gravitation was different from his
own, and that it did not coincide with the phenomena. In
reality, the notion of gravitation is as ancient at least as
the days of Lucretius, and is particularly noticed by Kepler.
Newton's merit consisted, not in ascribing the planetary
motions to gravitation, but in determining the law which
gravitation follows, and in shewing that it exactly accounts <
for all the planetary phenomena, which no other system
does.
In 1687, his brother's daughter, Mrs. Grace Hooke, who
had lived with bim several years, died ; and he was so
affected at her death, that he hardly eVer recovered it, but
was observed from that time to .grow less active, more
melancholy, and, if possible, more cynical than ever* At
the same time a chancery-suit, in which he was concerned
with sir John Cutler, on account of his salary for reading
the Cutlerian lectures, made him very uneasy, and in-
K 2
J38 H O O K E.
creased bis disorder. In 1 69 1 , he was employed in forming^
the plan of the hospital near Hoxton, founded by Aske,
alderman of London, who appointed archbishop Tillptsoa
one of his executors; and in December the same year,
Hooke was created M. D. by a warrant from that prelate.
He is also said to have been the architect of Bediami and
the College of Physicians. In July 1696, hi^ chancery-
suit for sir John Cutler's salary was determined in his
favour, to his inexpressible satisfaction. His joy on
that occasion was found in liis diary thus expressed :
^< DoMSHLGissA ; that is, Deo Optimo Maximo sit honor^
laus, gloria, in saecula sseculorum. Amen. I was born on
this day of July, 1635, and God has given me a new birth :
may I never forget his mercies to me ! whilst he gives me
breath may I praise him !'' The same year an order was
granted to him for repeating most of his experiments, at
the expence of the Boyal Society, upon a promise of his
finishing the accounts, observations, and deductions from
them, and of perfecting the description of all the instru-
ments contrii'ed by him, which his increasing illness and
general decay rendered him unable to perform. For the
two or three last years of his life he is said to have sat
night and day at a table, engrossed with his inventions and
stuidies, and never to have gone to bed, or even undressed ;
and in this wasting condition, and quite emaciated, be died
March 3, 1 702, at his lodgings in Gresham-i^oHege, and
was buried in St. Helen's church, Bishopsgate- street, bis
corpse being attended by all the members of the Royat
Society then in London.
Waller, the writer of his life, has given the following
character of him, which, though not an amiable one, seems
to be drawn with candour and impartiality. He was in
person but a despicable figure; short of stature, very
crooked, pale, lean, and of a meagre aspect, with dark
brown hair, very long, and hanging over his face, uncut^^
and lank. Suitable to this person, his temper was penu-
. rious, melancholy, mistrustful, and jealous ; which qualities
increased upon him with his years. He set out in bis youth
with a collegiate or rather a monastic recluseness, and
afterwards led the life of a cynical hermit ; scarcely allow-
ing himself necessaries, notwithstanding the great increase
of bis fortunes after the fire in London ^. He declared
* Sir Godfrey Cof>1ev, in a leUer ffavB, ** Dr. Kook« is very craxy ; much
vritteB about the time of Nooke'f death, concerned for ftar be ahou Id 4)utUTe his
H O O K E. 133.
sometimes, that he had a great project in his head as to
the disposal of his estate, for the advapcement of natural
knowledge, and to promote the ends and desigpis for which
the Royal Society was instituted; to huild a handsome
fabric for the society's use, with a library, repository, la«
boratory, and other conveniences for making experiments ;
and to found and endow a physico-mechanic lecture like
that of sir John Cutler. But though he was often solicited
by his friends to put his designs down in writing, and
make his will as to the disposal of his estate, yet he could
never be prevailed on to do it, but died without any will
that could be found. In like lAanner, with respect to his
philosophical treasures, when he first became known to the
learned world, he was very communicative of his inventions
and discoveries, but afterwards grew close and reserved to
a fault ; alledging for an excuse, that some persons chal-
lenged his discoveries for their own, and took occasion from
his hints to perfect what he had not finished. For this
reason he would suggest nothing, till he had time to perfect
it himself; so that many things are lost which he affirmed
he knew, though be was not supposed to know every thing
which he affirmed. For instance, not many weeks before
hi9 death, he told Mr. Waller and others, that he knew a
certain and infallible method of discovering the longitude
at sea; yet it is evident that his friends distrusted his
asseveration of this discovery ; and how little credit was
then g^ven to it in general, appears from Waller^s own
accounts '^ Hooke,*' says he, '^ suffering this invention to
be undiscovered to the last, gave some persons cause to
question, whether he was ever the possessor of it ; and to
doubt whether what in theory seemed very promising,
would answer when put in practice. Others indeed more
severely judged, that it was only a kind of boasting in him
to assert that which had not been performed though at*
tempted by many." In the religious part of his character
he was so hr exemplary, that he always expressed a great
veneration for the Deity, and seldpm received any remark-
estate. He bath ttanred one old woman the days of his life, I mean mathema-
already ; and I beiteve he will endanger ti<;at experiments, than to hare it go to
hinself t» save sixpence for any thing tl^ose whom he never saw or cared for.
he wants." In another, written a few it is rare that virtuosos die rich, and it
weeks after his death. Sir Godfrey says,
•* I wonder old Or. Hooke did not choose
rather to leave bis 12,000/. to continue Nicholses possession,
what he had promoted and studied all
is pity they should if they were like
him." Dr. Docarel's MSS. in Mr. '
134 HO O K E.
able benefit in life, or made any considerable diicovisry in
nature, or invented any useful contrivance, or foynd out
any difficult problem, without setting down his acknow-
ledgment to God, as many places in bis diary plainly shew.
He frequently studied the sacred writings in the originals ;
for he was acquainted with the ancient languages, as well
as with all the parts of -mathematics. *^ To conclude,'*
says Waller, ^^ all his errors and blemishes were more than
made amends for by the greatness and extent of his natural
and acquired parts, and more than common if not wonder*
ful sagacity, in diving into the most hidden secrets of
nature, and in contriving proper methods of forcing her to
confess the truth, by driving and pursuing the Proteus
through all her changes to her last and utmost recesses-
There needs no other proof of this, thaii the great numl^er
of experiments he made, with the contrivances for them^
amounting to some hundreds ; his new and useful instni«*
ments and inventions, which were numerous ; his admirable
facility and clearness in explaining the phenomeiia of na*
ture, &nd demonstrating his assertions ; his happy talent
in adapting theories to the phenomena observed, and con«
triving easy and plain, not pompous and amusing, expe-
riments to back and prove those theories ; proceeding from
observations to theories, and fronn theories to farther trials,
which he asserted to be the most proper method to succeed
in the interpretation of nature. For these his happy qua-
lifications he was much respected by the most learned phi*
losophers at home and abroad.; and as with all his failures
he may be reckoned among the great men of the last age,
80, had he been free from them, possibly he might have
stood in the front.'*
His papers being put by his friends into the hands of
Richard Waller, esq. secretary to the Royal Society, that
gentleman collected such as he thought worthy of the press,
and published them under the title of his *^ Posthumous
Works," in 1705, to which he prefixed an account of his
life, in folio. It is thought, that this gentleman would
have published more of Hooke's manuscripts, had he
lived. Mr. Professor Robison of Edinburgh, who ascribes
the invention of spring- watches to Hooke, had an op[]/or-
tunity of seeing some of Hooke's MSS. that had been
rescued from the fire at the burning of Gresham-college,
and says that they are full of systematic views : many of
them, it must be acknowledged, hasty, inaccurate, and
H O O K £. lU
^tntiltt but still syst^maticaL Hooke called them algebras^
and considered them as having a sort of inventive power^
or rather as means of discovering things unknown by a
process somewhat similar to that art He valued himself
highly on account of this view of science, which he thought
peculiar to himself; and he frequently speaks of others,
even the most eminent, as childishly contenting themselves
with partial views of the corners of things. He-was like-
wise very apt to consider other inventors as encroachers on
liis systems, which he held as a kind of property, being
seriously determitied to prosecute them all m their turn,
and never recollecting that any new object iipmediately
called him off, and engaged him for a while in the most
eager pursuit. His algebras had given him many signal
helps, and he had no doubt of carrying them through in
every investigation. Stimulated by this overfond expec-
tation, when a discovery was mentioned to him he was too
apt to thinl: and to say, that he had long ago invented the
s^ame thing, when the truth probably was, that the course
of his systematic thoughts on the subjects with which it was
connected had really suggested it to him, with such viva*
city, or with such notions of its importance, as to make
him ^et it down in his register iu its own systematic place,
which was his constant practice : but it was put out of his
mind by some new object of pursuit. These remarks are
part of a series, by the same learned professor, on the
merits and inventions of Dr. Hooke, which are new, and
highly necessary to enable the reader to form a just esti-
mate of Hooke as a benefactor to science. They are to
be found in the ^^ Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' under the
article Watch, and in Dr. Gleig's supplement to that
work, under HooK£. No English biographer appears to
have done so much justice to our pliilosopher. '
HOOKER, or VOWELL, (John,) an English historian,
was born at Exeter, about the year 1524. His father Ro-
bert Hooker, a wealthy citizen, was in 1529 mayor of that
city. Dr. Moreman, vicar of Menhinit in Cornwall, wa9
bis tutor in grammar, after which he studied at Oxford,
but in what college Wood was not able to discover. Having
left the University, he travelled to Germany, and resided
some time at Cologn, where be studied the law ^ and thence
1 Life by Waller. — Biog. Brit. — Ward's Gresbaia Professors,— Atb. Ox.
Tol. IL—^EBcyclopssdia as above.
136 HOOKER.
to Strasburgh, where he heard the divinity lectures of
Peter Martyr. He intended also to have visited France,
3painy and Italy, but a war breaking out, he returned to* -
England, and, residing at his native city, Exeter, was '
elected chamberlain iti 1554, being the first person who
held that office; and in 1571 he represented Exeter in
parliament. He died in 1601, and was buried in the cathe*
dral of Exeter. His works are, 1. *^ Order and usage of
keeping of Parliaments in Ireland.*' The MS. of this is
in Trinity-college-library, Dublin. He hsid been sent into
Ireland by sir Peter Carew to negotiate his affairs there,
and was elected burgess for Athenry in the parliament of
1568. This tract is pjrinted with his Irish Chronicle in
Holinshed. 2. *^ The events of Comets, or blazing stars, .
made upon the sight of the comet Pagoniu, which appeared
in November and December 1577." Lond. 1577, 8vo.
3. ^^ An addition to the Chronicles of Ireland from 1546
to 1568,'* in the second volume of Holinshed. 4. "Ca-
talogue of the bishops of Exeter,*' and ** a Description
of Exeter,** in' the third volume of Holinshed. 5. A trans-
lation of the history of the conquest of Ireland from Giral-
dus Cambrensis, in the second volume of Holinshed, and
some other pieces not printed. This gentlemai^ was uncle
to the celebrated Richard Hooker. *
I^OOK^R (Ric|IARD), an eminent English divine, and
.author of an excellent work, entitled " The JLaws of Ec-
clesiastical Polity, in 6ight books,** was born at Heavy-
tree near Exeter, about the end of March 1554, Mis
parents, not being rich, intended hiqfi for a trade; but bis
schoolmaster at Exeter prevailed with them to continue
him at school, assuring them, that his na'tural endowments
and learning were both so remar](able, that he must of
necessity be taken notice of, and |hat God would provide
him some patron who would free them from any future care
or charge about him. Accordingly his uncle John Hooker,
the subject of the preceding article^ who was ^en cham-
berlain of the town, began to notice him ; and being known
to Jewell, made a visit to that prelate at Salisbury soon
after, and ^ besought him for charity's sake to 1oo|l favour-
ably upon a poor nephew of his, whom natqre had fitted
for a scholar; but the estate of his parents was s$o narrow,
that they were unable to give him the adv^ntag^ of l^arn-
I Prince's Worthiei of Devon. — Atb» Ox. vol. 1.— Ware's Ireland by Marri^.
HO O K E R. 1$7
ing ; and that the bishop -therefore would become his pa*
troQ, and prevent him from being a tradesman, for be was
a boy of remarkable hopes/' The bishop examining into
his merits, found him to be what the uncle had repre-
sented him, and took him immediately under his protec-
tion. He got him admitted, in 1567, one of the clerks of
Corpus-*Christi college in Oxford, and settled a pension
on him ; which, with the contributions of his uncle, af-
forded liim a verv comfortable subsistence. In 1571,
Hooker had the misfortune to lose his patron, together
with his pension. Providence, however, raised him up
two other patrons, in Dr. Cole, then president of the col-
lege, and Dr. Edwyn Sandys, bishop of London, and after*
wards archbishop of York. To the latter of these Jewell
had recommended him so effectually before his death, that
though of CambWdge himself, he iimmediately resolved to
send his son Edwyn to Oxford, to b^ pupil to Hooker, who
yet was not much older ; for, said he, *^ I will have a tutor
for my son, that shall teach him learning by instruction,
and virtue by example.'' Hooker had also another con-
siderable pupil, namely, George Cranmer, grand nephew'
to Cranmer the archbishop and martyr; with whom, at
well as with Sandys, he cultivated a strict and htsting
friendship. In 1573, he was chosen scholar of Corpus,
and in 157T, having taken his master's degree, was elected
fallow of his college ; and about two years after, being
well skilled in the Oriental languages, was appointed de-
puty-professor of Hebrew, in the room of Kih^smill, who
was disordered in his senses. In 1581, he entered into
orders ; and soon after, being appointed to preach at St.
Paul's-cross in London, was so unhappy as to be drawn
intp a most unfortunate marriage ; of which, as it is one
of the most memorable circumstances of his life, we shall
give the particulars as they are related by Walton. There
was then belonging to the church of St. Paul's, aliouse
called the Shunamites house, set apart for the reception
and entertainment of the preachers at St. Paul's cross, two
days before, and one day after the sermon. That house
was then kept by Mr. John Churchman, formerly a sub-
stantial draper in Watling-street, but now reduced to po-
verty. Walton says, that Churchman was a person of vir-
tue, but that he cannot say quite so much of his wife. To
this house Hooker came from Oxford so wet and weary,
that he was afraid he should aot be able to perform his
138 H a O K £ R.
duty the Sunday following: Mrs. ChurchmaD) however,
nursed him so wellj that he presently recovered .from the
ill effects of his journey. For this he was very ^thankful ;
so much indeed that^ as Walton expresses it, he thought
binriself bound in conscience to believe all she said ; so
the good man c^me to be persuaded by her, '^that he
bad a very * tender constitution; and that it was best for
him to have a wife, that might prove a nurse to him ; .such
a one as might both prolong his life, and make pit more
comfortable ; and such a one she could and would provide
for him, if be thought fit to marry." Hooker, not conr
sidering '^ that the children of this world are wiser in their
generation than the children of light,'' and fearing no
guile, because he meant none, gave her a power to choose
a wife for him ; promising, upon a fair summons, to return
to London, and accept of her choice, which he did in that
or the year following. Now, says Walton, the wife pro-
vided for him was her daughter Joan, who brought him
neither beauty nor portion ; and for her conditions, they
were too like that wife's which Solomon compares to a
dripping-house ; that is, says Wood, she was *^ a clownish
billy woman, and withal a mere Xantippe."
Hooker, having now lost his fellowship by this marriage,
remained without preferment, and supported himself as
well as he could, till the latter end of 1584, when he was
presented by John Cheny, esq. to the rectory of Drayton-
Beauchamp, in Buckinghamshire, where he led an uncom-
fortable life with his wife Joan for about a year. In this:
situation he received a visit from bis friends and pupils
Sandys and Cranmer, who found him with a Horace in his
hand, tending a small allotment of sheep in a common
field ; which he told them he was forced to do, because his
servant was gone home to dine, and assist his wife in the
household business. When the servant returned and re-
leased him, his pupils attended him to his house, where
their best entertainment was his quiet company, which was
presently denied them, for Richard was called to rock the
cradle, and the rest of their welcome being equally re-
pulsive, they stayed but till the next morning, which was
long enough to discover and pity their tutor's condition.
At their return to London, Sandys acquainted his father
with Hooker's deplorable state, who entered so heartily
into his concerns, that he procured him to be made master
of the Temple in 1585. This, though a valuable piece of
H O O K E It
139
prefennent, wis not so suitable to Hooker'« temper, as the
retirement of a living in the country, where he might be
free from noise ; nor did he acc^t it without reluctance.
At the time when Hooker was chosen master of the Temple,
one Walter Travers was afternoon-lecturer there ; a man
of learning and good manners, it is sail), but ordained by
the presbytery of Antwerp, and warmly attached to the
Geneva church discipline and doctrines. Travers had
some hopes of establishing these principles in the Temple,
and for that purpose endeavoured to be master of it ; but
not succeeding, gave Hooker all the opposition he could
in his sermons, many of whfch were about the doctrine,
discipline, and ceremonies of the church ; insomuch that
they constantly withstood each other to the face ; for, as
somebody said pleasantly, *^ The forenoon sermon spake
Canterbury, and the afternoon Geneva.^' The opposition
became so visible, and the consequences so dangerous,
especially in that place, that archbishop Whitgift caused
Travers to be silence^ by the high commission courts-
Upon that, Travers presented his supplication to the privy*
council, which being without effect, be made it public.
This obliged Hooker to publish an answer, which was in<^
scribed to the archbishop, and procured him as much re*
verence and respect from some, as it did neglect and
hatred from others. In order therefore to undeceive and
win these, he entered upon bis famous work " Of the
Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity * ;" and laid the foundation
* The followiog Memoir reUttye to
•ur autbor'i ** Ecclesiastical Polity,"
was drawn op by sir John Hawkins,
aod inserted in a work into which the
admirers of Hooker were not very likely
to look for information, the *< Anti-
quarian Repertory." Neither Walton,
says sir John, nor bishop Gauden, nor
any other that give an account of
Hooker and his writings, make men-
tion of the particulaf books or tracts
which gave occasion to his writing the
Ecolesiastical Polity. Whitgift had
written an answer to the " Admonition
to the Pftrliameut," and thereby en-
gaged in a controversy with Thomas
Cartwrigbt, the supposed author of it.
Hooker, in bis excellent work, under-
took the defence of our ecclesiastical
establishment, against which Cart*
Wright appears to have been the most
powerful of all its opponents. Ac*
cordingly, we find throughout his worik
references to T. C. lib. p. ; but
giving only these initials, amd citing
no book by its proper title, we are at
a loss now to know with whom he was
contending. It is necessary therefore
to state the controversy, the order
whereof is this : ** Admonition to thft
Parliament, viz. the first and second,''
in a small duodecimo volume, without
date or place ; ** An Answer to an Ad*
monition to Parliament, by John Whit-
gift, D. of Divinitie," 4to. Printed by
Bynneman, 1573. 1. " A Replie to
the Answer, by T. €.*' 4to. No date or
place. Of this there are two editions,
differing in the order of numbering,
the pages. *< A second answer of
Whitgift,'' as must be presumed from
the title of the next article, and is pro-
bably no other than a book mentioned
in Ames's Typ. Antiq. 32^,' by the
140 HOOKER.
and plan of it, while be viras at the Temple. Bot he foand
the Temple no fit place to finish what he had there de-
signed ; and therefore intreated the archbishop to remove
him to some quieter situation in the following letter:
" My lord; When I lost the freedom of my cell, which
was my college, yet I found some degree of it in my quiet
country parsonage. But I am weary of the^ noise and op-
positions of this place ; and indeed God and nature did not
intend me for contentions, but for Mudy and quietness.
And, my lord, my particular contests here with Mr. Tro^
vers have proved the more unpleasant to nie, because I
believe him to be a good man ; and that belief bath occa-
sioned me to examine mine own conscience concerning his
opinions. And to satisfy that, I have consulted the Holy
Scripture, and other laws, both human and diviue, whe*
ther the conscience of him, and others of his judgment,
ought to be so far complied with by us as to alter our frame
of church government, our manner of God*s worship, our
praising and praying to him, and our established ceremo-
nies, as often as their tender consciences shall require us.
And in this examination I have not only satisfied myself,
but have begun a treatise, in which I intend the satisfac-^
title of a '* Defence of the Answer to i^uestion it of the auUiority of a nan
the Admonition," 1574, fol. Printed bj fltc." Eccl. Pol. Edit. 1682, p. 117, ia
Bjrnneman. 2. " A second replie of to be found in p. S5 of one edition, and
Cartwright a[rainst Whitgifl's second in p. 13 of tbe other. In Ames, 'p.
Answer," 1575, 4to. No pUc^^ 3. 32^, is this article, which seems to be
*' The rest of the second Replie of a collateral branch of the controversy,
Cartwright against Whitgift's secpnd ^ " A Defence of the Ecclesiastical Re^
Answer," 1577, 4to. No place. giment of England defaced by T. C. in
Upon a reference to these sevei^l his Replie against D. Whitgift, D. D.'^
publicationsof Cartwright, and a cart- 1574, 12mo. It does not here appear
ful exan^ination of sundry passages that this defence is of Whitgift's writings
cited from him by Hooker, it most yet it fias the name of his printer,-
evidently appears/ that by ** T. C. Bsmneman, Fuller, in bi« Church His-
Lib. I." is meant No. 1, as above de- tory, Book IX, 102, gives an account
scribed ; by T. C. Lib. 2," is meant of Cartwright, and of his dispute with
No. 2 i aad by *< T. C. Lib. 3," Ko^ 3. Wbhgift, whiehis very erroneous; for
But here it is to be observed, that the he makes it to ^nd 'at Whitgift's De*
refejrejnces to Lib. 1 , agree bot with one fence of his Answer'; 'hay, he goes
edition of it, namely, tha^ which has further, and assigns reasons for Oirt-
the *' Table of the principal Poynte^" Wright's silence. The truth is, he was
at the beginning and not at the end, not silent till long after, but continued
as the other .ha»* 13ie difierence be- the dispute in the Tracts No. 2 and 3»
tween them is, that in the former the above notisd. The relation of the oon-
ipnolbers of the pages commence with troversy by Neal, in his ** History oC
the " Address to the Choroh of Eng- the Puritans," vol. I. 2S5, et seq. ia
land," in the latter with the book it- very fair and aocurate. Antiquarian'
self; so that to give one instance of Repertory, vol. 111. p. 13$.
diffeience, this passage, ** When the
H O O K £ fi. 141
tion of others, by a demonstration of the reasonableness
of our laws of ecclesiastical polity. But, my lord^ I shall
never be able to finish what I have begun, unless I be re-
moved into some quiet parsonage, where I may see God^s
blessings spring out of my mother earth, and eat my oi^n
bread in peace and privacy ; a place where I may without
disturbance meditate my approaching mortality, and that
great account which all flesh must give at the last day to
the God pf all spirits/'
Upon this application, he was presented in 1591 to the
rectory of Boscomb, in Wiltshire ; and July the same
year, to the prebeiid of Nether*- Haven, in the church of
Sarum, of which he was also made sub-dean. At Boscomb
he finished four books, which were entered into the re-
gister-book at Statioxiers'-hall, in March 1592, bu.t not
printed till 1594. In 1595 he quitted Boscomb, and was
presented by queen Elizabeth to the rectory of Bishop's-
Bourne, in Kent, where he spent the remainder of his
life. In this place he composed the 6fth book of his ^^ Ec-
clesiastical Polity,*' which was dedicated to the archbishop,
and published by itsflf in 1597. He finished there the
6th, 7th, and 8th books of Chat learned work ; but whe-
ther we have them genuine, and as left by himself, ha«
been a matter of much dispute. Dr. Zouch, however,
seems to have advanced almost unanswerable arguments
against their being directly from the pen of Hooker. Some
time after, he caught cold in a passage by water between
I^ondon and Gravesend, which drew upon him an illness
that put an end to his life when be was only in his forty-
seventh year. He died Nov. 2, 1600. His illness was
severe and lingering ; he continued, notwithstanding, his
studies, to the last. He strove particularly to finish his
'* Ecclesiastical 'Polity," and said often to a friend who
visited him daily, that ^' he did not beg a long life of God
for any other reason, but to live to finish the three re-
maining books of Polity ; and then. Lord, let thy servant
depart in peace," which was his usual expression. A few
days before his death, his house was robbed; of which
having notice, he asked, <' are my books and written pa-
pers safe ?" And being answered that they were, ** then,"
said lie, '^ it matters not, for no other loss can trouble
me.'*
But whatever value Hooker himself fhight put upon his
books of ** Ecclesiastical ^Polity," he could not in that
142 fi O O K E R.
respect'exceed the estimate which has been fbrnied by the
general jadgment of mankind, with the exception only of
the enemies of our church establishment. This work has
€Ter bieen admired for soundness of reasoning, and prodi-
gious extent of learning ; and the author has universally
acquired from it the honourable titles of '' the judicious,*'
and ** the learned.'* When James I. ascended the throng
of England, he is said to have asked Whitgift for his friend
Mr. Hooker, from whose books of " Ecclesiastical Polity*'
he bad so much profited; and being informed by the arch-
bishop that he died a year before the queen, he expressed
the greatest disappointment, and the deepest concern.
Charles I. it is well known, earnestly recommended the
reading of Hooker*s books to his son ; and they have ever
• since been held in the highest veneration and esteem by
all. An anecdote is preserved by the writer of his life^
which, if true, shews that his fame was by no means con-
fined to his own country, but reached even the ears of the
pope himself. Cardinal Alen and Dr. Stapleton, though
both in Italy when his books were published, were yet so
affected with the fame of them, that they contrived to have
them sent for^ and after reading them, are said to have
told the p€>pe, then Clement VIII. that " though his ho-
liness had not yet met with an English book, as he was
pleased to say, whose writer deserved the name of an au-
thor, yet there now appeared a wonder to them, and so
they did not doubt it would appear to his holiness, if it
was in Latin ; which was, that ' a pure obscure English
priest had written four such books of law and church po-
lity, in so majestic a style, and with such clear demon-
strations of reason/ that in all their readings they had not
jnet with any thing that exceeded him.'* This begetting
in the pope a desire to know the contents, Stapleton read
to him the first book in Latin ; upon which the pope said,
** there is no learning that this man hath not searched into ;
nothing too hard for his understanding. This man indeed
deserves the name of an author. Ilis books will get re-
verence by age ; for there is in them such seeds of eter-
nity, that if the rest be like this, they shall continue till
the last fire shall devour all learning ;'* all which, whether
the pope said.it or no, we take to be strictly true.
• Dr. Gauden published Hooker's " Works," 1662, foL
with a life, in which there are some inaccuracies. ' A.se-
copd edition, with Hooker's Life by Walton, appeared in
HOOKER. 149
I6i6, fol. reprinted in 1676, 1682, and 1723, which last
some calt '^ the best edition.'' A more commodioius one
for use was printed at Oxford, 1793, 3 vols. 8vo. It is
needless to add how much Walton's Life of Hooker has
been improved in Zouch's edition of those valuable me-
morials. Hooker's other works, published separately,
were, 1. ^' Answer to the Supplication that Mr. Travera
made to the Council," Oxon. 1612, 4to. 2. <* A learned
discourse of Justification, Works, and how the foundation
of Faith is overthrown, on Habak. i. 4." ibid. 1612, 4to.
3. *' A learned Sermon on the nature of Pride, on Habak.
ii. 4.^' ibtd. 1612, 4to. 4. <^A Remedy against Sorrow
and Fear, delivered in a funeral sermon on John xiv. 27.**
ibid. 1612, 4tb. 5. *^ A learned and comfortable Sermon
of the certainty and perpetuity of Faith in the elect ; es-
pecially of the prophet Habakkuk's faith," ibid. 1612, 4to«
.6. " Two Sermons upon part of Jude's Epistles," ibid.
1613, 4to. These Sermons were originally published by
Mr. Henry Jackson, with " WicklifF's Wicket," and after-
wards reprinted without that tract, and met with a very
welcome reception from the public. 7. ^* A Discovery of
the causes of these Contentions touching Church-govern-
ment, oiit of the fragments of Richard Hooker," published
in 1641, along with a work entitled '^ A Summarie View
of the government both of the Old and New Testament ;
whereby the episcopal government of Christ's church i»
vindicated," out of the rude draughts of Launcelot An-
drews, late bishop bf Winchester. 8. ** Three treatises
inserted in a work edited by bishop Sanderson, and en-
titled *^ Clavi Trabales," on the king's power in matters of
religion, in the advancement of bishops, &c. Dr. Zouch
mentions as a publication of great merit, ^< A faithful
abrids:ment of the Works of nooker, with an account of
his life : by a Divine of the Church of England," London,
1705.*
HOOKER (Thomas), a celebrated divine of New Eng->
land, whose works frequently occur in our public libraries,
and may render their author the object of curiosity, was
born at Marfield, in Leicestershire, in 1586, and was edu-
cated at Emanuel-college, Cambridge, of which he be-
came fellow. On his leaving the university, he preached
1 Life by Walton.— ^Blog. Srlt.— Prince's Worthies of DcTOfL-i-Neal's Pu-
s
144 H O O K £ ft.'
i
occasionally for some time in London^ but in 1626 was
chosen lecturer and assistant to a clergyman at Chelms*
ford, where he officiated with great reputation, until si<»
lenced for non-conformity by Laud, then bishop of Loa-
don. On this occasion forty-seven of the neighbouring
clergy sent a petition to the bishop, attesting his ortho-
doxy and peaceable disposition. But this had no effect ;
and ev€Q when Mr. Hooker set up a grammar'-school in
the neighbourhood of Chelmsford, he was cited to appear
before the high commission court, which determined him
to go to Holland, where he preached for two or three
years, and in 1633 went to New-Epgland, and became
pastor of. the church of Hertford, in the colony of Con-
necticut, and from bis pious services and usefulness, was
called the father of that colony. He died July 7, 1647.
Among his works are, K ^^ An exposition of the Lord'
Prayer," Lond. 1645, 4to. ' 2. " The Saint's Guide,'
ibid. 1645, 12mo. 3. " A Survey of the Summe of Church
Discipline, wherein the way of the churches of New Eng-
land is warranted," ibid. 1648, 4to* 4. " The "Covenant
of Grace opened in several Sermons," ibid. 1649, 4to.
5. "The Saints' Dignity and Duty," ibid. J 651, 4to.'
HOOLE (Charles), a schoolmaster of very consider-
able note in his day, and the publisher of some school-
books not yet out of use,- was born at Wakefield, in York-
shire, in 1610, and educated at the free-school there. At
the age of eighteen years, by the advice of his kinsman
Dr, Robert S^^nderson, afterwards bishop of Linpoln, he
was sent to Lincoln-college, Oxford, where he became a
proficient in the Greek and Hebrew tongues, and in phi-
losophy. After he had taken one degree in arts, he en-
tered into orders, retired to Lincolnshire for a time, and
was appointed master of the free-school at Rotberam, in
Yorkshire. In the beginning of the civil war he went to
London, and by the invitation of some of the citizens, he
taught a private school, first near Red-cross street, and
afterwards in Token-house garden, in Lothbury. About
the restoration, he was invited into Monmouthshire ; but
the promises made to induce him to go there not being
answered, he returned to London, and was taken under
the protection of his relation bishop Sanderson, who gave
him_ a prebend in the church of Lincoln. About that time
1 Ncal's Hist of N«w £Dg1an€l.^Bo41e!an and BriU Museum Catalogao.
H O O L E. 14»
lie bectitie rector of Stocky near Billericay, in Essez^
where be died on die 7 th of March, 1666. He pablishedy
^ Piieriiet confabulatinncule;'' '* Aditas facilis ad linguam
Latinam ;^' << Corderius's CoUoqaies ;'* ^ Rndimenti cf the
Latin Grammar;*' '* Examination of the Common Aeci«*
dence/' and in all, above twenty litde books of this kind,
many of which were adopted in schools, and reprioted
again and again for the remainder of the seventeenth and
part of the eighteenth century.^
HOOLE (John), a dramatic poet and translator, Waa
the-son of Samuel Hool^ of London, watch-maker, by
Sarah his wife, the daughter of James Drury^ a clock*
maker, v<rhose family came from Warwickshire. He waa
born in Moorfiteids, in December 1727, and received part
of his early instruction from his uncle, a taylor, who lived
in Grub-street*. He was afterwards sent to a private
boarding-school in Hertfordshire, kept by Mr. James Ben*
net, die publisher of Roger Ascham's works, "where he
acquired an accurate knowledge of the Latin and French
languages, and a small portioit of the Greek. His father^
who had carried on the business of watch-making to con--
siderable advantage, in consequence of some newly-in-
vented machifiery of his own construction, wished to have
Bis son brought up to his own trade, but his being ex-
tremely near*sighted proved an instiperable objection^ and
therefore, at the age of seventeen, he was placed as a clerk
in the Eiast^ India-house, in the aocountant*s office. At
this time, as he otten accompanied his father to the Aeatre^
who had access behind the scenes^ and assisted in 'c6n«»
fltructing some of the pantomime scenery, he contracted
a fondness for this amusement which might have been
fatal to him, for he had no qualifications for the stage, had
not his father prevented him. He employed his leisure
hours, therefore, more profitably, in improving himself in
the Latin, and especially the Italian tongue, which last
he studied with a view to be able to read in the original
bb favourite Ariosto, of wtiom, when a boy, he beoime
enamoured by reading the <* Orlando Furioso^* in sir John
Harrington's old translation.
' From admiring he proceeded to trltdslate this poet, but
laid this tadk ^id^ for some time, to execute a translation
' Ath. Ox.T0Kn.
^ Wben this little «ircamst
tbe
* Wden this little circumstance waf mentioned bj Mr. Hoole taJDr. J«bM9B,
e latter said, sobHingi ** Sir» you have been reguUrlp edttciitc4.**
Vol. XVIII. L
U6 Kd O IE.
of Tasso's f^ Jerasalem Delivered/' which be begam ii*
I75^S, and printed in 1761. a specimen for the peru»at o£
kis friends, who probably encouraged: bioi to proceed, a»
in 1763 he published the whole, and was permitted to de-»
dicate and present it at court to the qtieen. Tbe.dedica*
tion was written by Dr. Johnson. This was Mr. Hoole^.»
first avowed production, but he had before printed a fewr
poetical essays wkhout his name, . and a Monody on the
death of Mrs. Woffington, which is in Pearcb's coilectioo.
In 1767 he published two volumes of the dramas of Metas-
tasio, consisting of. six pieces^ a copy of which he traas^^
Hiitled, to the author, who wrote a very elegant letter to
him. His. own dramas were, *^ Cyrus,'* 1768.; '^Timao*-*
thes,*' 1770 ; and ^^ Cleof>ice,'* 1775 ; none of which had
success on the stage.
: : In 1773, the first voluniie of bis " Orlando Furio^'! ap-
peared, and .was favourably received, but the farther pro-
secution of the work was interrupted by his appointment
to the office of auditor of Indian accounts to the East India
company, which occupied much of his time aiKi attention*
Returning' again, however, to his task, be coo^pleted the
<^ Orlando Furioso*' in 1783, in 5 vol^. 8vo. . In 17S5 he
wrote the life of his friend Mr. Scott, the poet of Amwell,
with whom be bad become acquainted in 1757, by mar*
rying a quaker lady, Susannah Smith, of Bishop Stortford.
About the end of 17 S3 he resigned his employment in the
ladia^ house,, after a service of nearly forty-two years; and
in April 17S6 retired with his wile and son, the rev. Sa-»
mael tHoole, to the parsonage-rhouse of Abinger, near
Dorking. Here, adverting to the objections which had
been niade to the length and perplexity of Arioso's poem,
he published *' The Orlando, reduced to twenty-four books^
the narrative connected, and the stcuries disposed in a re-
gular series,'* 1791, 2 vols, dvo; but thia has not prevented
the republication of his |E»rmer edition, whicb^ wiU^ all its^
imperfections, coaveya tiie truest idea of the tediops and
extravagant jonginal* In 1792 he gave to the JEIngUsh.
Sublic Tasso's juvenile poem of ^' Rinaldo.'* His,last prq-
uction was a more coniptete collection of Metast^iofs
5*. Dramas aud other Poems*' i^ 3 vqIs» 8vo. In tbis^ iiF we
mistake not, Mr. Hoole has displayed more poetical energy
and varie^ than tn his translations of Tasso and Ariosto»
in which his chief merit is snoooth versification, and bi»
^hief defect a want of variety in his harmony* Mr» Hoole
H O O L E« 147
died at Dorkiog, Aug. 2, 1803, leaving the reptltmtion of
an amiable and estimable man in his private character } a
man of taste, and a good -scholar. He lived much in ha«
Irits of friendship with Dr. Johnson, and attended that
eminent man in his last illness, of which be left an iil«
terestirig diary. '
HOOPER (Dr. George), an eminent English divine^
son of George Hooper, gent, was borp at Grimley> ia
Worcestershire, Nov. 18, 1640, and educated in grammar
and classical learningfirst at St PauPs, and afterwards at
WestminsCer-school, where he was a king's scholar. From
thence he was elected to Christ-church in Oxford, in 1657,
where be took his degrees at the regular times ; and dis-
tinguished himself above his contemporaries by his supe«
rior knowledge in philosophy, mathematics, Greek and
Roman antiquities, and the oriental languages, in whieh
last he was assisted by Dr. Pocock. In 1672 he became
.chaplain to Morley, bisbc^ of Winchester, who collated
him to the rectory of Havant, in Hampshire> which, the
situation being unhealthy, he resigned for the rectory of
East Woodbay, in the same county. In July 1673 he
took the degree of B. D. and not long afterwards became
chaplain to archbishop Sheldon, who begged that favour
of the bishop of Winchester, and who in 1675 gave hioi
the rectory of Lambeth, and afterwards the precentor^ip
of Exeter. In 1677 he commenced D. D. and the same
year, being made almoner to the princess of Orange, he
went over to Holland, where, at the request of her royal
highness, he regulated her chapel according to the usage
of the church of England. After one year's attendancey
he repassed the sea^ in order to complete hb« marriage to
Abigaili daughter of Richard Guildford, gent, the treaty
for which had been set on foot before his departure. He
then went back to her highness, who had obtained a pro*
mise from him to that purpose ^ but, after a stay of about
eight months, she consented to let h^m jreturn borne. In
1680 he is said to have been offered the divinity-profes-
sorship at Oxford, but the succession to that chair had
been secured to Dr. Jane. About the same time, however.
Dr., Hooper was made king's chaplain. In 16S5, by the
king's command, he attended the duke of Monmouth, and
t E«ropean Mag. fpr 1*793.— Biog, Dram.-- Geut^ Mag, voU ZJQCZll«— Nl-
cfaofs't Bowyer.— Boswell's Johnson.
L 2
141 B O O P E R.
bad nueh free conversation with him in the Tower, iMOlfa
the evening before, and the day of his execution, on
which, tiiat unhappy nobleman assured him ^* be bad made
bis peace with God,'' the nature of which persuasion Dr»
Hooper solemnly entreated him to consider well, and theit
waited on him in his last moments. The following year
be took a share in the popish controversy, and wrote a
treatise, which will be mentioned presently with bis Works.
In 1691, he succeeded Dr. Sharp in the deanery of Can<i>
terbury. As he never made the least application for pre*
ferment, queen Mary surprised him with this oiler, when
the king her husband was absent in Holland. With a dis-
interestedness not very common, he now proposed to re-^
sign either of his livings, but the queen observed that
1* though the king and she never gave two livings to one
man, yet they never took them away,'' and ordered him
to keep both. However, be resigned the rectory of Wood*
hay.' He was made chaplain to their majesties the same
year. In 1698, when a preceptor was chosen for the duke
of Gloucester, though both the royal parents of that prince
pressed earnestly to have Hooper, and no objection wat
ever made against him, yet the king named bishop Burnet
for that service. In 1701, he was chosen prolocutor to
the lower bouse of convocation ; and the same year waa
offered the primacy of Ireland by the earl of Rochester^
then lord-lieutenant, which he declined, in May 1703^
he was nominated to the bishopric of St. Asaph. This h<^
accepted, though against his inclination : on this occasion
he resigned Lambeth, but retained his other preferme^its
with Uiis bishopric, in which, indeed, he continued but
a few months, and on that account he generously refused
the usual mortuaries or pensions, then so great a burthen
tb the. clergy of Wales, saying ** They should never pay
0O dear for the si^t of him." In March following, being
translated to &e bishopric of Bath and Wells, be ear*
Bestly requested her majesty to dispense with the (»rder^
not only on account of the sudden charge of such a trans*
latioD, as well as a reluctance to remove, but also in re-^
gard to his friend Dr. Ken, the <)eprived bishop of that
]dace^ ibr whom he begged the bishopric. The queen
feadily complied with Hooper'^ request ; but the offer
being declined by Ken, Hooper at his importunity yielded
to become bis successor. He now relinquished the deanery
•f Canterbury, but wished to have retained the. precentor-
HOOPER. 149
ship of Exeter in comnHndanif sdely for tbe use df 'Dr.
Ken. Bot this was not agreeable to Dr. Trektwney, bl« .
shop of Exeter. His intention, however, was supplied hy
the bounty of tbe queen, who conferred .an annual pen-
sion of 200/. on the deprived prelate. In 1705, bishop
Ho<^r distinguished himself in the debate oii the dangefr
of the church, which, with many other persons, he ap-
prehended to be qaore than imaginary. His observation
was candid ; he complained with justice of that invidious
distinction which the terms high church and law church op^
casioned, and of that enmity which they tended to pro-
duce. In the debate in 1706, he spoke against the union
between England and Scotland, but grounded his argijH
ments on fears which have not been-realized. In 1709-10,
when the articles of SacbeverelPs impeachment were
debated, he endeavoured to excuse that divine, and en-
tered bis protest against the vote, which he could not
prevent.
But, whatever were his political opinions, bis prudent,
courteous, and liberal behaviour in his diocese, secured
tbe esteem both of tbe laity and clergy. To the latter ha
was a faithful friend. For while he con6ned his prefer^
ments to those of bis own diocese, bis disposal of them
was judicious and disinterested. The modest were often
dignified without any expectation, and the diligent were
always advanced without the least solicitation. His regu^
lation also in official proceedings was so conspicuous, that
'* no tedious formalities protracted business, no imperious
officers insulted the clergy.*' The regard which he ex«-
perienced, inseparably attached him to this diocese,^ and
it is said that he could not be prevailed on to accept the
see of Loudon on ^the death of Dr. Compton, or that of
York op the death of Dr. Sharp*
Having presided over the see of Bath and Wells twenty-*
three years and six months, and having nearly attained to
tbe great age of eighty-seven, he died at Barkley, in So*
mersetshire, whither he sometimes retired, Sept. 6, 1727.
His remains were interred^ at his own request, in the ca-
thedral of Wells, under a marble monument with a Latin
ioscriptiop, and adjoining to it is a monument with an in«
scripcion to the oiemory of his wife, who died the year be-
fore him. By this lady he had nine children, one of whooa
oniy^ a dau^ter, survived hiiii» then tbe widow of
150 HOOPER.
It had been observed of this prelate by the celebrated
Dr. 9usby, ** that he was the best scholar, the finest gen*
ttleman, and would make the completest bishop that ever
was educated at Westminster-school ;*' and Dr. Coney,
who knew the bishop well, has proved this testimony to
have been just in every respect. Bishops Burnet and At-
terbury are the only writers of any note who have spoken/
evidently from prejudice, against him, as an ambitious
man, a charge which the history of his promotions amply
refutes.
Besides eight sermons, he published several books in
his life-time, and left several MSS. behind him, some of
which he permitted to be printed. The following is a ca-
talogue of both: 1. "The Church of England free from
the imputation of Popery,'* 1682. 2. "A fair and me-
thodical Discussion of the first and great Controversy be-
tween the Church of England and the Church of Rome,
conceruing the Infallible Guide: in three Discourses.*'
The first two of these were licensed by Dr. Morrice, in
1687, but the last was never printed. 3. " The Parson's case
under the present Land-Tax, recommended in a Letter to
a member of the House of Commons,*' 1689. 4. ** A
Discourse concerning Lent, in two Parts. * The first, an
historical account of its observation : the second, an essay
coiicerning its original. This subdivided into two repar-
titions, whereof the first is preparatory, and shews that
most of our Christian ordinances are derived from the
Jews ; and the second conjectures, that Lent is of the same
original," 1694. 5. A paper in the ** Philosophical Trans-
actions^* for Oct. 1699, entitled ^^ A Calculation of the
Credibility of Human Testimony.'*" 6. " New Danger of
Presbytery," 1737. 7. " Marks of a defenceless Cause.'*
8. ** A Narrative of the Proceedings of the lower House
pf Convocation from Feb. 10, 1700, to June 25, 1701, vin-
dicated.** 9. ^^ De Valentinianorum Haeresi conjectural
quibus illius origo ex ^gyptiaca theologia deducitur,*'
1711.. 10. *^ An Inquiry into the state of the ancient Mea-
sures, the Attic, the Roman, and especially the Jewish.
With an Appendix concerning our old English money and
measures of content,** 1721. 11. ^<De Patriarchae Jacobi
Benedictione Gen. 49, conjecturae,*' published by the rev.
l)r.. Hunt, afterwards the Hebrew professor, with a pre-
£tce and notes^ according to the bishop's directions to the >
editor, a little before his death. The MSS. before men<«
H O O P E "R. 151
r
fioned are Ibe two foiiowing: 1. *^ A Latin Sermoii,
preached in 1672, when he took the degree of B. D. ; and,
5. " A Latin Tract on Divorce." A beautiful edition of
his whole works was printed at Oxford, 1757, foHo, by the
above Ihr. Hunt.^
HOOPER, or HOPER (John)^ an eminent prelate and
foaityr, was born in Somersetshire, in 1495 ^ and entered
of Merton college, Oxford, in 1514, under the toition of
his uncle John Hooper, i^ fellow of that house. In l5iS
he was admitted B. A. ; the only degree he took in this
university. It is supposed that be afterwards became one
of the number of Cistercians, or white monks, and conti-
nued some years, until, becoming averse to a monastic^ life,
be returned to Oxford, where, by the writings of some of
the reformers which had reached that place, he was in'-
duced to embrace the principles of prptestantisni. In
1539, when the statute of the six articles was put in exe-
cution, he left Oxford, and got into the service of sir Tho^
-mas Arundel, a Devonshire, gentleman, to whom he be^
•came chaplain, and steward of bis estate ; but this gentle>-
man discovering his principles, withdrew his protectiotf^
and he was then obliged to go to France, where he conti-
nued for some time among the reformed, until his dislikb
of some of their proceedings made him. return to En^ldndn
but, being again in danger here, he in thor disguise of a
sailor -escaped to Ireland, and thence to Holland and Swis-
«erland. At Zurich he met with BuUingef, himself a re«.
fttgeefrom bis country for the sake of religion, ami v^boi,
therefore, gave Hooper a friendly reception. During bte
residence Im^o, Hooper married a Burgundian lady.
On the accession of king Edward in 1547, Hooper was
enabled to return to England, and settled in London, wb^r^
he frequently preached the doctrines of the reformation;
but bad imbibed abroad such notions on the ^subject 6(
church government, and the habits, as rendered bispriti-
xiples somewhat suspected by archbishop Cranmer, and
.Ridley, a.nd prevented his co-operating with them so ton-
diaUy as .could Imve been wished in that critical time. Id
4lQC^rin9ll malters, however, he was an able asiiistant, being
Aman!of leat^iog, anda good philosopher and critic; When
Bonner was to be deprived of bis bishopric, he wasiuie of
- } Tod<H».Li<reh of Fthe.Oeatii -of Canterbacy^»«^«ii. lMct.-^ciit; Msf. vol.
XVII. and LXIL^Bamet's Own Timef.^-Nicluils'ii AtMiH)W^P*Atli» Oxr toV.
Ji«--Niebols'i Bowyen
4l«e H O O P E «.
.bis »ocuaen ; iiAieh, no doobt, would mcooiiDeiid hiflD as
.an aqceptable saqrifice in the following bloody reign. By
the interest of the earl of Warwick, be was noouaated and
dectecl bishop of Gloucester ; but, when he came to be
consecrated or invested by archbishop Cranmer and bishop
Ridley, he refused to wear a canonical habit ; aiid it was
not; until these ceremonies were dispensed with by tbe
king's authority, that he was consecrated bishop, in 1550;
and about two years after, he had the btshopcic of W6r-
* ^ce^ter given to him, tp keep in commendam with the fof-
men He now preached often, visited his dioceses, kept
^eat hospitality for the poor, and was beloved by maoj.
But in the persecution under Mary,, being then near sixly
J ears of age, and>refusing to recant bis opinions^ be was
ucned in the city of Gloucester, Feb. 9, 1554, and su^
iier^d death with .admirable constancy.
He published many writings, some of which are to be
found in Fox's book of the ** Acts and Monuments of the
Church." The others are^ 1. '< Answer to the Lord Win-
chester's book, entitled A detection of the Devil's Serbia*
try, &c." Zurich, 1 547, 4to. 2. <' A Declaration of Christ
and his office," ibid. 1547, 8vo, and afterwards 12mo. S*
^< Lesson of the Incarnation of Christ," Lond. 1549, Svo.
.4. *' Sermons on Jonas," ibid. 1550, 8vo. 5. ^ A godly
confession and protestation of the Christian Faith," ibid,
1550. 6. ^< Homily to be read in the time of pestilence,^'
Worcester, 1553. 7. ^ Certain sentences written in pri-
son^" Lond. 1 5S9^ 8vo. 8. '^ An Apology -against the un^-
true and slanderous report, that he should be a maintainor
and encourager of such that cursed the queen's highness,"
ibid. 1562. 9. ** Comfortable Expositions on the 23d,
62d, 73d, and 77th Psalms," ibid. 1580, 4to. 10. <« Anv
notations on the 13th Chapter to the Romans," ibid. 1683.
11. << Twelve Lectures on the Creed," ibid» 1581, 8vo.
12.. '< Confession of the Christian Faith, containing 100
articles," ibid. 1581, 8vo, 1584, 4to. 13. ^* Deelaration
of the ten holy Commandments," ibid. 1550, 1588, 8vo.
There are also som^ pieces of Hooper^s in Burnet's ^* His«
tory of the Reformation," to which, as well aa to Fox, the
reader may. be referred for many particulars o£ his life and
deaith.*
* B«tt«taii<F4ttoUiB|im.«-5tryjtt'tCraDiiier,ptti]m.«^Ailk<^ f.«»
H O O R N B E B C K. 15ft
iiOOftNBEECK (JofiN), an iHuatrioiis prt>fes8or of dl^
Tinity in the universities of Utrecht and Leyden, was bortk
at Haeriem in 1617, and studied there till he was sixteen,
when he was sent to Ley den, and afterwards in i6S5y went
lo study at Utrecht. In 1632, he was admitted a minister^
went to perform the functions of his office secretly at Co*
logne, and was never discouraged by the dangers to which
he was exposed, in a city where most of the inhalMtants were
sealous papists. He returned to Holland in 1643, and that
year was made D. D. The proofs he gave of his great
learning were such, that he was chosen in 1644 to fill the
chair of divinity professor at Utrecht ; and the next year
waa OMide minister in ordinary of the ehurch in that city.
Ilowever difficult the functions of these two eniiployments
were, yet he acquitted himself in them with great diligence
almost ten years. As a pastor, be often visited the mem*
bera of his church : he encouraged the pious, instructed
the ignorant, reproved the wicked, refuted the hereticti,
comforted the afflicted, refreshed the sick, strengthened
the weak, eheenod the drooping, assisted the poor. As a
professor, he took as much care of the students in divinity,
as if they had been his own children : he used to read not
only public lectures, but even priv^e ones, for them ; and
to hold ordinary and extraordinary disputations. He was
chosen to exereise the same employments at Leyden
which be had at Utrecht, and accepted them in 1654. He
died in 1666; and though he was but forty-nine years of
i^e, yet considering bis labours, it is rather a matter of
wonder that he lived so long, than that he died so soon.
He published a great number of works, didactical, pole*
mical, practical, historical, aiid oratorical. The principal
are^ *' A Refutation of Socinianism,^ from 1650 to 1664^,
3 vok. 4to ; a treatise for the <* Conviction of the Jews,**
165«, 8vo, and/< of the Gentiles,'* 1669, 4to; << A Systeoi
of Practical Divinity/' 4to ; << Theological Institutions,'*
&c. ; aU in Latin. He understood many languages, both
ancient and modern ; the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic,
Syjriac, Rabbinical, Dutch, German, English, French, Ita«
lian, and aome little of Arabic and Spanish. He never
depasled one inch from the most strict orthodoxy ; and
was not leas commendable for bis integrity, than for his
parts and learning. Bayle, who had little in common with
io s^und a divine/ e^hibiil;js him as th^ complete model of
U4 H O O R K £.
a' good pastor and divinity-pcofessor. He married at
Utrecht in 1650 ; and left two $on«.^
HOORNE (John Van), a distinguished anatomist and
physician, was born at Anisterdatn in 1621, and educated
at the university of Utrecht, where he went through bis
medioal studies with honour. With a view to farther im*
provement he visited Italy ; biit on his arrival in that coun-
try he entered the Venetian army, in which he served for
some time. Subsequently, however, his taste for science
returned; and having studied under the most eminent
prpfessors of Italy, ^be went to the universities of Basil,
Moutpellier, and Orleans, in thcf first of which he received
the d^ree of M. D. On his return he was appointed pro-
fessor of anatomy and surgery at Amsterdam ; and in 1653
he wa9 made professor of the same sciences in the univer-
sity of Leyden, where he died January 1670.
Van Hoonie was a man of considerable literary attain-
jnents, being master of eight languages. His reputation
with posterity, however, rests principally on his anatomical
knowledge. He seems to have first described the thoracic
diict in the human body, which Pecquet bad already de-
monstrated in other animals ; and the intimate structure of
the testes. He drew a great number of anatomical figures,
with great elegance; and besides editing the works of
Botallus, in 1660, and the book of Galen ^^ De Ossibus,**
with the commentaries of Vesalius, Sylvius, ^g. in 1665,
be wrote, 1. ^ Ei^rcitationes Anatomicse I & II ad Obser-
vationes Fallopii anatomtcas,^' &c. Liege, 1.649, 4to. 2.
« Novus ductus cbyliferus, nunc primilm delineatus, de-
scriptus, et eruditorum examini propositus," ibid. 1652.
3. ^^ Microcosmus, seu brevis manuductio ad historiam
corporia humani, in gratiam discipuloium," ibid. 1660,' and
several subsequent editions. 4. '^Microtechne, id est, bre-
Tissima Chirurgise Methodus," ibid. 1663, 1668, Lipsis^,
1675. 5. ^^ Prodromus Observatioiium suarum circa partes
genitalesin utroque sexu," Leyden, 1668. This work was
afterwards published by Swammerdam, who had made the
greater part of the experiments there recorded, of which
Van Hoorne only paid the expences, under the title -^'Mi-
raculum Naturae," 1612^ 4to. 6. ^* Observationes Anato-
mico- Medics," &c. Amst. 1674, 12mo. 7. A posthumous
^Gen. Diet. — ^Nioeron, vol. XXXIII.— BarmaD Traject* Erud.— «Freheri
H O O R N E. 135
t
t
eollectiof^ under the titU of ^* Opuscula Anatomico-Cbi*
rargica/* was published by professor Pauli, at Leipsic, iti
1707, 8vo, with aiuiotaiions.^
HOPE (John), an eminent professor of botany in the
university of Edinburgh, was the son of Mr. Robert Hope,
surgeon, and grandson of lord Rankeilar, one of the sena-
tors of the college of justice in Scotland. He was bora
May 10, 1725, and educated at the university of Edin-
burgh, where his attention was first directed to the niedi«
cal art. He afterwards visited other medical schools, par-
ticularly Paris, where he studied his favourite science,
botany, under the celeWated Bernard Jussieu. On his
return to Scotland, he obtained the degree of M. D. from
the university of Glasgow in 1750, and being a few months
after admitted a member of the royal college of physicians,
Edinburgh, entered upon the practice of medicine in that
city. On the death of Dr. Alston, in 1761, he was ap-
pointed king's botanist in Scotland, superintendant of the
royal garden, and professor of botany and materia medica«
The latter, the professorship of materia medica, he resigned
in 1768, and by a new commission from bis majesty, was
nominated regius professor of medicine and botany in the
university, and had the offices of king's botanist and super*
intendant of the royal gardens conferred upon him for life,
which till that time had been always granted during plea-
sure only. While he thus enjoyed his honours at home,
be received the most flattering marks of esteem from the
learned of other countries, having been elected a member
not only of the royal society of London, but also of several
celebrated foreign societies, and having been enrolled in
the first class of botanists even by Linnaeus, who denomi-
nated a beauuful shrub by the name of Hopea ; and at a
time when he might be justly considered as at the very
head of his profession in Edinburgh, holding the distin-
guished office of president of the royal college of )phy-
sicians, he was seized with an alarming illness, which, in
the space of a few days, put a period to his life, Nov. 10,
1786* This gentleman richly deserves to be remembered
as one of the earliest lecturers on the vegetable physiology,
as well as an experienced practical botanist. Edinburgh
is indebted to his spirit and perseverance, in establishing
and providing suitable funds for its botanic garden, one of
the first in the kingdom.
} Moreri.-— Reet'i Cyclop«dia»
150 HOPE.
Besides some useful manuals for facilitating the ac<)a»l-
tion of botany by his students^ Dr. Hope was long engaged
ID the composition of an extensive work^ on which be be«
stowed much study and reflection ; the object of which
was^ to iBcrease the advantages which result from the highly
ingenious artificial system of Linnseus^ by conjoining with
it a sysleoni of vegetables distributed according to Ibeir
great natural orders. He had made v.ery considerable pro-
gress in this valuable work ; and it is much to be regretted
by every lover of botany, that it was left imperfect at his
death. Two valuable dissertations were published by him
in the Philosophical Transactions, one on the Rheum pal"
matump and the other on the Ferula ^ssqfcsttda^ in which
he demonstrates the practicability of cultivating these twa
officinal plants in our own country. The true rhubarb has
been since extensively and successfully cultivated ; but thai
of the assafcetida plant has not been equally attended to.*
HOPE (Sir Thomas), a Scotch lawyer, was the son of
Henry Hope, a merchant of Edinburgh, who had many
commercial transactions with Holland, where he afterwards
resided, and where he married Jacque or Jacqueline de
Tott. His son Thomas soon distinguished himself at Ihe
bar ; and was made king's advocate in 1627, when he was
also created a baronet by Charles I. .He however attached
himself to the covenanters, and was consulted by them in
all difficult points. The king nevertheless, perhaps either
to render him suspected to that party, or with a view to
win him over, appointed sir Thomas commissioner to the
general assembly in August 1643.
Sir Thomas Hope, died in 1646, leaving large states to
three sons ; the youngest, sir 'James, being ancestor of
the Hopetoun family, which arose to great wealth from
bis marriage with Anne, heiress of John Foulis of Leadw
hills in Lanarkshire, these mines being an unfailing source
of opulence. The works of sir Thomas Hope on the Scot^
tish law continue to be valued: they are his ^' Minor
Practics,'' and his ^^ Decisions.'* He also wrote some
Latin poems, and an account of the earls of Mar. There
are several of bis MSS. in the Advocates' library, Edin*
burgh.*
HOPKINS {Ez^KiEL)y a learned and worthy prelate,
who experienced a hxe extremely singular, was born in
1 Life by Dr. Duncan, Medical CommenUrieSi Dec. ii. vol. III.
< Pinkerton's Scottish G»Uery4
H O P K I N S. 151
16^3, at dandfbrd in Devonshire, where his father Wat
curate ; became chorister of Magdalen college, Oxford, in
1649; at the age of about sixteen, he was usher of the
school adjoining, being already B.A. ; he was chaplain of
the college when M. A. ; and would have been fellow, had
his county qualified him. AH this time be lived aud wiui
educated under presbyterian and independent discipline ;
and about the time of the restoration became assistant to
I^. Spurstow of Hackney. He was afterwards elected
preacher at one of the city churches ; the bishop of Lon*
don, however, refused to admit him, as he was a papular
preacher among the fanatics ; but after some time be wail
settled in the parish church of St. Mary Wolnoth. Having
retired to Exeter on account of the plague, he obtained
the living of St. Mary's church at Exeter, was counte*
Banced by bishop Ward, and much admired for the come^
liness of his person and elegance of preaching. The lord
Robartes in particular (afterwards earl of Truro) was so
fyleased with htm, that he gave him his daughter Araminta
in marriage, took him as his chaplain to Ireland in 16^69^
gave him the deanery of Raphoe, and recommended hitn
so effectually to his successor lord Berkeley, that he was
oonsecrated bishop of Raphoe, Oct 27, 1671, and trans-
lated to Londonderry in I6i8l. Driven thence by the
forces Under the earl of Tyrconnel, in 1688, he retired
into England, and was elected minister of Aldermanbxiry
in Sept. 1689, where he died, June 22, 1690. He pub-
lished five single sermons, afterwards incorporated in two
volumes ; ** An Exposition of the Ten Commandments,**
1692, 4to, with bis portrait ; and an <* Exposttioa of the
Lord's Prayer,** 1691, alt printed in one volume, 1710,
folio. An edition of his works has very recently appeared
in 4 vols. 8vo. *
HOPKINS (Charles), son of the preceding, was bom
at Exeter, ih 1 664 ; but his father being taken chaplain to
Ii^land, he received the early part of his education at Tri«
nity college, Dublin; and afterwards was a student at
Queen*s college, Cambridge, where he took the degree of
B. A. in 1688. The rebellion breaking out in Ireland in
that year, he returned thither, and exerted his early valour
in the cause of his country^ religion, and liberty. Whea
public trtinquiUity was restored, he came again into Eng-*
» Atii. Ox. Tol. ll.^Prioct's Wortlii^s of Devon.— Nicbal«?6 Poem*.
158 HOPKINS-
land, and formed an acquaintance with gentlemen of mtf
whose age and genius were most agreeable to his own. In
1694 he published some ^^ Epistolary Poems and Transla-*
tions," which may be seen in Nichols's <^ Select CoUec*
lion ;" and in 1695 he shewed his genius as a dramatic
writer, by " Pyrrhus -king of Egypt," a tragedy, to which
Congreve wrote the epilogue. He published also in that
year, "The History of Love,'' a connection of select fables
from " Ovid's Metamorphoses," 1 695 ; which, by the
sweetness of his numbers and easiness of his thoughts, pro-
cured him considerable reputation. With Dryden in par-
ticular he became a great favourite. He afterwards pub-
lished the *^ Art of Love," which, Jacob says, *^ added to
bis fame, and happily brought him acquainted with the
earl of Dorset, and other persons of distinction, who were
fond of his company, through the agreeableness of his
temper, and the pleasantry of his conversation. It was in
his power to have made his fortune in any scene of life ;
but he was always more ready to serve others than mindful
of his own affairs ; and by the excesses of hard drinking,
and too passionate an addiction to women, he died a martjrr
to the cause in the thirty-sixth year of ^is age." Mr.
Nichols has preserved in bis collection an admirable hymn,
'^ written about an hour before his death, wheti in great
pain." His " Court-Prospect," in which many of the prin-
cipal nobility are very handsomely complimented, is called
by JaQob " an excellent piece ;" and of his other poemd he
adds, ** that they are all remarkable for the purity of their
diction, and the harmony of their numbers." Mr. Hopkins
was also the author of two other tragedies; 'fBoadicea
Queen of Britain," 1697; and '* Friendship improved, or
the Female Warrior," with a humourous prologue, com*
paring a poet to a merchant, a comparison which will bold
in most particulars except that of accumulating wealth.
The anthor, who was at Londonderry when this tragedy
came out, inscribed it to Edward Coke of Norfolk, esq. in
a dedication remarkably modest and pathetic. It is dated
Nov. 1, 1699, and concludes, <^ I now begin to experience
bow much the mind may be influenced by the body. My
Muse is confined, at present, to a weak and sickly tene-
ment ; and the winter season will go near to overbear ker»
together with her household. There, are storms and tem-
pests to beat her down, or frosts to bind her up and kill
ber ; and she has no friend on her side but youtb to bear
HOPKINS. 159
ber throdgh; If that can sustain the attack, and bold out
^11 spring comes to relieve me, one use I shall make of
farther life shall be to shew how much I ^m, sir, your most
4eTOted humble servant, C. HopKiiii^.*'
• His feelings were but too accurate ; be died in the course
of that winter, 1700.'
. HOPKINS (John), another son of the bishop of Lon-
donderry, who deviated likewise fron^ his fathers cbarac-
ler^ was born January 1; 1675. Like bis elder brother,
bis poetry turned principally on subjects of love; like bim
too, bis prospects in life appear to have terminated unfor-
tunately. He published, in 1698, ''The Triumphs of
Peace, or the Glories of Nassau ; a Pindaric poem occa-
sioned by the conclusion of the peace between the Con-
federacy and France ; written at the time of bis grace the
duke of Ormondes entrance into Dublin.^' ** The design
itf Ibis poem^'' the author says in his preface, ^begini^
after the method of Pindar, to one great man, and rises to
another ; first touches the duke, then celebrates the ac-
tions of the king, and so returns to the praises of tb^ duke
ligain.." In the same year be published *^ The Victory of
Peath ; or the Fall of Beauty ; a visionary Pindaric poem,
occasioned by the ever-to*l^«depiored death of the r^bt
booourable the lady Cults,'' 8vo. But tbe principal per-
formance of J. Hopkins was ^ Amasia, (mt the woiiu tji tbe
Muses^ a collection of Pbems,'' 170O, in S reds. Eacb of
these little volumes is divided into three bocd»^ and each
book is inscribed to some beautiful patroness, among
inrbom. tbe duchess $>f Grafton stands foremost. Tbe last
book is inscribed ^^ To the memory of Amasia," whom he
addresses throughout these volumes in tbe character of
Sytvlu9. There is a vein of seriousness, if not of poetry^
runs throogh the whole performance. Many of Ovid's atd-
riep are very decently imitated ; '^ most of tbem," he says,
;« have been very well pei'formed.by-my brother, and pub-
lished some years since ; mine were written in another
JkJiD^om before X knew of bis." la one of bis dedications
be tells the lady Qlympia Robartes, *^Yoor ladyship's
lather, the late earl of Radnor, when goverBor-<>f Ireland,
was the kind patron to mine : be raised him to the first
steps.by which be afterwards ascende4 to tbe dignities he
b^re; . to tbo^e^ which rendered bis labours more coospica-
op^ m^ s^t in. a xooxe advaiHageous light those hfiag
* JmoVs Uresv*-)tbf^J>r«m.-!-*Ntcliob'» Poems;.
160 HOPKINS;
merits, which now make his memory beloved. . These, wci
yet greater temporal hooours, your family heaped on bim^
fay making even me in some sort related and allied to yott,
by his inter- marriage with your sister the lady Araminta^
How imprudent a yanity is it in me to boaat a father so
meritorious! how may 1 be ashamed to prove myself his soi^
by po^ry, the only qualification be so much excelled in,
but yet esteemed no excellence^ 1 bring but a bad proof
of birth, laying my claim in. that only thing he would not
own. These are^ however, madam, but the products ef
immature years ; and riper age, may, I hope, bring foitb
moreiolid works.'* We have never seen any other of his
writings: nor have been able to collect any farther parti-«
Cttlars of his life : but there is a portraut of him, under bia
poetical name of Sylvius.*
HOPKINS, John. See STERNHOLI>.
HOPKINS (WiLUAM), a learned divine of the churck
of England, was born at Evesham, in Worcestershire) iff
August 1^47, and was the son of the rev. George Hopkinfl^
whom Hickes terms a pious and learned divine, aftd who
was ejected for non-conformity. At school his son was so
great a proficient, that at twelve years of age he translated
an EngHsh poem into Latin verse, which was printed sowm
time before the restoration. At- thirteen he was admitted
commoner of Trinity-college, Oxford, under the learned
Mr. Stratford, afterwards bishop of Chester. He proceeded
M. A. in 1669, sometime before which he removed froai
Trinity-college to St. Mary-hall; He waa much noticed
by Dr. Fell, dean of Christ-church, who, it is supposed^
recommended him to the Hon. Henry Coventry, as hia
chaplain and companion in his embassy to Sweden; 6»
which he set out in Sept 1671. While in Sweden, Mri.
Hopkins applied himself to the study of northern anticjui*
ties, having previously studied the Saxon. After hb io«
turn in 1675, by Mr. Coventry's reeommeodation, he waft
preferred to a prebend in Worcester cathedral ; and from
bis installation, began ^o collect materials for a history of
this church, some of which fell afterwards into the bands of
Wharton and other antiquaries. In June 1678 he Was madd
curate of Mortlak^ in Surrey, and about 1680 was chosen
Sunday lecturer of the church of St. Lawrence Jewry, and
kk 1686 was preferred to the vicarage of Lindridge in
Woroestersbire. Ip 1691 he wais chosen master of Sc Ott**
1 NitMft'i
H 0 i^ K r N »: 161
wakJ^s hospital in Worcester, of tlie profit? of which he
made a fiind for the use of the hospital, and the beneBt of
his poor brethren there. He had proceeded D, D. at Ox-
ford in 1692. He died of a violent fever May 18J 1700,
and was interred in Worcester . cathedral. Hickes, who
{prefixed his Life to a volume of his Sermons, published in
1708, 8vo, gives him a high charajcter for piety, learning,^
and benevolence. He was a great benefactor to the library,
of Worcester cathedral. Although a man of extensive
reading and study, he published only, I. " Bertram or Ra-
tram, concerning the Body and Blood of the JLbrd, &c.
wherein M. Boileau's version and notes upon Bertram are,
considered, and his unfair dealings in both detected.'*' Ot
this a second edition appeared in 1688. 2. " Animadver-
sions on Mr. Johnson^s answer to Jovian, in three letters
to a country friend ;" and a Latin translation, with notes, of
a*smal( tract, written in the Saxon tongue, on the burial*
pilaces of the Saxon saints, which Dr. Hickes published in
his << Septentrional Grammar,** Oxford, 1705. Dr. Sopi-,
kins also assisted Gibson in correcting his Latin version of
the' Saxon Chronicle ; and made a new translation, with
no_tes and addition?, of the article " Worcestershire'* in
Camden's Britannia, published by Gibson.'
HOPKINS (William), an Arian writer, although bcr,
longing to the Church of England, was born at Monmouth
in 1706. He received the elements of a learned educa-
tion at his native town, whence be was sent to AIUSouls^
Oxford, in 1724. He was admitted to deacon's orders in
1728, and in the followmg year undertook the curacy of
Waldron, in Sussex. In 1731 he was presented to the
vicarage of Bolney, in the same county. .In 1753 he pub-
fished anonymously, ** An Appeal to the common sensei^
of all Christian peoplej more particularly the members of^
the*Church of England, wijth regard to an important point,
o{ faith and practice, iniposed upon their consciences.*!^
This excfted a controversy which was carried on many
years. In. 1756 he was elected master jof the grammar,
school of Cuckfield ; and in 17G6, undertook the curacy of
Slaugham, and continued to officiate there many; years,
and in his own parish of Bolney, makincr what alterations
be pleased in the service, at which the churchwamens were
pleased to connive. He supported the famous p^titioif to
•>
' Life by Dr. Hickes.^Aih Ox. vol. II.
Vol. XVIII. M
162 HOPKINS.
parliaipent for relief, in the m.aUer of subscription to the
liturgy and thirty-nine articles of the church ; and wrote
some pamphlets on the subject, but all anonymously. His
last work, in 1784, was " Exodus, a corrected translation,
with notes critical and explanatory," in which notes there
is little that can gratify the taste of curious and critical
readers, but so many severe reflections on the articles and
liturgy of the Church of England, that the Monthly Re-
viewef took for granted he bad quitted it, although in the
title he called himself the vicar of Bolney. Immediately
after this publication, his health began to decline; and his
mental faculties were greatly impaired before his decease,
which happened in 1786, when he had attained to his
eightieth year.'
HOPTON (Arthur), an English mathematician, was
son of sir Arthur Hopton, and born in Somersetshire. He
was educated at Lincoln college, Oxford, and after taking
bis degree of B. A. removed to the Temple, where he lived
in habits of friendship with the learned Selden. He died
in 1614, a very young man, not having attained to more
than his twenty-sixth year. He wrote a treatise on t^e
" Geodotical Staff ;** " The Topographical Glass, contain-
ing the uses of that instrument, the theodolite, plane table,
and circumferentor;'* "A Concordance of Yearis, con-
taining a new and a most exact computation of time, ac«
cording to the English accompt ;'* " Prognostications for
the years 1667 and 1614."»
HORAPOLLO, or HORUS APOLLO, was a gram-
marian, according to Suidas, of Panoplus in Egypt, who
taught first at Alexandria, and then at Constantinople,
tinder the reign of Theodosius, about the year 380. There
are extant under his name two books *< concerning the
Hieroglyphics of the Egyptians,** which Aldus first pub-
lished in Greek in 1505, folio. They have often been re*
published since, with a Latin version and notes ; but the
best edition is thit by Cornelius de Pauw at Utrecht, in
1727, 4to. Meanwhile there are many Horapollos of an*
riqutty ; and it is not certain, that the grammarian of
Alexandria was the author of these books. Suidas does
not ascribe them to him ; and Fabricius is of opinion, that
they belong rather to another Hdrus Apollo of more ancient
1 Life prefixed to an edition of bit '* Appeal," printed in llST.^-^Reeg'e Cy-.
«elop«dia.— MonUtly ReTtew, voU LXXJI. * Atb. Ox. vol. 1.
H O R A P O L L O. 163
standing, who flourisbed about 150O B. C. md wrote upoa
Hieroglyphics in the Egyptian language, and from whose
work an extract rather than a version has been made of
these two books in Greek. *
HORATIUS (QuiMTUS Flaccus), an ancient Roman
poet, and the most popular of vM the classical writers,
flourisbed in the age ot* Augustus, and was born at Venn-
Slum, a town of Apulia, or of Lucania, Dec. 8, U. C. 689,
i» €• 6S B. C. His father, the son of a freedman, and a
tax-gatherer, being a man of good sense, knew the ncces*
sity of instructing Ins son by setting before him the exam-^
pies of all sorts of persons, and shewing him whWt beha-
viour be should imitate, and what he should avoid : spur-
4ng bi'm on all the while to this imitation, by pointing out
the good eflfects of virtue, and the ill effects of vice. With,
this view he removed hin) to Rome when about ten years
of age, where he had the advantage of an education under
the best masters ; and when he was about eighteen, was.
sent to Athens, where he acquired all the accomplishments,
that polite learning and education could bestow.
. Brutus about this time going to Macedonia, as he passed
through Athens, took several young gentlemen to the army
with him; and Horace, now grown up, and quaMiied to set '
out into the world,, among the rest. Brutus made htm a
tribune, but he did not distinguish himself for courage, as '
at the battle of Philippi he left the field and fled, after he
bad shamefully flung away his shield. This memorable
circumstance of his life he mentions himself, in an Ode to
his friehd Pompeius Varus, who was with him in the same
battle of Philippi, and accompanied him in his flight: but
though running away might possibly save his life, it could
not secure bis fortune, which he forfeited ; and being thus.
reduced to want, he applied himself to poetry, in which he
succeeded so well, time he soon made himself known to
some of .the greatest men in .Rome. Virgil, as he has tokl'
usj was the first that recommended him to Maecenas ; and
this celebrated patron of learning and learned men grew so
food of him, that he became a suitor for him to Augustus^
and succeeded in getting his estate restored. Augustus,
highly pleased with his merit and address, admitted him
to a close familiarity with him in his private hours, and
afterwards made him ho small I offers of prefenhent, aU
1 Fabric Bibl. (Srac— Saxli Onomast.
M 2
1;64^ H O R A T I <!J a ^
wjxiph the poet bad the greatness of mind totefu^; and-*
tbe prin«e generosity enough not to be ofFenfJed at bis.
freedom. It is a sufficient proof of his indiffierei)ce»to^th^/
pride of a court, that he refused a place sq booourable ai^d:
advantageous as tliat of secretary to AugQs^u«. Qut he \\^d
a strong partiality to retirement and study^ free frqm.tbQ.
noise of hurry and ambition, although bis life does not apn
pear tohave beeii' untainted by the. follies of his youth and
nation.
When Horace was, about twrenty-sis years^ of age, Ap«
gustus found it necessary to make peace wjih Antony, th^t.
theyrmight unite against Pompey, their common enemy ;.
and for this end persons were sent to.Brundasium asde-.
puties, to conclude, the treaty between them. Mflpceuas.
going on Caesiar's part, Horace, Virgil, and some othery^
accompanied him. thither : and Horace has given a very
entertaining description of the journey in the fifth Satire of
his first book. This happened in Puliio's consulship, who wa^
about that time writing a history of the civil wars for the
last twenty years ; which occasioned Horace to address the
first Ode of the second book to him, and to represeot the
many inconveniences to which such a work must necessa*
rily expose him, if impartial enoMgh to assign tht; true
causes of the civil war between Caesar, and P^mpey^ and
their motives for beginning it. From the notes of Dacier
and Bentley, wbo have successfully fixed the time of bi^
writing some Odes and Epistles, it appears, that before Ue
was. thirty years of age, he had introduced himself, tQ the
acquaintance of the most considerable persons in Rooie ;
o£ which this Ode to PoUio may furnish a proof; fur his.
m/erit must have been well known, and his reputation welU.
established, before he could so familiarl}' address one. of.
Ppllio's high character: and he ivas too great a, master in
the science of men and manners, to have taken such a li*
berty if it had been inconsistent with propriety.
His love for retirement seems to have increased, with. hU
age, and for some years he was only at Rome in the springs
passing the sumcner in the country, and. the winter at Ta*<.
rentum. He never could be prevailed on to undertake any-
great work, though he was strongly solicited to it ; ye^ hia .
gratitude to Augustus called upon him sometiooies to tmg
bis triumphs over Pompey and Aqtpny, or the victorious. .
exploits oif Tiberius and Drusu^. His ** Carmen 8a)culare^*
be composed at the express command of Augustus^ aod tj)
H O R A T I U S. 165
i^HKgie Mri/>r6te khb the fir^t epistte of the sTecofid bddk.
'That priiice b^l ttndly Reproached bim with having 'said ib
'littk of hi^ in his writiirgs ; and a^ked him in ^ lettcfr
Writt&n oh thia occasion, ** whether he thought it would
'diJrgrlic^e hitii -with posterity, if he should seem to hav^
b^eh intimate with him ?^' upon which he addressed th^
'^}st}e just mentioned to him,
Horace, ithhough not a phitosof^herln the strictest sensc^^
'^discovered an inclination for the Epicurean t>hilosopby dur-
$Rg the greatest paVt of his life ; but at the latter end of it,
iseems to have ieiaiied a little towards the Stofc. He Was of
a cheerfikl temper, fond of ease and liberty, and went
pretty fat into the gallantries of his times], until he ad*
vahced in years. Dacier has very justly siaid that he Was k
poet in hh philosophy, and a philosopher in his poetry.
He met with hfis greatest misfortune, when ' his beloved
fViehd and patron Miaecenas died ; and this event is sup*
posed td have touched him so sensibly, that he did not
survive it long enough to lament him in an elegy. He died
not thahy days after, iged fifty-seven, Nov. 1 7, in the yeat
bf Rome 746j slbout eight years B. C. He was buried tiear
Milsbenas's tohib, and declared in his last words Augustus'
his heir; the violence of his distemper being such, that b^
W21S nbt able to sign his will. In his person he was very
short and bbrpulent, as we learn from a fragment of a let*
tei* of Au^dstds to him, preserved in his life by Suetonius ;
vrhete the emperor compares him to the book he sent him,
which was a Httle short thick volume. He was grey-baired
^bout forty ; subject tb sore eyes, which' made him use but
Hitle exercise; and of a constitution probably not the best;
lltf'ftd being unable to support hhn to a more advanced age,
tfaotfgh he seems to have managed it with very great care.
66nfiH0''t of )mmot*tal fam^ from his works, as all allow he
fe#y justly mr^t be, he exprcfssed his irfdffference to any
magtiifitr^tit ft^beral rites, of fruitless sorrows for his death.
of itf aWhdr so well kndwn, Arid whose merits have been
io clHiH iiid so mtnrtrtely canvassed by classical critics, it
would ^e unnecessary to say much in this place. Yet we
klioi^ tlt»t how to refrain fioni adding the sentiments of an
Aninie?i)ft living scbofar, which cannot easily be rivalled for
adoK^n^ss and elegante. The writings of Horace, says this
W^efd tritic, are famiKar to ni from dur Earliest boyhood.
Th^ caFf^ with them attractions which are felt in every
^idtt of UfeV aird' ahn'ott every rank of society. Tfaey
i«« H o il A T 1 1; s.
cbann alike by the harmony of the nooabers, and the purity
of the diction. They exhilarate the gay, and interest the
serious^ according to the different kinds of subjects upon
which the poet is employed. Professing neither the pre«»
cision of analysis, nor the copiousness of system, they have
a(ivantages, which, among the ordinary class of writers^
analysis and system rarely attain. They exhibit bumao
imperfections as they really are,, and human excellency as
it practically ought. to be. They develope every principle
of the virtuous in morals, and describe every modification
of the decorous in manners. They please without the glare
of ornament, and they instruct without the formality of
precept* They are the produce of a mind enlightened by
study, invigorated by observation ; comprehensive, but no^
visionary ; delicate} but not fastidious ; too sagacious to be
carped by prejudice, and too generous to be cranoped by
suspicion. They are distinguished by language adapted to
the sentiment^ and by effort proportioned to the occasion.
They cpntain elegance without affectation, grandeur with-
out bombast, satire without buffoonery, .and philosophy
without jargon. Hence it is that the writings of Horaco
are more extensively read, and more clearly understood,
than those of almost any other classical author. The ex- '
planation of obscure passages, and the discussion of con-
jectural readings, form a part of the education which is.
given in our public schools. The merits of commentatorsif,
SIS well as of the poet himself, are the subjects of our con*
versation ; and Horace, like our own countrym^m Shak*
speare, has conferred Celebrity upon ma|iy a scholar, who,
has been able to adjust his text,' or to unfold his allusions.
The works of some Roman and more Greek writers are in-«
Yolved in such obscurity, that no literary adventurer should
presume to publish a variorum edition of themi unless he
has explored the deepest recessed of criticism. Qut* in rie-
spect to Horace, every man of, letters knows where infor-
mation is to be bad, and every man of judgment will (iel
little difficulty in applying it to useful and even ornamen-
tal purposes. ^
The editions of Horace are numerous beyond those of
any other poet. jpr. Douglas, an eminent physician in
the last reign, collected four Jiundred and fifty. Among
these are valuable editions by Baxter, Bentley,, Bond,^
Cruquiusy Dacier, Desprez (the Delpfain)^ Gc|Soer, Lam-
binus, Muretus, Pulman, Sat^don, Zeunius, jcc. 8kc. t#
H O R B E R Y. 167
wfiich may be aJded the more recent editions of Janus^
Combe, WakcBeKI, Hunter, and Mitscberlichius.^
HORBERY (Matthew), a learned English divine, wa$
bom at Haxay in Lincolnshire, in 1707. His father w^
vicar of Haxay, but both he and his wife died when their
son was very young. The provision made for him wa4
400/. which barely defrayed the expence of his education,
first at Epworth, and then at Gainsborough. He was then
entered of Lincoln college, Oxford, where he obtained a
small exhibition, but afterwards was elected to a feilow'^
ship of Magdalen, which extricated him from many diflSi*
culties, his poor inheritance having been long before eX"
pended. He took his master's degree at Lincoln previous
to this, in 1733, and when admitted into orders pres^faed
before the university with great approbation ; and be-
coming known as a young man of much learning and
personal merit. Dr. Smallbroke, bishop of Lichfield, who
had appointed him his chaplain, collated him successively
to the vicarage of Eccleshall, and the^curacy of GnosaU,
to which were afterwards added a canon ry of Lichfield and
the vicarage of Hanbury, on which last promotion he re*
sTgned Gnosall. The whole, however, of these prefer-
ments, even with the ..addition of his fellowship, were
scarcely equal to his expences, for he had very little no-
tion of accounts, or care about worldly things. He was
afterwards promoted by his college to the rectory of Stan«
lake, and then quitted Eccleshall, preferring Stanlaka
from its retired situation,' where he might indulge his fa-
vourite propensity to reading and meditation, and hare
^asy access to his beloved Oxford. He took his degree of >
B. D. in 1743, and that of D. D. in 1745, and died at
Stanlakie, Jan. '22, 1773.
In early life he was a coadjutor of Dr. Waterland in his
celebrated controversy on the Trinity ; arfd wrote, in 1785,
'^Animadversions upon a late Pamphlet, entitled * Chris-
tian Liberty asserted,' &c." The author of this pamphlet
,was John Jackson, whom he charges with having misre**
presented bishops Pearson and Bull, and particularly Dr.
Waterland, with whom he had then no personal acquaint*
ance. About this time bishop Hoadly made some ad*
f ahces to him, to which he paid no attention, as he greatly
^ .t . '
I Honitii Open* — Cn»ius>ft Liret of the Poets.— Life prefeed to Bof^awea^f
4feMlaiten.««'Brit. Criticy toU ni.-r«SA3ui Oaomatt.
168 H Q R B E R v.
disapproved Jus notions. By desire he published three
occasional sermons, but bis principal work was his treatise
on the " Eternity of Hell Torments,'* which appeared ia
1744, and was Written at the solicitation of bishop SmalU
broke. After his death a volume of his " Sermons'* was
published by his wife's, nephew.
Dr. Horbery bore the character of ^n amiable and ex-
cellent man, as well as of an able and sound divine, who
ii^alked, as his biographer says, steadily through those
profound depths of theology^ in whicji men of inferior
powers and attainments are Tost: but such was his uncom-^
inon modesty and invincible diffidence, that nothing could
draw him out into public life. On the death of Dr. Jenner,
president of Magdalen college, he resisted the solicitation
of a^ajority of the fellows to become a candidate, and Dr.
|Iorne, who was elected, paid him the compliment to say
ih^t he would never have, presented himself if Dr. Horbery
would have come forward. His library, consisting of 2000
volume^, in the best preservation, was sold for the small
^um of 120/.; but such was his reputation as a preacher,
that tsjfo hundred of his MS sermons, in the rough state in
which he first, composed them, were disppsed of for six
hundred guineas.*'
' HORNE, John Van. See HOORNE.
' tiORNE (George), the late amiable and exemplary
bishop of Norwich, was born Nov, I,' 1730, at Otham, near
Maidstone, in Kent, wher^ his father, the rev. Samuel
ftorne, was rector. Of four sons and three daughters he
was the second son ; and his education was commenced at
^ome 'under the instruction of his father. At thirteen,
'having made a gopd proficiency, he was sent to school at
Maidstone, under the rev. Deodatus Bye;, a mr.n of gocKl
principles; and at little more than fifteen, beipg elected to
a Maidstone scht'arship at University college,* Oxford, be
Went there to reiide« He Avas ^ much approved at his
college, that about the time when he took his bachelor's
degree, which was Oct. 27, 1 749, in consequence of a
strong, recommendation fropi that place, he was elected to
a kentish feliowship at Magdalen. Ou June 1, 1752, he
took his master's ^egre^e, and on Trinity Sunday, in the
year following, he was ordained by the bishop of Oxford,
and soon after preached bis iirst sermon for bis friend andl
» Gent. MaV. vol. IJilX. anU LXXVI. . "
9 O R N E. 169
:bi(igrapher« Mr. Jp^eSy at Finedon, in Nortbamptonsbire.
A $hort time , alter h^ preached in London with such sue-*
cess, that a person, eminent himself for the same talent,
pronounced him, without exception, the be3t preacher in
England.
At the early age of r^iueteeo, Mr. Home bad imbibed a
y^ery favourable opinion of the sentiments of Mr. Hutchin-
son ^ which he aftervvards adppted and disseminated with-
out disguise. Supported by the learning $ind zeal of his
i'riendsj Mr. Watson of University, college, Dr. Hodges,
provost of Oriel, and Dr. Patten, of Corpus, he ably vin-
dicated his principles against th^ intemperate invectives
to which tl^eir novelty exposed them. That part inde^
pf the Hutcbinspnian controversy which relateji to HebreM^
etyniology was discountenanced by Mr. Horne as, in a
gr^at me.asure, fanciful ^nd arbitrary. H^ con^dered it
of ir^Qpitely more importance to be employed in i^vesti-
fating fdcts than tp be disputing about verbal criticisms,
be principle^ of J^r. Hutf^U'nison beginning to extend
jtbeir influeoce iji t^e university, in 1756 a boh) attack was
ma^^ upon them in an $monymous pamphlet, entitled '* A
Wpyd to tiie Huti^binsi^i^i^ps.'? Mr. Home, considering
himself more particv^larly called upon for a defence, as
being personally aimed at in the animadver^ions, prodiiced
an Apology, which hais been universally admired for its
temper, learning, and good s^nse. The question agitated
seems rather to involve tbe very essense of religion, than
io coucej^n Mr. Hutchinson or his. principles. The pam->
jphle;t was attributed by the public in general, and Mr. Horne
in particular, to Mr. Kennicott, of £xeter college ; a man
who bad distinguished himself by an accurate aequaintande
with ll|e Hebrew, and two masterly dissertations, one on
Ihe Tree qf Life, t^e other on the Sacrifices of Cain and
Aft^ his Apology, Mr. Horne took an active part in the
contrpv^r^ with Mr. Kennicott on the propriety of col-
ja^ip4i;;j(h9 text of the Hebrew Bible with such manuscripts
^a c^^^ ^hen be procured, in order to reform tb^ te^i^t,
and prepare it for a ii^w traQslatiqu. into the English Ian*
gmig^., . Mr, llorfte stropgly plyjected %o tl^e proposal, from
^ p,^ti|i^siGm,,^mQi;ig other serious reasoiis, that the wid^
&princip]|e up9t^. which it vvas to be con<juc;ted vnigbt^en'^
^^nger ^h^ intere^ of genuir^e^Christianity. He oof^
seiy^th/^f, tJby4,upsomKl pri^cism tq which M^ text wqu14
i^ H O B If &
.tian ; and i^i» a scholat^ a tiiTifier, and a pi^eachdr, a man of
jao ordmary quaiifibations. The cheerfulness of his dispo-*
^tion is often marked, by tii« vivacity of <his writiO'gS) and
tbe sioicerity of liis heart is every w^bere idbnspicuous in
tl^em* So far was he from any tincttire of oovetousnedsfi
that be laid up jiotbing from bis preferaient»iin the cb«ir^b.
If lie was no loser at the year's ead be ^as:|il)erfe'Ctl5r satis-
fied. What be gave away w^% bestowed 'ovitih so tDuch se->
crecyt that it was supposed by soone persons to be iittl^ J
but, after bis*deatfa, when tbe pensioners, towfaom be bad
been a cotistaut beodfactor, rose up to I^tftt ab<^yt tbein
(qr soQie other support, it began to be knt)wn who, add
bow many they were.
Tbe works of bishop Home amount to a good tAM^
tuticles, wbicfa we shall notice in chronological order: I.
" Tbe Theology and Philosophy in Cicero's Somniutn
Scipionis explained ; or a brief attempt to demonstrate that^
the Newtonian system is perfectly agreeable to the notions
of ibe wisest autients, and that mathematical principles are
the only sure ones," Loud. 1751) 8vo. 2,*' A fair, can-
did, and impartial state of the Case between sir Isaac New-
U^a and Mr. Hutchinson," &c. Oxford, 1753^ 8va. 3^
H Spicilegium Sbuckfordianum ; or a nosegay fdf the cri^
tic«V' *tc. Lond. 1754, I2mo» 4. '* Christ and the Holy
Qbost the supporters of the Spiritual Life^" Sec. txvosef-
mous preached before the university of Oxford, 1755, Svo,
5, '* The Almighty jdstified in Judgment," a serrnon, 1756.
6. " An Apology for certain gentlemen in the university of
0.2cfordt aspersed in a late anonymous Pampbl6t," 1756,
Svo. 7. " A view of Mr. Kennicott's thethod of dorredtlhg
tlie Hebrew Text," &c. Oxford, 1760, Svo. «. *^ Cbtisi-
derations on the Life and Death of St. John tbd' Baptist,**
Oxford, 1772, Svo. This ' pleasing trac^t contained tb#
fiubt^unce of several senuons preached annually at Magdair
fen^college^ in Oxford, tlie course of which bdd commenced
In 1755. A seeond, edition in I2m05 v^ais pubFislied at
Oxford in 1777. ^^ ^^ Considerations ^n the projec<ted
IS^eformaiaon of the Church of England. In a leltteir ik> thd
right boa lord North. By aclergymiin," Lottdtm^ 1772,
4tol 10. <^ A Commentary on ti^ Boob of PsIiiAvs," .&e.
&e. Oxford,, 1776^' 2 voki 4t6. Reprinted in Svo, in 1778,
an4 three tunes sibee. Witb what stMlsftietion this good
man composed tbis piooC'Worl, may best b^ judged fron^
Ahe fcfttowtng paamge loiKs prcfaeev ^ CoVild the authofr.
H O R N iX 17$
SfttU^c hi/ns^if that any one would bar« batf the pleasure in
reading the following exposition, which he bath had in
writing it^ lie would not.fear the loss of- his labour. Tho
employniexit detached him from the bustle and hurry of
life, the din of politics, and the noise of folly; Vanity
and. vexation Sew away for a'season, care and disquietude
Qame not near his dwelling. He arose fre»h as the nioi*ning
tp his task; the silence of tlie night invited him to pursue
it.; and be can truly say that food and rest were not pre-
ferred before it. Every psalm improved infinitely on his'
acquaintance with it, and no one g^fve him uneasiness but
tb^ iaat ; for then be grieved that his work was done. Hap-
pier hours than thosewhich have been spent in these me-
ditations on- the songs of Sion he never expects to see in.
this worl'J. Very pleasantly did they pass, and move
smoothly and swiftly along ; for when thus engaged he
counted no timeu They are gone^ but have left a relish
and a fragrance on the mind, and the remembrance of them
i^ sweet.'* 1 1. ** A Letter to Adam Smith, LL. D. on the
Life, Death, and Philosophy of Dairid Hume, esq. By
one of the people called Christians,'* Oxford, 1777, l!2mo,
12. ^^ Discourses on several subjects and occasions," Ox«*
ford, 1779, 2 vols. 8vo. These sermons have gone through,
five editions. 13. ** Letters on Infidelity," Oxford, 1784,
12mo. 1 4 ** Tlie Duty of contending for the Faith,*" Jude,
ver. 3. preached at the primary visitation of the most re-
verend John lord archbishop of Canterbury, July i, 1786.
To which is subjoined, a *^ Discourse on the Trinity in
Unity, Mattb^ xxviii. 19." 1786, 4to. These sermons,
with fourteen others preached on particular occasions, and
all published separately, were collected into one volume,
8vo, at, Oxford, in 1795. The two have also been pub-
lisjied in 12mo, by the society for promoting Christian
knowledge, and are amoug the books distributed by that
SQciety. 15. " A letter to the rev. Dr. Priestley, by an
Undergraduate," Oxford, 1787. 16. *' Observations on
the Case of the Protestant Dissenters, with reference to
the Corporation and Test Acts," Oxford, 1790, 8vo. 17.
*' Charge intended to have been delivered to the Clergy
of Norwich, at the primary visitation," 1791, 4to. 18.
^^ Discourses on several subjects and occasions," Oxford,
17114, 8vo, vols. 3 and 4.; a posthumous publication. The
four volumes have since been reprinted in an uniform edi-
tion ; and lately an uniform edition of these £fnd his other
works, with his life, by Mr. Jones, has been printed in 6
174 H O R N E:
t
Tols. 8vo; Besides these, might be enninerited several
occasional papers in different periodical publications, but
particularly the papers signed Z. in the ^^ Olla Podriday**
a periodical work, conducted by Mr. T. Monro, then ba-
chelor t)f arts, and a demy of Magdalen college, Oxford. '
HORNECK (Dr. Anthony), an English divine, was
born at Baccbai*ack, a town in the Lower Palatinate, in
1641. His father was recorder or secretary of that town,
-a strict protestant ; and the doctor was brought up in the
^ame manner, though some, we find, asserted that he was
originally a papist. He was design<ed for the sacred mi-*'
nistry from his birth, and first sent to Heidelberg, where
he studied divinity under Spanheiro, afterwards professor
at Leyden. When he was nineteen he came over ta
England, and was entered of Queen^s college, in Oxford,
Dec. 1663; of which, by the interest of Barlow, then pro-
vost of that college, and afterwards bishop of Lincoln, he
was made chaplain soon after his admission. He was in-
corporated M. A. from the university of Wittemberg, Dec.
1663 ; and not long after made vicar of All Saints, in Ox*
ford, a living in the gift of Lincoln- col lege. Here he con-
tinued two years, and was then taken into the family of
the duke of Albemarle, in quality of tutor to his son lord
Torrington. The duke presented him to the rectory of
Doulton, in Devonshire, aud procured him also a prebend
in the church of Exeter. In 1669, before he married, he
went over into Germany to see his friends, where he was,
much admired as a preacher, and was entertained with
great respect at the court of the elector Palatine. At his
return in 1671, he was chosen preacher in the Savoy^
where he continued to officiate till he died *. This, how- .
* He bad been recommeiMled for tbe Garden to Dr. Horneck iire not easy t«
livingofCovent-garden; but the parish be aisigoed at this distance of tine.
was so averse to him, ibat Tillotson But their dislike to him was the mor^
said, if tbe earl of Bedford had liked extraordinary, considering his prodi* •
him, be could not have have thought g ions popularity, on account of liin
It fit to bestow the living on him, reputation for piety, and his pathetic
" knowing how necessary it is to the sermons, bis church at the Savoy beio|;
good effect of a man's ministry, that crowded by auditors from the most
he do not lie under any great prejudice remote parts, which oocasioned deaa:
with the people." Dr. Birch remarks ?reeman to say that Dr. H.*s parisk "
en this, that the grounds of the great was much the lai:gest in (own, since it *
averseness in the parish of Covent reached fromWbiteball to Whitechapel. ,
1 Life by the Rev. W. Jones. — See some valuable remarks on his cha«
raeter in Dr. Gieig's Supplement to the Ency clop. Britannica.— Gent. Ma£^» '
LXII, LXIII, and LXVI ^Boswell's Life of Johnson.— Forbes's Life or'
Beattie, &c. &c. To his works may be added^ « Considerations on the Life and «K
Death of Abel, Enoch and Noah," Mvao, 1819, a work which we happieoed
ioBte io time to intcft ia tlM texK
H O R N E C K. 175
ever, was but poor maintenance, the salary being small as
well as precarious, and he continued in mean circuro*
stances for some years after the revolution ; till, as his
biographer, bishop Kidder, says, it pleased God to raise up
a friend who concerned himself on his behalf, namely,
the lord admiral Russel, afterwards earl of Orford. Before
he went to sea, lord Kussel waited on the queen to take
leave ; and when he was with her, begged of her that she
** would be pleased to bestow some preferment on Dr.
Horneck.'* The queen told him, that she " could not at
present think of any way of preferring the doctor ;" and
with this answer the admiral was disinissed. Some time
after, the queen related what had passed to archbishop
Tillotson ; and added, that she ^* was anxious lest the ad«
miral should think her too unconcerned on the doctor's
behalf.*' Consulting with him therefore what was to be.
done, Tillotson advised her to promise him the next pre*
bend of Westminster that should happen to become void.
This the queen did, and lived to make good her word in ,
1693. In 1681 he had commenced D. D« at Cambridge*
and was afterwards made chaplain to king William and
queen Mary. His prebend at Exeter lying at a great dis-
tance from him, he resigned it; and in Sept 1694 was
admitted to a prebend in the church of Weils, to which
he was presented by his friend Dr. Kidder, bishop of Bath
arid Wells. It was no very profitable thing ; and if it
hiad been, he would have enjoyed but little of it, since he
died so soon after as Jan. 1696, in his fifty-sixth year.
His body being opened, it appeared that both bis ureters
were stopped ; the one by a scone that entered the top of
the ureter with a sharp end ; the upper part of which was
thick, and much too large to enter any farther ; the other
by stones of much less firmness and consistence. He was
interred hi Westminster- abbey, where a monument, with
an handsome inscription upon it, was erected to his memory.
• He was, says Kidder, a man of very good learning, and
liad good skill in the languages. He had applied himself
to the Arabic from his youth, and retained it to his death*
Jle had great skill in the Hebrew likewise: nor was his
skill limited to the Biblical Hebrew only, but he was also
a great master in the Rabbinical. He was a most diligent;
and indefatigable reader of the Scriptures in the original
languages : ** Sacras literas tractavit indefesso studio,** says
Aits tutor Spanheim of him : and adds, ^hat he was then
176' BORNE C K.
I
of ait elevated wit^ of which he gave a specrimen in 1659,
by publicly defending "A Dissertation upon the Vow of
Jephthah concerning, the sacriBce of bis daughter." He
had great skill in ecclesiastical history, in controversikl and.
casuistical divinity ; and it is said, that few men were so^
frequently consulted in cases of conscience as Dr. liorueck.
As to his pastoral cai^e in ail its hranches, he is set forth
as on^ of the greatest exaunples that ever lived. ^^ He had
the zeal, the spirit, the courage, of John the Baptist,'*
says Kidder, " and durst reprove a great man ; and pier-
haps that man lived not, that was more conscientious in'
this matter. I very well knew a great man,'' say^ the
bishop, *^ and peer of the realm, from whom he had just
expectations of preferment ; but this was* so far from stop-
ping his mouth, that he reproved him to his face, upon a-
very critical affair. He missed of Ills preferment, indeed,
but saved his own soul. This freedom," continues the
bishop, ^' made hi^ acquaintance aud friendship very de-
sirable* by every good man, that would be better. He
would ip him be very sure of a friend, that would not suf-
fer sin upon him. I may say of him what Pliny says of
Corellius Rufus, whose death he laments, * amisi meise vit®
testem,' &c* * I have lost a faithful witness of my life ;V
and may add what he said upon that occasion to his friend
Calvisius, * vereor ne negligentius vivam,' ^ I am afraid lest
for the time to come I should live more carelessly.' " His
original works are, 1. ^* The great Law of Consideration :
or, a discourse wherein the nature, usefulness, and abso-
lute necessity of consideration, in order to a truly serious
and religious life, are laid open," London, 1676, 8vo,
which h^s been several times reprinted with additions and .
corrections. 2. ^* A letter to a lady revolted to the Uomish
church," London, J 678, 12mo. 3. "The happy Asce-
tick: or the best Exercise," London, 1681, 8vo. To this
is subjoined, " A letter to a person of quality concerning
the holy Uvea of the primitive Christians." 4. " Delight
and Judgment : or a prospect of the great day of Judg«
ment, and its power to damp and inibitter sensual delights,^
aports, and recreations," London, 1683, 12mo. 5. "The
Fire of the Altar : or certain directions how to raise the
soul into holy flames, before, at, and after the receiv-
ing of the blessed Sacrament of the Lord*s Supper : with
suitable prayers and devotions," London, 1683, 12mo. To ^
this is prefixed, " A Dialogue between a Christian and hia
• H O R N E C K. iti
own Conscience, touching the true nature of the Cbristiaa
Beligion." 6. " The Exercise of Prayer ; or a help to de-^
votion ; being a supplement to the Happy Ascetick, or
best exercise, containing prayers and devotions suit-^-
able to the respective exercises, with additional prayers
for several occasions," London, 1685, 8vo. 7.^' The first
fruits of Reason : or, a discouse shewing the necessity of
applying ourselves betimes to the serious practice of Re-^
ligion," London, 1685, Svo. 8. **The Crucified Jesus:
or a full account of the nature, end, design, and benefit of
the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, with necessary di^^
rections, prayers, praises, and meditations, to he used by
persons who come to the holy communion," London, 1686,
8vo. 9* ^' Questions and Answers concerning the ^ two
Religions ; viz. that of the Church of England and of the
Church of Rome." 10. " An Answer to the Soldier's Ques-
tion : What shall we do ?" 11. Several single Sermons*
12. ^< Fifteen Sermons upon the fifth chapter of St. Mat^*
thew," London, 1698, 8 vo. ;
Besides these he translated out of German into English^
** A wonderful story or narrative of certain Swedish wri-
ters," printed in GlanviPs ^^ Sadduci&mus Triumphatus ;"
in the second edition of which l)ook is a *^ Preface to the
wonderful story,'' with an addition of a ^^ new relation from
Sweden," translated by him out of German. He trans*
iated likewise from French into English, <^ An Antidote
against a careless indi£Ferency in matters of Religion ; in
opposition to those who believe that all religions are alike,
and that it imports not what men profess," London, 1693^
with an introduction written by himself. He collected and
published ^^ Some discourses, sermons, and remains of
Mr. Joseph Glanvil>" /in 1681. He wrote likewise, in con-*
junction with Dr. Gilbert Burnet, ^' The last Confession^
Prayers, and Meditations, of Lieutenant John Stern, de-«
livered by him on the cart, immediately before his execu** ,
tioD, to Dr. Burnet: together with the last Confession of
George Borosky, signed by him in the prison, and sealed
up in the lieutenant's pacquet. With which an aiccoutit is
giv^,n of their deportment, both in the prison, and at the
place of their execution, which was in the PalUmall, on
the lOth pf March, in the same place in which they had
murdered Thomas Tbynne, esq. on the 12th of February be-
fore, in 1 68 1." This was published at London, infolio, 1682.*
• AtB. Ox. Tol. H.— Life by Bp. Kidder, Svo. 1693.— Birch's Life of TilloUon,
\0L. XVIII. N
17S H O R N I U &
HORNIUS (Georqe), an historian in the t7tb cen-
tury, was bora Ui the Psaiatinate. He visited most of the
catuitries in £urp{ie ; was tutor to Tliomas Morgan, a young
English gentleman who lived at the Hague ; and appointed
professor of history, politics, and geography, at Harder-
wick ; afterwards professor of history at Leyden, where,
having sustained a great loss by coniiding in an alchemical
iiapostor, he became deranged, and died in 1670. Hia
principal works are, ^* An Ecclesia3tical History," with an
introduction to the universal political history ; a curious
and instructive work, which has been translated into French,
^nd continued to 1704. ^*The History of England, dur-«
ing the year 1645, and 1646,'^ Leyden, 1648, 8vo. ^< History
of the Origin of the Americans,** Hague, 1652, 8vo. <^ His*
tory of Philosophy,'* in seven books, 1655, 4to. An edi<^
tion of *^ Sulpitius Severus,** with notes, 8vo. ^^ Noah*s
Ark,** or, A History of Monarchies. This work is full of
curious inquiries into the origin of each monarchy, &c. The
above are all in Latin. '
HORREBOW (Peter), a celebrated Danish astPono-r
fner, and professor of that science at Copenhagen, was
born at Laegsted, in Jutland, in 1679. He studied at AaU
burg under very unfavourable circumstances, beingobliged,
at the same period, to submit to various kinds of labour.
In 1 7 1 4, he was appointed professor of mathematics at Co*
peuh«^en, and in 17.25 he was elected a member of the
Danish academy of sciences. He died in 1 764. He was
author of many works connected with his favourite pur?-
suits, among which were ^* Copernicus Triumphans, sive
de Parallaxi Orbis Annui;*' ii| which he shews himself an en->
thusiast fdr the system of Copernicus ; the ** Elements of As^
tronomy;*' and ^< the Elements of Mathematics ;** but he is
best known in this country by his *^ Natural History of Ice«-
land,*' fol. 1758. His mathematical works were published
in four vols, 4to, Copenhagen, 1735, &c.'
HORROX (Jeremiah), an English astronomer, and
memorable for being the first who had observed the pas-
sage of Venus over the sun*s di^k, was born at Toxteth in
Lancashire, about 1619. From a school in the country^
where he acquired grammanr-leai*ning, he was sent to
£manael^ollege in Cambridge, and there spent some time
. 1 Morerh«-^Freher| TliMtrttm.~Fop||en BibU Belf .•■^Saxii Oaomait
• Diet, HiiU
H O R R O X. 17»
io academical studies. About 1633, he began with real
earnestness to study astronomy : but liring at chat tima
lirith his father at Toxtetb^ in very moderate circumstance*,
and being destitute of books and other assistances for the^
prosecution of this study, he could not make any coniider<i<
able progress. He spent some of his first years in study-^
ing the writirrgs of LansbergiuSi of which be repented and
complained afterwards ; neglecting in the mean time the
more vtduable and profitable works of Tycbo Brabe, Kep*
ler, and other excellent astronomers. In 1636, he coti-»
tracted an acquaintance with Mr. William Crabtree of
Broughton near Manchester, and was engaged in the satne^
studies ; but -liYing at a considerable distance from each
other, they could have little correspondence except by
letteril These, however, they frequently exchanged, com*
municating their obserrations to one another^ and they
sometimes consulted Mr. Samuel Foster, professor of as*
trqnomy at Gresham-college in London. Horrox having
now obtained a companion in his studies, assumed ne^
spirits. Procuring astronomical instruments and books, he
applied himself to make observations ; and by Crabtree*s
advice, laid aside Lansbergius, whose^ tables be found er-
roneous, and his hypotheses inconsistent He was pursuing
his studies with great vigour and success, when he was ctit
o£Fby a sadden death, Jan. 3, 1640«).
What we have of his writings b sufficient to shew, that
his death was a loss to science. A little before that time
he had finished his ^^ Venus in Sole visa.'* He made his
observations upon this new and extraordinary phenomenon
1^ Hool near Liverpool ; but they did not appear till 166^,
.when Hevdius published tbem at Dantzick, with some
works of his own, under this title, ^*Mercurius in Sole
^siis Gedanianno 1661, Maij 3, cum aliis quibusdam re«
rum ccelestium observationibua rarisque phsenomenis. Cox
s^nexa est Venus in Sole pariter visa anno 1639, Nov. 24^
4ic/* Besides this work be bad begun another, in which
he propoiied, first, to refute Lansbergius* s hypotheses, and
to shew, how inconsistent they were with each other and
the heavens ; and, secondly, to diuw up a new system of
astronomy, agreeably to the heavens, firbm his own ob^
servations and those of others ; retaining for the most part
ibit Kepleiian hypotheses, but changing the numbers aa
observations required* Wallis, from whose ** Epistola
N 2
180 H O R R O X.
NuQcUpatoria^' we have extracted these memoirs of Hor"
rox, published some of his papers in 1673, under the title
of ^^ Opera Posthuma :'' others were carried into Ireland
by his brother Jonas Horrox, who had pursued the same
studies, and died there, by which means they were lost r
and others came into the bands of Mr. Jeremiah Shakerly,
who, by the assistance of them, formed his ** British Ta-
bles," published at London in 1643 : which last papers,
after Shakerly's voyage to the East-Indies, where he died,
are said to have remained in the possession of a book-
seller, till they were destroyed by the great fire at London
in 1666.^
HORSLEY (John), author of a very learned and excel-
lent work, entitled, ^^ Britannia Romana," by which only
he is known, is supposed to have been a native of North-
umberland, where, at a village called Long-Horsley, near
Morpeth, the family, in all probability, originated. This
parent stock, if such it was, is now lost in the Withering-
tons, by the marriage of the heiress of Long-Horsley, about
the middle of this century, with a person of that name.-
We know only of two other branches j one settled in York-
shire, the other in the West, from which latter, we under-
stand the late learned bishop of St. Asaph to have sprung ;
but the branches have, been so long separated, that they
cannot trace their relationship to each other. John Hors-
ley was educated in the public grammar-school at Newcas-
tle, and afterwards in Scotland, where he took a degree ;
he was finally settled at Morpeth, and is said, in Hutchin-
son^ s View of Northumberland, to have been pastor to ai
dissenting congregation in that place. The same author
adds, from Ra-ndali's manuscripts, that he died in 1732,
which was the same year in which his great work appeared ;
but the truth is, as we learn from the journals of the time,
that he died Dec. 12, 1731, a short time before the pub-
lication of his book. He was a fellow of the royal society.
A few letters from him to Roger Gale, esq. on antiquarian
subjects, are inserted in Hutchinson's book ; they are all
dated in 1729. His *^ Britannia Romana^' gives a full and
learned account of the remains and vestiges of the Romans
in Britain. It iis divided into three books ; the first con-
1 Oen. Dicti^Martin's Biog. PbiIo8.-^Httttoii'8 Diet.— Birctff Hist of the
Heyal Society. >
B O R S L E> Y, 181
laining '^ the History of all the Roman Transactions in
Britain, with an account of their legionary and auxiliary
forces employed here, and a determination of the stations
per lineam valli ; also a large description of the Roman
walls, with maps of the same, laid down from a geometri-
cal survey." The second book contains, " a complete
collection of the Roman inscriptions and sculptures, which
have hitherto been discovered in Britain, with the letters
engraved in their proper shape, and proportionate size,
and the reading placed under each ; as also an historical
account of them, with explanatory and critical observa-
tions." The third book contains, ^^ the Roman Geography
of Britain, in which are given the originals of Ptolemy,
Antonini Itinerarium, the Notitia, the anonymous Raven-
nas, and Peutinger's Table, so far as they relate to this
island, with particular essays on each of those ancient au-
thors, and the several places in Britain mentioned by
them," with tables, indexes, &c. Such is the author's
own account in his title-page ; and the learned of all coun«-
tries have testified that the accuracy of the execution has
equalled the excellence of the plan. The plates of this
work were purchased of one of his descendants for twenty
guineas by Dr. Gifford, for the British Museum, where is
a copy of the work, with considerable additions by Dr.
Ward.V
HORSLEY (Samuel), a very learned and highly dis-
tinguished prelate, was the son of the rev. John Horsley,
M, A. who was many years clerk in orders at St. Martin's in
the Fields. His grandfather is said to have been at first
a dissenter, but afterwards conformed, and had the living
of St. Martin's in the Fields. This last circumstance, how-
ever, must be erroneous, as no such name occurs in the
list of the vicars of that church. His father was in 1745
presented to the rectory of Thorley in Hertfordshire, where
he resided constantly, and was a considerable benefactor
to the parsionage. He also held the rectory of Newington
Butts, in Surrey, a peculiar belonging to the bishop of
Worcester. By his first wife, Anpe, daughter of Dr. Ha-
milton, principal of the college of Edinburgh, he had only
one son, the subject of the present article, who was bora
in his father's residence in St. Martin's church-yard, in
Oct. 1733. By bis second wife, Mary, daughter of George
} NicboU'g Bpwycr*
nt R o R s L E t:
l/eilte, esq. of Kimragie in Scotland, he had three sons and
four daughters, who were all born at Thorley. He died
in 1777, aged seventy-eight; and his widow io 1787, at
Masing in Essex.
Samuel was educated in his early years chiefly by his
lather, and we are assured, never was at Westminster
school, as has been asserted ; but of this and the other
transactions of his youth, his studies, and early character,
we have very few particulars that can be depended on, and
have failed in obtaining information on these subjects from
the only quarter whence it could have been expected. It
if certain, however, that be was entered of Trinity "hall,
Cambridge^ where it is easy to conceive that be was .an
industrious student, applying himself much to the study of
matheoiatics, and storing his mind wilh the writings of the
anoient and modern divines and logicians. Why "with
aneh qualifications he took no degree in arts, cannot now
he ascertained. We find only that he took that of LL. B*
in 1758, and became bis father^s curate at Newmgton, to
which living he succeeded, on the resignation of his fether,
in the following year, and held it till bis translation to the
see of Rochester in 1793.
In April 1767, be was elected a fellow of the royal so««
ciety, of which he continued for .many years an active
member ; and in the same year he published a pamphlet,
entitled ^* The power of God, deduced from the compu-
table instantaneous productions of it in the Solar Sj^tena,**
8vo. This he allows to be a *^ very singular, and perhaps
a whimsical speculation,'' and says, in language not un«
characteristic of his future style, that in all probability Ibis
production would ^* roll down the gutter of titn^, for^ten
and neglected.'' His object was undoubtedly to ^play
the wonderful power of God ; but it was thought that he
magnified omnipotent power at the expence of omniscient
wisdom, and instead of supposing that the planets continue
for ever to perform their courses, in consequence of the
almighty ^/!a/, and original impulse impressed upon them^
when first they were drawn out of chaos, he maintains the
necessity of a new force every instant to preserve the sys-
tem in motion.
In 1768 be went to Christ church, Oxford, as private
tutor to Heneage earl o^ A}4esbury, then lord Guernsey.
To this university he appears ta hay^ become attached ;
and bis first mathematical publication was elegantly printed
H O R S L S ¥. .1^
at the Onfeaidoii presi^ ^' Apollonii Pergaei iBclinSktioniiai
Ubfiiluo. Restiiuebftt S* Horsley/' 1770. This work was
criticised ^ with some severity at the time, bat does not
appear to have mjiirred his rising reputatioi^^ especially
with the oiettbers of the royal society, who chose hirq ^to
the aSkce of secretary ia November 1773. In 1774 be
was ificorporated B. C. L. at Oxford, and idamediately pro«*
ceeded to the degree of D. C L. and was presented by hii
patron, the earl of Aylesbury, to the rectory of Aldbury in
jSiirrey^ with which be obtained a dispensation to bold the
rectory of Newhigton. In tfa^ sai»e .year be pnbiisbed
^^ Eeinadrks on the Observations made in the late Voyagie
towards the North Pole, for determining the acceleration
of the Pendulum, in latitude 79*^ 5i\ In a letter to the
faon. Constantine John Phtpps," 4to. His intention in this
pamphlet, which oug^evei* to be bound up with ^^ Pbipps's
Voya^,'* is to correct two or three important errors and
inaccuracies that bod been introduced, by Israel Lyons^
the mathematician aiaployed oa the voyage, in the nume-
roits matfaei»atical calcuktioad which appear in that valua-
ble work ; and this it was acknowledged, was performed by
imr learned aiAbor with equal skill, delicacy, and candour.
Dr. Horsley bad long medita/ted a complete edition of
the woriss of sir I«aac Newton, and in 1776 issued proposiaki
for printing it^ by sttbscription, in 5 vols. 4to, having ob-^
tained the royal permtssioa lo dedicate it to bis miyesty ;
but the commencenefit of it was for a considerable timo
delayed by severe domestic affliction, arising from the ill-'
neas of his wife, for f^iom he had the tenderest regard.
She died in the fotiowing year, and some time after, the
works of. Newton were put to press, bat were not finally
completed until 1785. In the mean time his great dili«
genee and proficiency in various sciences attracted the no-
tice of an excellent judge of literary merit, the late Dr«
Lowfh^ bishop of London, who on his promotion to that
see? i» 1777, i^^ointed^ Dr. Horsley his domestic chaplain ;
and eoUai^d him to a prebend in St. PauVs cathedral. He
abo^ by the same interest^ s acceeded his father as clerk in
ordera aft St Maif tin's in the Fields,
. In 1 77 ^i dttHng the controversy between Piiestley,- Price,
aod others,' fesped^ing materialism, and philosophical ne^
cesaily,^. Dn Honiley preached a sermon, on Good Friday^
Ajffiik 17) entitled *^ Providience and free Agei»cy/' 4to,. ia-
wbiofar be chnsw a very aimte distinction^ between the phikn
\
184 B 0 R S L E Y.
sophical necessity of our subtle moderns, and the predets-*
tination of their ancestors. It was evident he had an eye
to the writings of Dr. Priestley in this discourse, but that
polemic did not take any immediate notice of it. In 1779,
Dr. Horsley resigned Aldbury, and in 17309 bishop Lowth
presented him to the living of Thorley, which he held, by
dispensation, with Newington, but resigned the former on
being appointed archdeacon of Essex, and, in 1782, vicar
of South Weald/ in that county, both which he owed to
the same patron. In 1783, we find him deeply involved
in a dispute with some of the members of the royal society,
not worth reviving in a regular narrative ; it is only to be
regretted that it ended in his withdrawing himself from
the society.
Dr. Horsley was now about to enter on that controversy
with Dr. Priestley, in which he displayed his greatest learn-
ing and abilities, and on which his fame is irremoveably
founded. In the year 1782 (we use Dr. Horsley's words),
an open and vehement attack was made by Dr. Priestley
upon the creeds and established discipline of every church
in Christendom, in a work in 2 vols. 8vo, entitled a '< His-
tory of the Corruptions of Christianity." At the head of
these Dr. Priestley placed both the catholic doctrine of
our Lord's divinity, and the Arian notion of his pre-extst-
ence in a nature far superior to the human^ representing
the Socinian doctrine of his mere humanity, as the unani*-
inous faith of the first Christians. It seemed to Dr. Hors-
ley that the most effectual preservative against the in-
tended mischief would be to destroy the writer's credit,
and the authority of his name, which the fame of certain
lucky discoveries in the prosecution of physical experi-
ments had set high in popular esteem, by a proof of his
incompetency in every branch of literature connected with
his present subject, of which <the work itself afforded evi-
dent specimens in great abundance. For this declared
purpose, a review of the imperfections of his work in the
first part, relating to our Lord's divinity, was made the
subject of Dr. Horsley^s Charge, delivered to the clergy of
the archdeaconry of St. Alban -s at a visitation held May 22,
1783, the spring next following Dr. Priestley's publication.
The specimens alledged by Dr. Horsley of the imperfec-
tions of the work, and the incompetency of the author,
may be reduced to six general classes. I. Instances of
yeasouing in a circle# 2. Instances of quotations mi^ap^*
H O R S L E Y. 18&
plied through ignorance of the writer\<i subject.. 3. Iu«
Glances of testimonies perverted by artful and forced con-
structions. 4. Instances of passages in the Greek Fathers
misinterpreted through ignorance of the Greek language.
5. Instances of passages misinterpreted through the same
ignorance, driven further out of the way by an ignorance
of the Platonic philosophy ; and 6. Instances of ignorance
of the phraseology of the earliest ecclesiastical, writers.
Dr. Horsley concludes this masterly and argumentative
Charge, by saying, '^ I feel no satisfaction in detecting the
weaknesses of this learned writer's argument, but what
arises from a consciousness, that it is the discharge of some
part of the duty which I owe to th^ church of Ged."- The
whole of this charge affords a characteristic specimen of
Dr. Horsley' s conti%)versial style, with a mixture of tem-
per leading him, perhaps, somewhat nearer the bounds of
irony than became the solemnity of an address of this kind.
After speaking of many things that may be perfectly ob-
vious to the peaetralion of such a. mind as Dr. Priestley's,
how absurd and contradictory and, improbable soever they
may appear to persons of plain sense and common under-
standings, unsubtilized by sophistry and metaphysics, and
not stimulated by. the love of paradox, he observes, that, to
those who want the doctor's sagacity, the ^^ true meaning
of an inspired writer" will not very readily be deemed " to
be the reverse of the natural and obvious sense of the ex-
pressions which he employs."
Dr. Prie^ey, however, felt. none, of the darm^ with
which his admirers were affected. He promised an early
and satisfactory, answer. He predicted that be should rise
more illustrious from his supposed defeat ; he promised to
strengthen the evidence of bis favourite opinion by the
very objections that bad been; raised against it ; he setaied
to flatter himself that he should fiad a new convert in his
antagonist himseli^ and even hinted in print somewhat
concerning the shame and remorse with which he was con-
fident his adversary must be. penetrated. From all this it
soon became- evident that Dr. Priestley,, who could not
but feel personally what every unprejudiced man felt ar-
gumentaiively, that Dr. Horsley was an antagonist of no
mean stamp, did not ^profit by this conviction so far as to
take sufficient leisure to reviise his own Writings, but im-
medjateiy repeated bis fqrmer assertions respecting the
dofitrioe of the Xxioity noi having beea maintained by the
IM H O R 8 L £ Y.
Gfaristiaa church in the hrtu three centarie% in a pubikak
tion entitled ** Letters to Dr. Horsley, in answer to hb
ammadversions on the ' Histoiry of the Corrnpttons irf
Christianity ^ with an a<klitionaI evidence tbbi the primi^
live Christian church w9ls Unitarian^" 1783, Sto. In tbii
there are nnore of the weaknesses of argument, and the
errors of haste, than could have been expected front one
who had so much at stake, and it was therefore no very
difficult task for Dr. Horslev to continue the contest, ill
the same epistolary form which his antagonist had aciopted^
by ^^ Letters from the arofadeacon of St* Alban's in Reply
to Dr. Priestley, with an Appendix, containing short strio*
turas dn Dr. Priestley's Lecters, by an unknown band,"
1784, 8vo« These letters are seventeen in nomber^ and
their cbject is to pmve that if Dr. Priestley's nsistakes
which be pointed out, are few in number^ they are too
coosiderafaAe in size to be incident tp a well-informed wriw
ter; that they betray a want of such a general comprehea-i'
aiOn of the subject aswiighc have enaUed Dr.P. to draw
the srae conelu^ons from the passages he cit^d 'y thofe they
prove him incompetent in the very language of the writevs'
Ibom whom his proofs should be di^aivn, and uni^illed in
Vke plulosopby whose doctrines he pn^nded to conrpara'
with the opinions of the church. TIhm wre serious charges^
but our anothor did not confine himself mevely to substanM
tiate them, but folioweit up bis numerous proofs b^ odie«s
in behalf of the doctrine of the Trinity, drawn from like
earty fathers of the chuneh, and the best ecclestasttcal: Ms^
toriaas* The display of readiiig and raseasek m these
letters is wonderftiL The style aha is adnsrabie,» and
while it assumes the lolly and somewhat dictatorial manner
pecuKar to Dr. Horsley, and which indeed tbe^high ground
on which he stood i<i this^ ease^ seemed to yntifyf the
Header of tasto finds himself often cbavmed with the ele^
ganee of the language, and atways with- die closeness of
the reasoning.
Dr. Friesttey, in his tellers, &ad eocpfesscd a great de«-
sire to draw Dr. Horsley into a tedious controversy on the
main questiwn, the artielie of our Lord's divinity, but oi«r
lurihor, knowing that question to have been long sisuse ex^
baustedy and that nothing new wa^ te^ be said on either
side, chose, in his <^' Lexers in Reply," to^adheve doaely
to Ais (fwn main qnestion. Re^ therefore^ as wehMfemmm*
tinned^ defended! bis^ owtt argamc^ti auik ^oMeiPtad. new
H O R 8 L E r. 187
speciflMSMi from Dr. Priestley's newpublicatioD^ of his
letter inability to throw light upon the subject. Tb«s a
useless and endless contention on the main question was
avoided ; but many discussions necessarily arose upon se-
condary points, which perhaps the learned reader will es-»
teem the most interesting parts of the controversy, such as»
the authority of the writings that go under the Bame of tb«
apostolical Fetthers ; the rise of the two. sects of the Naza^
vepes and £bionites ; the difference between tbe two v and
the difference of both from the orthodox {lebrew Cbris-*
tians; and particularly an arti(^ on the accusation of
Tritbeism>> which Drw Priestley had brought against the
Trinitarians of tbe seveivteemh century. The *^ Sbort
Strictufes on Dr. Priestley*' in the appendix to these Let-
ters, it is now known, were written by Dr. Townson.
Dr. Priestley (we still use bis antagonist's words), mor-
tified to find that bis letters had failed of the exjpected
success ; that Dr. Horsley, touched with no shame, witb
nosemorse, remained unshaken in his opinion; and that
tiie authority of bis own opinion was still set at nought, hia
learning disallowed, his ingenuity in argument impeached;
1^ wba4 was least to be borne*— fiiiding that a haughty
<4wrohqiaii vemored ijicidentally to avow his sentiments of
tbe ^me commission of the epiai^opal ministry, and pre*
'sttmed tQ i|ueatioft the authority of those teachers who osurp
the preaebec's offiee withmit any better warrant than their
own opinion of their own suffimency, lost all teokper. A
seeond set of ^^ Letters to the archdeacon of St. Alban's'*
apffteaiwd in tbe. autiama o£ 1784, in. which all profession
ol persQi^ regaiid and civili^ was laid aside. Tbe cbang^
of waufficiency in the subject was warmly retorted, and
^^ tbe ioeorrigiUe dtgniiary" was taxed with manifest nm-
cepeesentatioA q£ his advensary'a argument ; with injustice
to the cfaavaetef of Origen, whose veracity be had called
in question ; and with, the grossest falsification of ancient
history. He wa3 st^matiaed in short as a ^ falMfier of
history, and a defrner cyf the character of the dead"
Begardiess of this reproach. Dr. Horsley remained
silent fov eigbteea months. A sermon ^^ Oe the Incarna-
tion^** pveacfaed in bin parish church of St. Mary Newing-
ton, ispon the feast of the Nativity in 1785^ was the pre*
liMie to a senewai of the contest on his side, and was fol-
lowed casly in the eoauing sffringy by his ** Remarks ew
Ik».£riaitlcy*a second Lettem. to the arabdeacon of Saint
188 H O R S L E Y.
4
Alban^s, with proofs of certain facts asserted by the arch*
deacoo." This tract consists of two parts ; the first is a
collection of new specimens of Dr. Priestley's temerity in
assertion ; the second defends the attack upon the character
of Origen^ and proves the existence of a body of Hebrew
Christians at iElia after the time of Adrian — jthe fact upon
which the author's good faith had been so loudly arraigned
by Dr. Priestley. With this publication Dr. Horsley pro-
mised himself that the controversy on his part would be
closed. But at last he yielded, as he says, with some
reluctance, to collect and republish what he had written in
an octavo volume (printed in 1789) and took that oppor-
tunity t6 give Dr. Priestley's Letters a second perusal^
which produced not only many important notes, but some
disquisitions of considerable length ; and the remarks on
Dr. Priestley's second letters having produced a third set
of *^ Letters" from him, upon the two questions of Origen''s
Teracity, and the orthodox Hebrews of the church of
M\\2i : these two are partly answered in notes, and partly*
in two of the disquisitions. Towards the conclusion of
Dr. Horsley's ^^ Remarks," after exhibiting specimens of
Dr. Priestley's incompetency to write on i^uch subjects as
fell within their controversy, he says, ^^ These' and many
other glaring instances of unfinished criticism, weak ar-
gument, and unjustifiable art, to cover the weakness and
supply the want of argument, which must strike every one
who takes the trouble, to look through those second letters,
put me quite at ease with respect to the judgment iwhicii
the public would be apt to form between my antagonist
and me, and confirmed me in the resolution of making no
reply to him, and of troubling the public no more upon the
subject, except so far as might be necessary to establish '
«ome facts, which he hath somewhat too peremptorily de-
nied, and to vindicate my character from aspersions which
he hath too inconsiderately thrown out." It ought not to
be forgot, that in this controversy Dr. H(»rsley derived •
not a little support from the Rev. Mr. Badcock, whose cri**-
ticisms on Dr. Priestley's works in the Monthly Review left
scarcely any thing unfinished that was necessary to prove
his errors as a divine, and his incompetency as a historian. *
The reputation Dr. Horsley had now acquir(dd^. recom-
mended him to the patronage of the lord cbancelk>r Thar-
low, who.presented him to a prebendal stall in the^church of
Gloucester ; and in i7a8| by the same interest^ h|^ waa made
H O R S L E Y. rsjp
bishop of 9t David'S) and in this character answered thid
kigh expectations of eminent usefalness which his elevation
to the mitre so generally excited. As a bishop his conduct
was exemplary and rery praiseworthy. ' In this diocese^
which was said to exhibit more of ignorance and poverty
than that of any other in the kitigdom, he carried through
a regular system of reform. He regulated the condition
of the clergy, and proceeded to a stricter' course with
respect to the candidates for holy orders, admitting none
without personally examining them himself, and looking
very narrowly into the titles which they produced. With
all this vigilance, his lordship acted to tbem as a tender
father, encouraging them to visit him during his stay in
the country, which was usually for several months in the
year, assisting them with advice, and ministering to their
temporal necessities with a liberal hand. In his progress
through the diocese, he frequently preached in the parish
churches, and bestowed considerable largesses on the poon
He was, in short, a blessing to his people, and they fol*
lowed him with grateful hearts, and parted from him with
infinite reluctance ; and this diocese may be congratiilated
in being again placed under a prelate whose zeal for the
promotion of its best interests has seldom beep equalled,
and cannot easily be exceeded. Bishop Horsley's first
Charge to the clergy of St. David's, delivered in 1790, was
deservedly admired, as was his animated speech in the
house of lords on the Catholic bill, May 31, 1791. These
occasioned his subsequent promotion to the see of Ro*
<;hester in 1793, and to the deanery of Westminster, on
which he resigned the living of Newington. As dean of
Westminster he effected some salutary changes. * Finding
the salaries of the minor-canons and officers extremely
low, he liberally obtained an advance, and at the same
tiuie introduced sooie regulations in the discharge of their
office, which were readily adopted.
During the turbulent period of 1793-4-5, &c. when the
religion, government, and morals of the country were in
imminent danger from the prevalence of democratic prin-
ciples, the warmth and zeal of his endeavours in parlia-
ment to oppose the enemies of the constitution, procured-
him a considerable share of illiberal censure, which, how-
ever, was more than balanced by the general applause which
followed the steady uniformity, consistency, and manly
decision of bis conduct. As a senator be was deservedly.
190 H a R S L K Y.
considered in tbe first class } and' there were feir important
discussions^ not only on ecelesissticid topics, but oi^
those which concerned the civil interests of tbe country,
in which he did not take an active part. He was not,
however, an every-day speaker/ nor desirous of adding tx»
the debates unless he had. something original to produce,
and he was on that account listened to with eagerness even
by those with whom he could not act, and who found it
easier to arraign his manner than bis matter. In 1S02 he
was translated to tbe bishopric of St. Asaph, and resigned
the deanery of Westminster* During all this period fats
publications were frequent, as we shall notice in a lisl^'
of them, and his vigour of body and mind was happily
preserved until the year 1806, which proved bis last, li^
July of that year he went to bis diocese, a part of whictt
he bad visited and confirmed, and after two months resi^
dence intended to visit his patron lord Tburlow at Brighton^'
where he arrived Sept. 20, after hearing on the road that
bis noble friend was dead. On tbe 30th, a slight complaint
in bis bowels affected him, and very soon brought on sb
mortification, which proved fatal Oct. 4, in bis 73d year.
His remains were interred in tbe parish chureh of St. Mary
Newington, where a monument baa since been erected to
bis memory, with an inscription written by himself.
He was twice married : first to Mary, one of tbe dangh*
tera of the Rev. John Bothan, his predecessor at Aldbory,
by whom he had one daughter, who died young, and a^
son, now the rev. Heneage Horidey, rector of Gresford iia
Etenbighshire, prebendary of St. Asaph, and chaplain to
the Scotch episcopalian church' at Dundee. By his second
wife, who died the year before him, be had no children.
She is commemorated in tbe above inscription by the namo
of Sarah only.
. Bbhop Horsley^s works not yet mentioned, were, besiden
various occasional Sermons and Charges, 1. *^ On the pro-
perties of the Greek and Latin languages,** 1796, Svo,
without his name. 2. <* On the acronycbal rising of tho
Pleiades,'^ a dissertation appended to his friend Dr. Vin-
cent's " Voyage of Nearchus," 1797. 3. " A circular Let-
ter to the diocese of Rochester, on the Scarcity of Com,**
1796. 4. Another circular Letter to that diocese, od^
<« the Defence of tbe Kingdom," 179B. 5. << Critical Dis*
quisitions on the 18th chapter of Isaiah: in a letter to
Sdwaord King, esq. F. R. S. &c«*' 1799^ 4ta Towards tilo
H O R S L S Y. 191
^lofe of tbts di^ussion, in which he applies the ivof ds ^
Ufiiab to the aspect of the times, he says, with almost a
prophetic spirit, " I see nothing in the progress of the
French arms which any nation fearing God, and worship**
ping the Son, should fear to resist : I see every thing that
should rouse all Christendom to a vigorous confederate
resistance, I see every thing that should excite tJm country
in particular to resist, and to take the lead in a confederacy
of resistance, by all measures which poHcy can suggest,
and the valour and opulence of a great nation can supply/*
6. << Hosea, translated from the Hebrew ; with notes ex-
planatory and critical,*' 1801, 4to. Archbishop Newcome,
in bis ^^ Improved Version of the Minor Prophets,'* had
preceded bishop Horsley in translating Hosea ; but our
prelal:e has thought proper in so many instances to reject
bis emendations, that bishop Horsley^s labours will probably
be thought indispensable to a just illustration of the sacred
le^t. This )vas reprinted with large additions in i8(>4«
Z. .'^ Elementary treatises on the fundamental principles ol
practical Matbeqiatics ; for the use of students,'' 1801^
^yo» These, tracts were at first composed, without any
design of pt^bj^cation, for the use of his son, then a student of
Cbrist-'Church ; and the work was to be considered, although
ihen first published, as the third and last in the order of the
subject, of three volumes of elementary geometry, to be
i$$ued one after another from the university press of Ox*
(ord* The first accordingly appeared in 1 802, under the
^ Utie of *^ Eviclidis Elementorum Libri priorcs XII. ex Com-
V^ndioi et Gregorii versionibus Latinis," Oxon, 8vo ; and
the sfi^ond in 1804, ^^Euclidis datorum liber, cum addita--
. 9i^9ta, necnon tractatus alii ad geomelriam pertinentes,'^
ibid. 8va.
Since his death have appeared, <* Sermons,'* 1810 and
).8lJ2, 3 vols- 8vo ; ^^ Tracts in controversy with Dr.
Pfiesileyi upon the historical question of the belief of the
fy%% ages in our Lord's Divinity, originally pul^shed in tha
je?!^^ 1733» 17^4, and 1786 : afterwards revised and aug-
B;iet)ted, with a large addition of notes and supplemental
disquisitions ; by the author. The third edition. To which
is added, an Appendix by the rev. Heneage Horsley^'*
V819, Svo.; ^'The Speeches in Parliament of Samuet
Horsley, &c." 1813, 8vo ; and lastly, « The Chargea
deliver^ at his several visitations of the dioceses of S«.
Pavid'f^ Rochester^ and St.Asapb,"> 1811S, ^vo. in thb
1S2 H O R S L E Y,
enumeration of bis printed works, a few temporary tracts
of lessee importance may probably have escaped us, to
being published without his name ; but a complete edition
of his works, for which there is likely to be a demand^
will supply this deGciency. His papers in the Philosophical
Transactions would form a very necessary part of such a
collection. It may also be noticed here, that he occasionally
wrote some very elaborate criticisms in the ^' British Critic,'*
the plan and principles of which Review he cordially ap*-
proved.
Dr. Horsley.was throughout life an indefatigable stu^
dent ; he indulged no indolence in youth, and amidst aiK
accumulation of preferments, contemplated no time whea
he might rest from his labours. His mind was constantly-
intent on some literary pursuit or discovery, and setting a
high value on the fame he had acquired, his ambition was
to justify the esteem of the public, and the liberality of
his patrons. Knowing likewise, how much his fame was
indebted to his theological contest, he endeavoured by la«
borious researches, to acquire that degree of accuracy
which renders a controversialist invulnerable. It is evi-
dent that in the study of ecclesiastical history, particulariy
that of the early ages, on which his controversy with
Priestley hinged, his range was most extensive^ and it is
no breach of charity to suppose that he vexed as well as
surprized his antagonist, by proving himself more intimate
with the minutiae of remote^ antiquity than himself, who^
from a wish to become the re-founder of a sect, had made
the subject the study of bis whole life. Dr. Horsley, on
the contrary, appears to have prepared himself as the exi*
gencies of the times in which be lived demanded, and
whether the subject was theological or political, he quickly
accumulated a mass of knowledge which his genius enabled
bim to illustrate with all the charms of novelty. While
the ablest champion of orthodoxy which the church has
seen for many years, he was so much of an original thinker,
and so independent of his predecessors or contemporaries,
that his mode of defence was entirely his own, and his style
and authoritative manner, like Warburton's and Johnson's,
however dangerous to imitate, were yet, perhaps, the best
that could be devised in the conflict of opinions with which
be was surrounded. His writings possessed some of the
most prominent features of his personal character, in which
ihere was nothing lukewarm, nothing compromising. He
H OR S L E Y. . W4
disfiatfied li()erality itself, if it preiscribed courtesy to men!
whose arrogance in; matters or faith l^d by easy steps to
more violent measures/ and wno, while they affected only
>ji cal^i and impartial inquiry into the doctrines of the
chordi, bad nothing less in view than the destruction of
her whole fabrick. Such men might expect to encounter
with a roughness of temper which was. natural to him on
more common occasions, although in the latter qualified
by. much kindness of heart, benevolence^ and charity.
When he bad onc^ detected the ignorance of his oppo-
nentS) and their misrepresentation of the ancient record^
tQ which they Appealed, when he found that they had no
iM^rupte to bend aiuhorities to pre^-conceived theory, and^
th^t their only way of prolooffing a contest was by re-,
peating the same assertions wit;nout additional proofs, he
fr^ueptly assumed that high tone of contempt or irony
which would have be^n one of place with opponents who
bad UQ other object in view than the establishment of
truth. ;
As a preacher, or rather as a writer of sermons^ Dr.
Hprsley ipigbt be sallowed to stand in the first class, if 'we
kneW wttb.whom of that class we can compare him. Some
coniparisons we have seen, the justice of which we do not
think quite obvious. In force, profundity, and erudition^
in pret:ision and distinctness of ideas, in aptitude and fe-
licity of expression, and above all, in selection of subjects
and original powers of thinking, Dr. Horsley's .Sermons
have been very justly tenpaed " compositions suigeneris^^
Upon most of these accounts, or rather upon all in the
aggregate, ^they; remove him from a comparison with those
who may haveacqijired very just fame as popular.preach-
ers. Bishop Horsley everywhere addresses himself to
scholars, pb^iiosbphers, and biblical j^ritics. By these he
was heard with deliglit; and by these his works will con-'
tiniie to be appreciated as the component parts of every
theologii^l library, although they tnay not assent to all his
doctfines.^
' JEiOR^TlUS (James), an eminent physician, was born
at Torgau in 1 537 ; and took thei degfee of M. D. in the
1 Proi» teaterisls collected in Mr, Kichols't Bowyer. — -Biihop Qorslcgr'f
printeil M^yifit and the, Reriews ainl MagazhBies pf the period. A minute life
of bira would be desirable^ but so little seems to be known of his early life an4
Ubqurs, (hut if now attempted, it would consist principally of an analysis of )yi\
later literary prof resi, which is still known, and ariUlong b^ remembfred.
Vou XVIII. O
19* H O R S T I U S.
university of Francfort on the Oder, in 15$2* He W9f
9Sered the place of public physician in iseveral places; and
be practiced successively at S,agan and S.uidnitz in Silesia,-
and at Iglaw in Moravia, till 1580, when, he was made,
physician in ordinary to the atchduke of Austria ; and. four
years after, , quitting that plape, was promoted to the me*
xlical professorship in the university of Helmstadt. T^e
oration he delivered at his installation, *^ Of the Difficul-
ties which attend the Study of Physic, and the means to,
remove them,^ a .very good one, is printed with his
*^ Cpistblas Philosophical & Medici nales,^* Lips. 1596, 8vou
ypon entering on this«post, he distinguished himself by
vfhait was thought a great singularity ; he joined, devotioa
to the. practice of physic. H^ always prayed to God to
bless his prescriptions ; and he published a form of prayer
upon this subject, which he presented to the university.
He acquitted himself worthily in his functions, and pub-
lished some books which kept up the reputation he had
already acquired, but among them was one which pro<«
duced a contrary, effect, his ^^ Dbsertation upon the Golden
Tooth of a child in Silesia ;^' concerning which he suf-^
fered himself to be egregiously imposed upon. Vau Dale
has related in what manner this imposture was discovered.
Norstius, in the mean time, took it for a great prodigy,
i^hich ought to be a comfort to those Christians who were
oppressed by the Turks ; as certainly foreboding the down--
fall of the Ottoman empire. Horsticis^s dissertation vras
Eublished at Leipsic, in 1595, Svo, with another piece of
is writing, *^ De Noctambulis," or ^^ Concerning thote
who walk m their sleep.*' He died about 1600.'
HORSTIUS (Gregory), also a learned physician, ne-
S>bew of the preceding, was born at Torgau, where bis
ather was one of the chief magistrates in 1578. After
being educated in the schools of Torgau and Halberstadt^
* he went to the university of Wittemberg, and coinmenced
the study of medicine ; . and received the degree of M. D.
in March 1606, iatt Basil. On his return in £e same year»
to his native place, he was immediately appointed to a
medical professorship in the university of Wittemburg, by
the elector of Saxony. Two years afterwards he was prp*
^)oted by the landgrave of Hesse to a medical chair in
the college at Giessen, and in 1609 was honoured with
1 Geo. Diet.— Moreri.-^Saxii Onomast.
H O R S T I U S. 195
th^ title o( Archiater of Hasse. At this time his profes*
sional character bad risen in the public estimation, and h^
numbered among bis patients the principal nobility of the
district. In 1622, he received a public invitation fronk
the Tmagistracy of Ulm to settle there as physician to that
city, and as president of the college. He fulfilled his du-
ties in both these offices with great reputation ; and his
integrity and humanity, not less than his extensive eru-
dition, and bis successful practice, endeared him to his feU
low-citizens, and claimed the respect and admiration of
the surrounding states. He died in August 1636, aged
fifty -eight years. He left a considerable number of works,
which were collected, and published under the title of
'' Opera Medica,'* in 1660, 3 vols, folio, at Nuremberg,
by his youngest son, OregOCiv, who, as well as his bro-^
their John Daniel, acquired eminence as physicians. They
were also both professors of medicine ; Gregory died at the
age of thirty-five ; but John Daniel lived to his sixty-fifth
year, and was the author of several works, chiefly anato*
micai, and of little value at present. He was concerned
with bis brother Gregory in editing the collection of his
father's works, and likewise published an edition of the
*^ Questk>nes Medico-legales^' of Paul Zacchias, Francfbrt,
1666, in folio; and an edition of the *^ Opera .Medico" of
RfVerius, at the same place, in 1674, folio.^ 't
HORT or HORTE (Josiah), archbishop of Tuam^ ap-
pears to have been of a dissenting family, as he was edu-
cated in a dissenting school, between 1690 and 169.5, un-
der the direction of the rev. Thomas Rowe, and was a
fellow-student with the celebrated Dr. Watts, who said of
him, that he was '< the first genius in that seminary.'*
After his academical studies were finished, he resided some
time as chaplain with John Hampden, esq. M. P. for Bucks,
and afterwards settled as a dissenting minister at Marshfield,
in Gloucestershire, The time of his conformity is not as-
certained, though it is evident that he was a clergyman of
thexburcb of England so early as 1708, for in that year he
published a sermon preaqhed at the archdeacon's visitation at
Aylesbury. In the preceding year he had printed a Thanks^
giving Sermon on our national Successes, from Ps. cxiix.
6^8. There is a tradition^in the family, that he had so greatly
reGoannended himself to the court by his zeal and services
} Geo. Drct.— M«wri.--Fopp#n Bibl. Bclg.— It«fs'« Cy«lopi»ai^ -
0. 2
; I
196 HO R T.
in support of the Hanover succession, that, aa he s$:nip)ed
re-ordination, it was dispensed with, and the first prefer*
ment bestowed on him, was that of a bishopric in Ireland.
It is. certain that he went into that kingdom as chaplain to
the lord lieutenant. He was consecrated bishop of Ferns
and Leighiin, February 10, 17i^l, was translated to Kil-
more and Ardagb, July 27, 1727, and preferred to the
archiepiscopal see of Tuam, January 27, 1742, with the
united bishopric of Enaghdoen, in the room of Dr. Synge^
deceased, and likewise with liberty to retain bis other bv-
shopric of Ardagh. He died December 14» 1751, in a
yery advanced age. His publications were, 1. in 1738, at
Dublin, a volume of Sermons, sixteen in number, in. 8vo ;
they are judicioqs and impressive discourses. These \^ere
reprinted in London, in 1757^ with the addition of the
Visitation Sermon mentioned before. In this volume is A
Sermon preached Jn the castle of Dublin, before the duke
of Bolton the lord lieutenant of Ireland, after the supr
fMresston of the Preston rebellion* 2. A Charge .entitled
*^ Instructions to the Clergy of the Diocese of Tu^m, at
the primary visitation^ Jiily 8,' 1742." This, after. the
death of the author,, was reprinted in Lpqdon, with the
approbation and consent of the rev. Dr. Hort, canon of
lVindsor<-*-it is an excellent address* In the preface to
the volume of sermona we. learn, that for .many years pre-
vious to its appearance from the press, the worthy author
had been disabled from preaching by an over-strain of the
voic^ in the pulpit, at a time when he had a cold with, a
hoarseness upon him. The. providence of God, he says,
having taken from him the power of diitchargifig that part
of his . episcopal ofhc^ which consisted in preachings he
thought it incumbent on him to convey his thoughts and
instructions from the press, that he might not be. useless.
The solemn promise that he made at his consecration;, ^' to
exercise himself in the Holy Scriptures, so as to be able
hy them to teach and exhort with wholesome doctrine^M
was)<ie^small motive to that undertaking, as being the only
means left him for making good that promise* Itappears^.
that he kept up an epistolary correspondence with his
<^oid friend,^* as he called. him, and fellow-student. Dr.
Watt^ to the dosing period of the life of each. laSwifi^'s
works we find a humorous paper of Dr. Hort\ entitled
<^ A New Proposal for the better regulation and impi^ve*
ment df Quadrille,'* and some letters respecting it.^
! From Memoinby Dr. Toulmin.— Swtfl't Worki^
H O R T E N S I U S. IW
HORTENSIU9 (Lambert), was a philologer, a writer
of verses, and a historian. His real name is unknown ; he
took that of Hortensius, either because his father was a
glaVdener, or because his family name signified gardener.
He was born at Montfort, in the territory of Utrecht, in
1501, and studied at Louvain. Hortensius was for several*
year^ rector of the School at Naarden, and when that city
was taken in 1572, he would have fallen a sacrifice to the
military fury, had he not been preserved by the gratitude
of one who had been his pupil. His death happened at
Naarden, in 1577. There are extant by him, besides sa-
tires^ epithalamia^ and other Latiii poems, the following
works : 1. Seven books, " De Bello Germanico,'* under
Charles V. 8vo. 2. " De Tumultu Anabaptistarum,^' fol.
3. " De Secessionibus Ultrajectinis," fol. 4. Commen-
taries on the six first books of the ^netd, and on Lucan.
5. Notes on four Comedies of Aristophanes. '
HORTENSIUS (Quintus), a Roman orator, was the con-
temporary and rival of Cicero, and so far his senior, that he
was an established pleader some time before the appear-
ance of the latter. He pleaded his first eaose at the age of
nineteen, in the consulship of L. Licinius Crassus, an,d Q.
Mutius Scevola, ninety*-four years before the Christian'
sera, Cicero being then in' his twelfth year. This early
eiForl was cfowoed with great success, and he continued
throughout his life a very favourite orator. His enemies,
however, represented his action as extravagant^ and gave
him the name of Hortensia, from a celebrated daiicer of
that time. He proceeded also in the line of public ho-
nours, was military tribune, prsetor, and in the year 68
B. C. consul, together with Q. Qeecilius JVIetellus. He
was an eminent member of the college of augurs, and was
the person who elected Cicero into that body, being sworn
to present a man of proper dignity. By- him also Cicero
was there inaugurated, for which reason, says that author,
'^ it was my duty to regard him as a- parent" He died in
the year 49 B. C.; and Ctcero, to whom the news of that
event was h^rought when he was at Rhodes, in his return
from Cilicia^ has left a most eloquent eulogy and lamenta- •
tion upon him, in the opening of his celebrated treatise
on ofiators entitled Briitus. .'* I considered him," says that
1 GcD. Diet — Morerk— >Fo|^B Bibl. Belgi— Bnnnan Traject. Eradit. — Saxii
OnoBiait.
»S H O R T E N S I U S.
writer, <^ not, as many supposed, in the light of an act«
irersary, or one who robbed me of any praise, but ad a
companion and sharer in my glorious labour. It was much
more honourable to have such an opponent, than to stand
unrivalled ; more especially as neither his career was im-
peded by me, nor mine by him, but each, on the contrary,
was always ready to assist the other by communication,
advice, and kindness/' If, however, Cicero was sincere
in his attachment, it was surmised that Hortensius was not,
and this is even insinuated in one of the epistles of Cicero^
Hortensius amassed great wealth, but lived at the same-
time in a splendid and liberal manner; and it is said that'
at his death his cellars were found stocked with 10,000
hogsheads of wine. His orations have all perished; but
it was the opinion of Quintillian, that they did not in pe-
rusal answer to the fame he obtained by speaking them. '
Hortensius must have been sixty t-four at the time of hia
death.'
HORTON' (Thomas), a learned and pious English di-
vine, the son of Laurence Horton, a merchant of London,
was bom in that city. In July 1623 he was admitted a
pensioner of Emanuel college, Cambridge, where he took
the degree of B. A. in 1626, and that of master in 1630.
He was also a fellow of his college. In 1637 be took the
degree of B. D. and was appointed one of the twelve uni'*
versity preachers. The following year he was chosen
master of Q.ueen*s-coIlege, in that university, after the
death of Mr. Herbert Palmer, and in July of the same year
minister of St. Mary Colechurch, in London, a donative
of the Mercers' company, of which bis £sither was a
member.
In Oct. 1641, be was elected professor of divinity at
Gresham -college, and in May 1647, was elected preacher
to the honourable society of GrayVinn, of which be was
also a member. In 1649 be was created D. D. and the en-
suing year was chosen vice-ohancellor of Cambridge. In
1651 he appears to have resigned the office of preacher of
Gray's-inn ; and marrying about the same time, he pro-
cured an order from parliament that he should not be
obliged by that step to vacate his professorship at Gresham
college. The Gresham committee, however, referring to
^he founder^s will, came to a resolution that the place w^
•
* Gtnh Di^— Cieero*8 Orations
H O R TON. 19?
• • ■ '
Vacant, but did not at this time proceed to an electloiit^
In August 1652, Dr. Horton was incorporated D. D. in the .
university of Oxford, and the year following was nominated
one of the triers or commissioiiers for the approbation of^
young ministers. In 1656, the Gresham committee re-
sumed the affair of his professorship, and proceeded to a new
election, but Dr. Horton obtained a fresh dbpensation from
Cromwell by means of secretary Thurloe, and continued.
in quiet possession, holding with it his headship of Queen^s
college, Cambridge. On the restoration he was obliged
to resign the headship to Dr. Martin, who had been ejected,
by the parliamentary visitors ; and although he had interest
enough at court to retain his professorship for a little time,
he was obliged in 1661 to resign it. When the Savoy
conference was appointed, he was non^inated as an assis-.
tant on the side of the presbyterians, but, according to.
Baxter, never sat among them ; and although one of th^
number of the divines ejected by the Bartholomew act, he
conformed afterwards, and in June 1666, was admitted to
the vicarage of Great St Helen, in Bishopsgate-street,,
London, which he held till his death, in March 1673.
Dr. Wallis, who had been under his tuition at Cam-
bridge, aqd after his decease published a volume of his
sermons, with some account of his life, says he was *^ s^
pious and learned man, an hard student, a sound divine,
a good textuary, very well skilled in the oriental languages,
very well accomplished for the work of the ministry, and
very conscientious in the discharge of it" Nor did the
close application to his province as a divine, occasion him
wholly to neglect his juvenile studies. In the Cambridge
verses, entitled " 2«(^7f^^,'* written upon the restoration of
Charles 11. there is a poem composed by Dr. Horton, while
master of Queen^s. He printed hut three sermons him-
self, but left many oUiers prepared for the press ; and
after his death were published, 1. '^ Forty-six Sermons
upon the whole eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Ro-
mans," Lond. 1674, foL 2. " A choice and practical
Exposition, upon the 4, 47, 51, and 63 Psalms," ibid.
1675, fol. 3. *< One hundred select Sermons upon several
texts," with the author's life by Dr. Wallis, ibid. 1679>
fol. He left also some sacramental, funera), and other
sermons, prepared for the press, but which have not been
printed.'
t jkth. Oz« Tol. U*— Ward's Lives of tlM Grosham Professom
too H O S 1 U s.
HOSlUS (Stanislaus), cardiaaVwas bom at Cracow^
in Poland, in 1503, of low parents, hnt being well edu-
cated,- bore such a character after taking Bis degrees, as.
to be admitted into the Polish senate. He was here dis-
tinguished by the acuteness of his genius, the retentive-
ness of his memory, and other accomplishments mental
and personal ; and' was advanced successively to the places *•
of secretary to the king, canon of Cracow, bishop of Culm>
and bishop of Warmia. He was sent by the pope Pius
IV to engage the emperor Ferdinand to continue the
council of Trent ; and the eniperor was so charmed with,
his eloquence and address, that he granted whatever he
askud. Pius then made him a cardinal, and employed him,
as his legate, to open and preside at the council. Hosius
was a zealous advocate for the Romish church, and de«.
fended it ably, both in speeches and writings ; the latter
of which amounted to two folio volumes, atid wereoften
printed during his life. He died in 1579, at the age of,
seventy -six, and was burieB in the church of St. Lawrence,
from which he took his title as cardinal. By his will he left bis
library to the university of Cracow, with an annual sum to
provide for its support and increase. Among his works,
the chief are, 1. " Confessio Catholics Fidei,** said to
have been reprinted in various languages, thirty- four times. .
2. " De Communione sub utraque specie.'* 3. '* De sa-
cerdotum conjugio.'* 4. " De Missa vulgari lingua cele-^'
brands,'' &c. His works were first collectively published
at Cologne, in 1584.*
HOSKINS (John), an English lawyer and poet, was
born in 1566, at Mownton, in the parish of Lanwarne, in
Herefordshire, and was at first intended by his father for
a trade, but his surprizing memory and capacity induced
him to send him to Westminster, and afterwards to Win-
chester school, at both which he made great proficiency*
From Winchester he w^as in 1584 elected probationer- fel-
low of New- col lege, Oxford, and two years afterwards
admitted actual fellow. In 1591 he took his master's de-
gree ; but being terra jiliuiiy in the act following, he was,
says Wood, ** so bitterly satirical," as to be refused to
co^iplete his degree as regent master, and was also ex-
pf her the university. He then, for his maintenance,
taught school for some time at lichester, in Somersetshire^ .
1 Gent Dict^-^Frebcri TheairiUB.«— Mor«ri.«>->DupiiK
H O S K I N S. SOI
where he^compUed a Greek lexicon as far as 'the letter M*
^^Tying afterwards a lady of praperty, be.ent/ered him*
4elf as. sjtudent in the Middle -temple, and at .the usual
time was cal.ied to the bar.* In 1614 he had aseat in par*
ll^caent,. where some rash speeches occasioned his being;
imprisoned tot, a year. He.v^as afterwards elected .Lent-
reader of the IVIiddle-temple, and fogr years after , waa
made a se^rjeant at law, a justice itinerant, for Wales, ,and'
ope of. the council of the Marches. He died at his Jsouse^
at Mprehampton^ iu Herefordshire, Aug. 27, 1638.: .; !
He was much admired for his talent in Latin and £ng«
lish poetry, and highly respect^ by the most eminent
men of his time, Camden, Selden, Daniel, Dr«. Donne,
sir- Heqry Wottor^ sir Walter Raleigh, whose, ^' History^'*
he revised before it was sent to press.; and others, par^
tieujlarly Ben. Jonson, who used to. say, *^ 'twas he. that
polished me, I do acknowledge it.*' Wood sp,eaks of him
as the .author of the Greek (exicon already meutioned, left^
in MS. and imperf^t; of several epigrams .-aod.ep'taphs,
in Latin and l^nglish, interspersed in various .collections ;*
'^ The Art of Memory/' in which he himself excelled ; and*
of some ]aw treatises, in MS. which becarnq the property t
of his graqdsoo, sir John Hoskins, knt. and bart. mas*'
t^r ip ehancery, but better known to the world as a philo-
sopher, and ope of the first, members of the royal society,,
of which he was president in 1682.*
HOSPINIAN (Rauph), a learned Swiss writer,, who*
rendered. important service to the Protestant cause, was-
born at Altdprf near Zurich, where his father, was minister,:
iu 1547, He b^gan his studies with great diligence and.
success at Zurich, under the direction of Woliius, his*
unqle l^ his mother's side ; and lotting his father in 1563,
foujid an a&ctionate. patron in his godfather Uodolpbus*
Gualterus. , He left Zurich in 1565, in order to visit. the
other universities;, and spent some time in Marpurg and
Heidelberg. H^ ivas, aft;ei*wards recalled, and received;
into the ministry in 1«568 ; the year following he obtainect
the freedpm, of the city ; and^ was made provisor of tl>e
.abbey school in 1371. Though bis scUooLand his cuve
engr4^sised.nui^h of his time, he bad the courage taauider*.
take a.nobi^ wprj^ of vast extent, ,*• An History of t^e firw.
rors of Popery."' He considered, that the Papists, when
. ' 4^tli. Ox. Tol^ I. — Gr«of er.
*0i H O S P I N I A N.
defeated by the Holy Scripturesy had recoursis to traditioTi ;
were for ever boasting of their antiquity, and despised ther
protestants for being modern. To deprive them of thi»
plea, he determined to search into the rise and progress of
the Popish rites and ceremonies ; and to examine by what
gradations the truth, taught by Christ and his apostles^^
had been corrupted by innovations. He oould not, how-'
ever, complete his work, agreeably to the plan be had
drawn out ; but he published some considerable parts of
it, aji, 1. "DeTemplis: hoc est, de origine, progressu,
U8u, & abusu Tempiorum, ac omnino rerum omnium ad
Templapertinentium,'' 1587, folio. 2. <' Die Monachis t
seu de origine & progressu monachatus & ordinum
monasticorunj," 1588, folio. 3. <^ De Festis Judaeorum,
ct Ethnicorum : hoc est, de origine, progressu, ceremo*
nib, et ritibus festorum dierum Judseorum, Graecorunr,
Romanorum, Turcarum, & Indianorum,'* 1592, folio. 4.
^*Festa Christianorum,'' &c. 1593, folio. 5. " Histoiria;
Sacramentaria : hoc est, libri quinque de Coen» Domimc»
prima institutione^ ej usque vero usu & abusu, in primaBva
ecclesia ; necnon de origine, progressu, ceremaniis,^ & ri-
tibus MissdB, Transubstantiationis, & aliorum penie infini-
torum errorum, quibus Coense prima institutio borrilnHter
inpapatu polluta & profanata est,*' 1598, folio. 6. ^ Para
altera: de origine et progressu controversis& sacramentaria»^
de Coena Domini inter Lutheranos, Ubiquistas, & Ortho*
doxos, quos Zuinglianos seu Calvinistas vocant, exortsei ab
anno 1517 usque ad 1602 deducta, J 602,** folio. These ^
are all of them parts of his great work, which he enlarged
in succeeding editions, and added confutations of the ar-
gumentis of Bel^armin, Baronius, and Gretser. What he
published on the Eucharist, and another work entitled'
'^ Concordia Discors,*' &c. printed in 1607, exasperated
die Lutherans in a high degree ; and they wrote against
him with great animosity. He did not publish any answer,
though he had almost finished one, but turned his arms
against the Jesuits; and published ^< Historia Jesuitica :
hoc est, de origine, regulis, constitutionibus, privilegiis,
incremehtis, progressu, & propagatione ordinis Jesuitarum. '
Item, de eorum dolis, fraudibus, imposturis, nefariis faci-
Qoribus, cruentis consiliis, falsa quoque^ seditiosa^ & san*
guinolenta doctrina,** 1619, folio.
These works justly gained him high reputation, and
considerable preferment He wias appointed archdeacott
H b S P 1 N I A N. 20S ^
^f Caroline church in 1588; and, in 1594, minister of the
abbey-church. He was depjived of his sight for near a
year by a cataract, yet Continued to preach as usual, and
was happily couched in 1613. In 1623, being 76 years of
age, his faculties became impaired, and so continued tiH
his death in 1626. The public entertained so high an'
opinion of his learning from his writings, that he was ex-'
horted from all quarters to refute Baronius^s ''* Annals ;*^
and no one was thought to have greater abilities for the'
task. A new edition of his works was published at Geneva/
1681y in seven thin volumes, folio. *
HOSPITAL (Michel de l'), chancellor of France, and
one of -the most liberal-minded men of his time, was the
son of a physician, and born at Aigneperse in Auvergne^
in 1505. His father sent him to study in the most cele**
brated universities of France and Italy, where he distin*
Jruished himself at once by his genius for literature, and
or business. Having diligently studied jurisprudence, be
was quickly advanced to very honourable posts ; being sue*
eessively auditor of the congregation called the congregation'
of Rota at Rome, and counsellor in the parliament of Paris^
which he held during twelve years. He has described in one
of his poems his habits of life during this time. He rose at a
very early hour, and in the autumnal, winter, and spriag'
sessions, was often in the court of justice before day-break,'
and reluctantly rose from his seat, when the beadle, at teifi
o^clock (the hour of dinner) announced the breaking up of
tbe court. He says, that he made it a rule to listen to all
with patience, to interrupt no one, to express himself ail
concisely as possible, and to oppose unnecessary delays.
He mentions, with evident satisfaction, the joy which he
felt when the vacations allowed him to quit Paris, and
breathe in tbe country. The cares of magistracy he then
banished wholly from his thoughts, and endeavoured, by
harmless relaxation, to enable himself, on his return to the
discharge of bis functions, to resume them with fresh vi«'
gdur. *' But,*' says he, ^^ there is nothing frivolous in
my amusements ; sometimes Xenophon is tbe companion
* of mv walks ; sometimes the divine Plato regales me with
the discourses of Socrates. History and poetry have their
turns ; but my chief delight is in the sacred writings : what
comfort, what holy calm, does the meditation of them
confer !"
I Geiu Dict.*.Nieeroo, toU XXXVIIL— Saxii Onomaif*
, ^0* HOSPITAL.
4
L^HospiUl was then appointed by Henry IL to be bis
embassador at the council of Trent, wbi^b was fitting at
Bologna. By his own desire, he was soon re<iaUed from
that honourable employment, jand on his return expeneor
qed, at firsts aome coldness from the court, but was soon
Tijcstored to the royal favour, and appointed master of tfa^
requests* In .the beginning of 1554 he was made super*
intendant of. the royal finances .in France. His merits in
thi^ post were of the most singular and exalted kind. By
a ^vere oe^cpnomy, he laboured to restore the royal trea-
sure, exhausted by the prodigality of the king, Henry II»
amd the dishonest avarice of bis favourites ; be defied the
enmity of those whose, profits he destroyed, and 'was hini«
self so rigicjly disinterested, that after five or six. years' con*
tinpance in this place, he was unable to give a portion to
his:daughter, and the deficiency was supplied by the libe*
rality^of the sovereign. On the death of Henry, in 151^9,
th$ cardinal of Lorraine^ then at the head of affairs, intro*;
duced r Hospital into the council of state. Hence he was
Ir/snioved by Margaret of Valpis, who took him into Siavoy^
as her chancellor. Butthe confusions of France soon made
it necesisary :ta recal a inap of such firmness and undaunted,
integrity. In the midst of faction- and fury, be was ad-
vapced: to the high office of rchancellor of that kingdom,
%here, hemaintained his post, like a philosopher who was.
superior to. fear, oi^ any species of weakness. At the breakf*
ing out of the ceaspiracy of Amboise, in 1560, and on all*
other :oecasions, he. was the advocate fpr mercy and recon<»
ciliation^ 9nd by the edict of Romorantio, prevented the
eiitablishment of the inquisition in France. It was perhaps*
for reasons of this kind, and his general ia^ersion to perse-
ciition for religion's sake, that the violent Romanists^ at:-'
cijsed him of being a concealed Protestant:; forgetting that
by such suspicions they paid the highest compliment to:
the spirit: of .Protestantism* The. queen, Catherine of;.
Medicis, . who had contributed to the elevation of THospi- .
tal^ being too .violent to approve bis pacific measures, •ex-* .
eluded him from the council of war; on which be retired
to his country-house at Vignay near £stampe8. Some days .
after, when the seals were demanded of him, he resigned •
tbemwithotit regret, saying, that ** the affairs of the world ;
were too. corrupt for him to meddle, with them." In Itft-
tered ease, amusing himself with Latin poetry, and a se- »
lect society of friends, be truly enjoyed bis rietreat, till his
happiness was interrupted by tlte atroieidas day ef St. B^r^
tholottiew, in 1572. Of this disgra^^al -inassacrey li^
thongbt'as posterity has thought'; but, thdugh hisfnendi
Conceived it probable ' that he might be included in the
proscriptian, h« disdained tiy seek hiii'safety by flight. So
fifth was he, that when & party of boiisemen actually ad^
Tanced to his house, though without ordei>s, for' the horrid
purpose of murdering him,' lie refused' to dose' his gates :
^ If the small one,'' said he, <* will not admit them, thro^
open the large ;'' and he was preserved Qoly^by thei arrival
of another party, with expiiess orders from the king to de*
clare that he was not among the pr<)scHbed. The [i^ons
who made th^ lists^, if Was alided; pai^oned bim the dppo^
sition he had always nfiade to their projects. . '**I did not
know,** said fa^ coldly, without any change of* donnte-^
nance, ^* that I had done any thing to deserve eithet death
or pardon." His motto- is said to have been.
Si fractus illabatur orbU—
Impavidum ferient ruinae^
aiid certaiply no person ever had a. better right to asisume
that subliqae device. This e^xcellent magistrate, and truly
great man, , died March 13, 1573, at the age 6( 68 yearsJ
** L' Hospital," says Brantome, "was the greatest, wor*
thiest, and most, learned chancellor, that was ever known
in France. His large white beard, pale cbiintenancey
austere manner, ihade all who saw him think they beheld
a true portrait of St. Jerome, and he was called St. Jerome
\ff the courtiers. All orders of men feared him.; particu-
larly the members of the courts of justice ; and, when he
examined them on their lives, their discha/ge of their
duties, their capacities, or their knowledge, and particularly
when he examined candidates for offices, and found ih^in
deficient, he made them feel it. He was profoundly versed
in polite learning, very eloquent, and an excellent po^l
His severity was never ill-natured j he made due allowance
for the imperfections of human nature ; was always equal
antd always firm. After his death his very enemies acknpw-
[edged that he was the greatest magistrate whom France
*Kad known, and that they did not expect to see such aiio-;
ther.'* There are exunt by him^ 1. " Latiui Poems."
Their unpretending simplicity is their greatest merit;' hut
they shew such real dignity of character, they breathe so
pure a spmi of virtue, and are full of such e&cellent sea«
timents of public and private wortbi that they will always
ao^ B O a ? I T A. U
he ir^ied with pkasure^ 2. << Speftcbc^ delivered in- tbd
meetiDg of the States at Orleans." As an orator he sbioes
much less than as a poet. 3. ** Memoirs^ containing
Treaties of Peat^e,'* &c. &c. Tt is said that be had also
projected a history of his own time in Latin, hut this he
did not execute. The best edition of his poems is that of
Amsterdam) 1732, 8vo. He left only one child) a daugh-
ter^ married to Robert Hurault, whose children added the
fiame. of T Hospital to that of their father; biit the male
line of this family also was extinct in 1706. . Nevertheless,
the memory of the chancellor ha^ received the highest
honours widiin a few years of the present time. In .1777,
Louis Xy I. erected a statue 'p^;whit§ marble, to him, and
in the same year be was proposed by tb^ French academy
for the subject of an eloge. M. Guibert and the abb6
Remi contended for the prize. It was adjudged to the
latter, who did not, however, print his work ; M. Guibert
was less prudent, but his eloge gave little satisfaction^
The celebrated Condorcet afterwards entered the lists, but
with equal want of success. Such fastidiousness of public
opinion showed the high veneration entertained for the
character of L'Hospital. In 1807, M; Bernard! published
bis '' Essai sur la Vie, les Ecrits, et les Loix de Michel de
L^ Hospital,'' in one vol. 8vo, a work written with taste and
judgment ; from these and other documents, Charles But-
ler, esq. has lately published an elegant '* Essay on^ the
Life'' of L'Hospital, principally with a view to exhibit
bim as a friend to toleration.'
HOSPITAL (William-Francis-Antony, marquis im
l'), a great mathematician of France, was born of a branch
of the preceding family, in 1661. He was a geometrician
almost from his infancy ; for one day being at the duke de
Kohan's, where some able mathematicians were speaking
of a problem of Paschal's, which appeared to tbeifn ex*
tremely difficult, he ventured to say, thatt he believed he
^oujd solve it. They were amazed at what appeared such
unpardonable presumption in a boy of fifteen, for be was
then no more, yet in a few days he sent them the solution.
He entered early into the army, but always preserved his
love for the mathematics, and studied them even in his
^ent; whither be used to retire, it is said, not only to
study, but also to conceal his application to study : for in
HOSPITAL; iHf
• • •
tbosediip^ labeknow^g in the sciences, wm Iboiight to
derogate from nobility; «ind a soldier of quality, to pre-
serve bis dignity, was in some measure obliged to bide bis
literary attaiQments. Del'Hospital was a captain of borne;
but, being extr^ely sbort«sigbted, and exposed on that
accbpnt to perpt^tual inconveniences and errors, be at
length quittei^ the ariny, and applied himself entirely
to bis favourite amusement He contracted a friend*
ship with Malbranche, judging by bis ^^ Recherche de la
VeritS,^' that be nm^t be an excellent guide in the sciences;
itnd be took his opinion upon all occasions. His abilitieif
^x\d knowledge were no longer a secret : and at the age of
thirty-two. be gave. a public solution of problems, drawn
from the deepest geome.try, which had been proposed to
mathematicians in the acts of Leipsic. In 1693 be was re-
ceived an honorary member of the academy of sciences at
Pari^.; and published a work upon sir IsiBUic Newton^s caU
eulations, entitled ^^ L^ Analyse des iafinimens petits." He
was the first in France who wrote on this subject; and on
this account was regarded almost as a prodigy. He en-
gaged afterwards in another work of the mathematical kind#
in which he included ** Les Sectiones coniques, lea Lieux
geometriques, la Construction des Equations," and '* Une
Theorie des Cburbes mechaniques ;'' but a little before be
bad finished it, he was seized with a fever, of which he
died Feb. 2, 1704, aged 49. It was published after his
death, viz. in 1707. There are also six of his pieces in-
serted in different volumes of the memoirs of the academy
;(|f sciences.'
HOSTE, or L'HOSTE (John), a learned mathemati-
cian of Nancy, towards the end of the sixteenth century,
taught law and mathematics with uncoounon reputation . ^t
Pont-ii-Mousson, and was appointed superintendant of for-
tiBcations, and counsellor of war by Henry duke of Lo9-
rain. His genius was extensive, penetrating, and formed
for the sciences. He died in 16SI, leaving several valu-
able works: the principal ones are, ^^Le sommaire et
Tusage de la Sphere Artificielle,*' 4to; << La Pratique de
G^om^trie," 4to ; '* Description et usage des prinoipaux
instrumem de G6om£trie," 4to ; ^< Du Quadran et quarrf ;
lIRayon astronomique ; B&ton de Jacob ; interpretatipn dm
grand art de Raymond LuUe,*^ &c.*
1 Qtm. Dict«-ilf orari.«»Martia*f Bi#s< PliUog^ ■ Momk-^Okit. Bi^
i(A ft O S T k* >•
HOftTE XPkvh), born May 19^^ 1652, :atin)tit:.3^iV^l«|^^
cntenei among' the Jesuits ih 16iSd; smd^ ibqujred great
ikill in mathematics ; accompariied ^be ti)arechaf$'(f*F!str^e;i
and db'Tourville, during twelve years; in tiVtHhiir navai
expeditions, and gained their esteieqpii' ' He Was appbintec
king's profeissor of mathematics afTouWii-'anid *<fiea''iher^
February 23, 17t30, leaving, " Rfetiieirdes JTrait^s d^'Ma-
tll^matiques les plus necessaires a* tjn' bfficier,'". 5 Vols!
l^mo; " L'Art des armies naralesj oii Traits dies ^vbTu-
tibns navales,'* Lyons, 11597, and tiroyef ctbrhpletely in 1727.
folio. This work is not less historicariban scientific, ana .
contain^ an accodnt of the most cohsiderable n&varbVents
of the fifty preceding years. He p'fefented it' to Loui$
XIV. who received it graciously, and rewarded the author
with 100 pistoles; and a pension of '600 livres; a treatise
o6 the construction of ships, which he wrote in conse-
quence of some conversation with marechal de Tourville^
is- printed at the end of the preceding. ' In 1762, lieute-
nant O'Bryen published in 4t03j '**^ Naval Evolutions, or a .
System of JSea-disclpfine,'* extracted froln fether L'Hoste's
"L^'A'ft des armies uavales." *
ftQTMA]>T (FaANCis), in Latin Hbtqmanus, a learned
t^rench civilian, was borii in '1524, at Paris/ where his fa-
mily, originally "of fireslau in Silesia, had Nourished For .
some time. He. made so rapid ^ progress in the belles
lettres, that at the age of fifteen, he was. sent to Orleans
to study the civil l^w, and in three years was received doc-
tor to that faculty. His fether, a counsellor in parliameii^
had already designed hirp for that employment ; andther^
foi'e'iiertt for hini home, and placed him at the bar. But
Hotman wa^ soon displeased with the chicanery of the
court, and applied himself vigorously to the study of th^
Rbrpan law and polite literature. At the age of twenty-
thre)?, be was chosen to read public lectures in the schools /
of Paris : but, relishing the opinions of Luther, on ac^
count of which many persons were put to death in France, -
and finding that he Co^^d not profess tliem at Paris; h(e
went to Lyons in*1^548. Having npw nothit^g to expect
from' his father. Who was greatly irritated, at the change o^ •
his religion, he left tVance, and retired to Geneva j where /^
he lived some tin)e in jCalviii's house. From hence he went
to Lausanne, where the magistrates ;of Bern gave' him tbn ^
• Moreri.— Diet* Hist
H O T M A N. »W
place of professor of polite literature. He publisbed there
sdme books, which, however, young as he was, were not
his first publications ; and married a French gentlewoman,
who had also retired thither on account of religion. His
Daerit was so universally known, that the magistrates of
Strasburg oflPered him a professorship of civil law ; whi^h
he accepted, and held till 1561, and during this period^
received invitations from the duke of Prussia, the land-
grave of Hesse, the dukes of Saxony, and even from queea
Elizabeth of England ; but did not accept them. He did
not refuse, however, to go to the court of the king of Na*
vsirrey at the begining of the troubles ; and he went twice
into Germany, to desire assistance of Ferdinand, in the
name of the princes of the blood, and even in the name of the
queen-mother. The speech he made at the diet of Franc«>
fort is published. Upon his return to Strasburg, he was
prevailed upon to teach civil law at Valence ; which he did
with such success, that be raised the reputation of that
university. Three years after, he w^nt to be professor at
Bourges, by the invitation of Margaret of Fra,nce, sister of
Henry II. but left that city in about five months, and re-
tired to Orleans to the heads of the party, who made great
use of his advice. The peace which was made a month
after, did not prevent him from apprehending the return
of the storm : upon which account he retired to Sancerre,
aiid there wrote an excellent book, <^ De Consolatione,^'
which his son published after his death. He returned after-
wards to his professorship at Bourges, where he very
natrrowly escaped the massacre of 1572: which induced
him to leave France, with a full resolution never to return.
He then went to Geneva, where he read lectures upon the
civil law. Some time after, he went to Basil, and taught
civil law, and was so pleased with this situation, that he
refused great, offers from the prince of Orange and the
States*general, who would have drawn him to Leyden.
The plague having obliged him to leave Basil, be retired to
Montbeliard, where he lost his wife ; and went afterwards
lo live with her sisters at Geneva. He returned once more
to Basil, and there died in 1590, of a dropsy, which had
kept him constantly in a state of indisposition for six years
before. During this, he revised and digested his works
for a new edition, which appeared at Geneva in 1599, in
3 vols, folio, with his life prefixed by Neveletus DoschiuSw^
vouxvm. p
«io ti6t a Ait.
The first two eoutaia treadats upon the ci?H bw; t^
third, pieces relating to tho governvient of France^ and tb€
fight of succession ; five books of flomaa aatiquities ; com-<^
inentaries upon TuUy's << Orations and Epistles;" ntdtea
tipoii Caesar's.'' CommeJitaries;" &c. His *< Franoo-Galli^^
or, *^ Account of the free state of France/' has been trans*
lated into English by lord tholes worth, ambor of ^The
Account of Denmark." He pubikbted also several othef
articles without his nsune ; but, being' of the . controversial
kind, they wer^ probably not thought of consequence
enough to be revived in the coUeetion of his works.
He was one of those who would never consent to bef
painted ; but we are tdd, that his picture was uken while
he was in his last agony. ' His integrity, firmness, and
|)iety, , are highly extolled by the author of his life $ yet, it
Baudouin may be believed (whom, however, it is more rea*
S(n>abie not to believe, as he was bis antagonist in religious
opinions), he was suspected of being avaricious : but it
must be remembered, that be lost his all when be changed
his religion, and had no supplies bat what afx)se from read*
ing lectures ; for it does not appear that his wife brought
him a fortune. It is very probable, however, that his lee-*
tures Would have been sufficient for iiis sul^istence ; h<td
he not been deluded by schemes of finding out the philo-
sopher's stone ; and we find him lamenting to a friend in
hi$ last illness, that he had sqitatidered away his substaacef
upon this hopeful project. With all these weaknesses, he
was est€f€!med one of the greatest civilians France ever pro«
duced.*
HOTTINGER (JoHN-HENaY), a very learned writor^
and famous fot his skill in the oriental languages, was born
at Zurich in Switzerland, in 1620. He had a particular
talent for learning languages ; and the progress he made iti
his first studies gave such promising hopes, ttuu it was ine<»
solved be should be sent to study in foveign coantrits, at
the public expence. He began bifi travels in 1638, and
went to Geneva, where he studied two months under FV«
Spanheim. Then be went into France, and thenfce into
Holland f and fixed at Oroningen, where he studied divi«>
nity under Gomarus and Aiting, and Arabic under P^^sor^
Here be intended to have remained ; but being very d;&si«^
' Cen. Diet.— Nioeroo, vol. XI. and XX.— Moreiri.— Freberi Thtairnitt.— ^
Saxli Ouomast.
HOTTlNO^ll, ill
rems of iinproving himsyf in tb6 oHental Ift^gUiEigeii, hi&
^ent in 1639 to Leyden, to be tutof lb the dhlldfeh of Go-
lius, who was the best fikiUed in those languages of kn j taih
of that age. Bythe instructions of Golius» h^ improired
greatly in the knowledge of Arabic, and feilso by. \ht assist*
anceofaTurk, who happisned tb be at Lieyden. Besfdek
these advantages^ Grolius had a fine cbltettioh of Arabic
books an4 MS84 from which Hotttngef W^ snfl^r^d td t'd^^f
what he pleased, during the foori^i§h months he st^id at
Leyden. Jn 1641, he was offiE^red, at the iretod^oiendattbii
of Golios, the place of chaplain to the artiba^sltdor of tb^
Staies-gekierai to Constantinople; And be vroold gladljr
have attended hitn^ a» such a jouk-ney #biild hate co-ope<'
rated wonderfully with his grand design of p^rfb^tihg; hitti^
s^if \h the eastern languages t but the ma^istrtttes of Zii-^
rich did not Consent to it : tlu§y ehode rathtei* to veeAX hiM;
in order to ibmploy him fof t\vt advantage o^ theiic public
schools. Th^y permitted hiin fir^t, hc^et^r^ to visit Ehg«
laiid ; and the instant he returned ffoin that cbtfhtry, ihef
appdintdd him prbfesitof of etdcfsiAstietll hi^tofy; and A
year after, tn 1648^ gd^e him tWb pmf^sbfshtps^ thki 6i
catecbeticat dttiiiity^ and that of kh^ oHl^iltii) tongues.
He married at twenty^-two, and b^^rl td publish bobki
at t^entjr.fomr. New |^ofe^6orshipd WdH? b^stbWt^jd upott
bim ill 1653^ and b^ was admitted iHIb tb^ college of
candtis. In I655| the eiectot t^aktini^, d^^trous to fi^^-
store the l^redft Of hht aniTtet-slty of H^i^berg, ebtaih^d
leiiv^ c^ the seriate of Zurich fot Hoitirig^V t<s go fher^, on
condition that be shotald return M th^ eiid of thr^e years :
but befsre he set out fbijr thdt t&Wy^ he w^'nt to Basil, and
took the degree «f D. D. Ji^ arrived ^t iteidelberg the
sasse year^ atid #ak graebctely feci^ived iri that city. Be«
aMes tbeprofessorshijbrof Aivfnrty at)d th^ ori^Utaf tongues,
he was appoiiHed pr'wvtX^X of th^ Coll^gfdhi Sapiential.
He waa rector of the tiniver^ity the yedr fbilo^Eing, Hnd
wrote a \sfa^ eDM^min^ the te-'tifaion of th& Lutherans
8nd Cailririisfs r which he d^rd t^ pl^s^ tb^ elector, wht)
wt»^ Maloift in that MTaiiy t blit ^^rty-ai^iibositles readied
biir pe^fofteitoc^ iweffeetir^K Hottln^cfr si^companted this
prinde to the &)eetoral diet df ¥tfii\t9M itl 165^^ and there
twd a; 6^x\htwi&t& mth Job Lt^lf. Ludolf had Acquired d
vasH knowledge of Ethiopia; and^ itif cotijirn<^ti5h i^ith Hot-*
tiiigar^ concerted meas^ates foif setidifig into Africa some
peraoM siftilled in the orvAital iongHei^^ #h^ Migifl linake
P 2
i^lB HOTTIKGER.
t
exact inquiries concerning the state of the Christian re1t-«
gion in that part of the world. Hottinger was not recalled
to Zurich till 1661, his superiors, at the elector's earnest
request, having prolonged the term of years for which they
lent him : and he then returned, honoured by the elector
with the title of Ecclesiastical-counsellor.
Many employments were immediately conferred on him i
among the rest, he was elected president of the comtnis-'
sioners who were to revise the German translation of the
Bible. A civil war breaking out in Switzerland in 1664,
he was sent into Holland on state affairs. Many universi-
ties would willingly have drawn Hottinger to them, but*
yrere not able. That of Leyden offered him a professor-
ship of divinity in 1667; but, not obtaining leave of bis
superiors, he refused it, until the magistrates of Zurich,
consented, in complaisance to the States of Holland, who
had interested themselves in this affair. As he was pre-'
paring for this journey, he unfortunately lost his life, June
5, 1667, in the river which passes through Zurich. He^
went into a boat, with his wife, three children, his brother-^'
in-law, a friend, and a maid-servant, in order to go and
let out upon lease an estate which he had two leagues from
Zurich. The boat striking against a pier, which lay under
water, overset : upon which Hottinger, his brother-«in-laWy
and friend, escaped by swimming. But when they looked
upon the women and children, and saw the danger they
were in, they jumped back into the water : the conse-
quence of which was, that Hottinger, his friend, and three
children, lost their lives, while his wife, his brother-in-law,
and servant-maid, were saved. His wife was the only
daughter of Huldric, minister of Zurich, a man of very?
great learning, and brought him several children : for be-
sides the three who were drowned with him, and those who
died before, he left four sons and two daughters.
As an author, he was very prolific, and it is surprising/'
that a man, who had possessed so many academical em-
ployments, was interrupted with so many visits (for every
body came to see him, and consulted him as an or^^),
and was engaged in a correspondence with all the Uteratr
of Europe, should have found time to write more than:
forty volumes, especially when it is considered, that he
did not reach fifty years of age. The most considerable,
of his works are : 1. *< Exerdtationes Anti-Morinianse, d^
^entateucho Samaritanos 4c.*' 1644^ quarto* Moria had
H O T TINGE R. 213
asserted, in the strongest manner, the authenticity of the
Samaritan Pentateuch ; which he preferred to the Hebrevr
tipxt, upon a pretence that this bad been corrupted by the
Jews ; and it was to combat this opinion, that Hottinger
wrote these Exercitations. This work, though the first,
is, in the judgment of father Simon, one of the best he
wrote ; and if he had never written any thing more^ it is
probable that he would have left higher notions of his abi*
lities : for certainly it was no small enterprise for him, so
early in life, to attack, on a very delicate and knotty sub-
ject, and with supposed success too, one of the most
learned men in Europe at that time. 2. '^ Thesaurus Thi-
lologicus, seu clavis scripturae," 1649, 4to. There was a
second edition in 1649, in 4to, with additions. 3. ** His-
toria Orientalis, ex variis Orientalium monumentis col*
lecta,"' 1651, 4to. No man vras better qualified to write
on oriental affairs than Hottinger, as he was skilled in most
of the languages which were anciently, as well as at pre-*
sent, spoken in the East: namely, the Hebrew, Syriac,'
Cbaldee, Arabic, Turkish, Persiau, and Coptic. 4. ^^Promp-*
tuarium, siy^ Bibliotheca Orientalis, exhibens catalogum
sive centurias aliquot tarn auctorum, quam librorum He^-^
braicorum, Syriacorum, Arabicorum, ^gyptiacorum : ad«
dita maijtissa Bibliotheearum aliquot EuropsBarnm," 1658,
4to. Baillet does not speak very advantageously of this
work of Hottinger, whom he accuses of not being very
accurate in any of bis compositions : and indeed his want
of accuracy is a, point agreed on by both papists and pro-,
testants. 5. ** Etymologicon Orientale, sive Lexicon Har-
monicum Heptaglotton," &c. 1661, 4to. The seven lan-
guages contained in this Lexicon are, the Hebrew, Cbaldee,
Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethiopic, and Rabbinical.
. These works are valuable for containing materials of a
curious nature, and which were before only accessible to
persons skilled in oriental languages. A catalogue of his
other works may be seen in, th.e *^ Bibliotheca Tigurina ;"
or the Latin life of Hottinger, published by Heidegger at
Zurich, 1667 : in either of which they are all drawn up
and digested into regular order. — John James Hottinger
his son, was also a learned protestant divine, succeeded
Beidegger ip the divinity chair at Zurich, and died Dec;
18, 1735,leaving a great number of works, chiefiy ^' Theo*
logical Dissertations," on important subjects.^^
^^en. iDct,— Morcri,-^iceroD, vol. VIII.—* Saxii Onoma8ticoa.-i-F^ehert
^1* H Q y 9 I a A N T«
^QUBIGANT'(CHARit£)S^ Francis), a pious aod learaed
^aqslatpr of the l^ehr^w Scriptures, and comineiuator on
^em, was b^prn at Paris ia 1^86. |n 1702 he became a^
priest of the con^reg^UQn pa^ed the Oratory i and being,
by deafness, deprived of tb^ chief comforts of society, a4-
dioted biioself the more earnestly to I^ooks, iii which he
fqund his constant consolation. Of a d^sppsition naturally
benevolent, with great firn^n^s of soul, goodness oi tem-
per, and politeness, of i^anners, he w$^s held in very gei^-
ral e^tioi^tipn, and received honours and rewards from th&
pope. (Benecl- XIV.) and froin h|s couutryipei^ wbich b^
had pever thou.gbt of soliciting. Though his income waa.
but small, he dedicated a part of it to found a school near
Chantillyi; and the purity of bisi judgment, joined tqt^e
strei^gth of his memory, ens^bled hi(m ta cajrpy on tiis lite-
rary labours to a very ^()v^p^d s^gQ, Ev^q when, his fa*
culti^§ h9.d declin^, $^n4 ^^^ further injured by the acci-
' dent of ^ fall, the v§ry sight pf a bppH, that well-known
CQQsoler of aU bis c^re^^ raii^^d him to p^apeand rationa-
lity, f}^ di^d Oct 31, 17^, a^ the ^vanced age of ninety-
dig^t* Hi^ works, ibr wl^cM be waf po less esteemed in
tpr^ign ppuntrien tb^n b^^ j)ia own^ w?re chiefly tb^§ • ) *
An edv^QQ of the Hebrew Bible,^ witl^a Latin version s^pd
^^^^ pi^blished i^t Paris io 11 ys, 19 4 vols, folio. This is
th^ fnost valiu^ble and iippprtant work of t^e aatbpCy and
copt^itis tln^ ^ebr^w teixt corrected, by the spm\de^t ruies
of cr4t|pi|5ip» 1^ X«atin ver«^n, and p^eful notes : find pr^ .
ii'^ed tf> f ^t^ ^ook b a v^ry l^arnifd preface, ^pedicl
XIViiM^t^o justly ^ppr^iat^d %^. value and difficulty of the
W^: Mgppujf^d th^ authcyr with, a n^^dc^l, ^ad ^^m ^^^er
m^rk^ of approl^fitipp ; apd t}^^ clergy qf bis pwi^ poMPtry^
unsoliciti^df QPnferif€^; a p^psipn oc^ him, 9; A L^)n trans-
Ijitippftf tl^$ P«^ltifr, from tije yebraw^ i;46, 12^0, 3.
Apotb^r of t()e Old Test^m^ntf a|: l^rge, ip 1754, ip B vojf.
^Yp. 4. " ks^Qifips IJebr»i<ii^,'* \7S'i, ^vp, ^aji^st tU<i
poipta. 5. " Eic^w^ii du Psftutiqr d^ C^pupUips,'' lHg\(V.
the mod^ of injfirpr^t^tiop used ii) YiV^ch. hf tti.QcigbJti top
^ri^itr^ry. Q. A French trapslatipnr pf ap £^ngli»h wprk by
ForbeSj enticed ^- Thoughts on N^qfal H^ligipQ-^' 7.
Most of tt^p works of Ctiaries Lesljp trajii^atpd,^ Paris,. i 770^
8vo. Father Qoubig^nt i^ ^9t\d £Ofio/t^p har^ (eft several
works ia i^anus5:ciptf whic^s frqp^ tb^ e^cell^pc^ of tbo.^t
he published, ijiAy be copje.ctur^d to bte well d^sctryipg of
the press. Among^, thiese are a ^^ Trait£ des Etudes;^' a
H Q U BJ O A N T. Sl$
^ranslalion of **Origen against Celsus;** a •* Life of Carr
dinal Berulte ;** and a complete translation of the Bible,
Eccor^iAg to his own corrections. The first of these watt
to have been published bj father Dottevi]Ie, and the rest
bj Lalahde, but we do not find that any of them have apV
peared.*
HOUBRAKEN (Jacob), an eminent engraver, ^a^
the son of Arnojd Houbraken, a native of Holland, and a
painter, but of no very superior merit. He is known, how^
ever, to the Uterary world, as the author of a work in Dutch,
entitled ** The Gre^t Theatre of the Dutch and Flemish^
painters,*' in $ vols, folio, with their portraits. He came*
AVer into England, to make drawings of the pictures of
Vandyke, which were afterwards engraved by Peter Va^
Gunst. He died at Anis^erdam in the fifty-niot^ jear of
^is age, 1719.
Hi^ son Jacol^ was born December S5, 1998. By wha^
mt^Vef he was instructed in the art of engraving, we are
Hot informed, but he was probably initiated in the art by
his fetfaar ; and Mr. Btrutt supposes that he studied the;
»eatest portraits of EdMinJ^ very attentively, especially that'
Qf Le Brun^ which is usually prefixed to the engravings of
Gtrard Audran, from his battles of Alexander. He work- .
ed, however, for some time with little profit, and with less
celebrity V atid he had arrive<J at the meridiap of life be-
fore he engaged in that work by which he is best known ;'
/^•work, which, notwithstanding some well-founded objec-
tions, will reflect honour on the several persons engaged
in it. It seetos to have been a plan of the accurate and
industriotis- Gdorge Vertue, who propose^ to give sets or
classes of eminent men; but his design was adbpted by
others, a^d at letigth taken out of hi» hands, who, as lord
Orford observes, was best furnished with material for.stfel^'
a Vf&fk.
The person* who undertook apd brought to conelusi^m
this' great national wOrkj were the two Knaf^ton^r, bo<^^*
selfewr, encouraged by Ae vast success of Rapin's History-
of England: They employed both Vertu^ and Hotibraftdtti •
buvcbiefl^ the fetter^ and the puWication b^gan in tiurti-;
bers in' t^44. The first? volume wn^ conipleted f« I7*4T,'
antt the' second in 1752: It was accompamed %vith short
Iives' of AfCf pers6nages, written by Dr. Birch; Lord CSrfcrd
i\e H O U B R A K E N.
ol^serves, that some of Houbraken^s headsr were csre«
lessly done, especially those of the moderns ; and the eft*»
graver Hying in Holland, ignorant of our history, uninqiii*
sitive into tbe authenticity of what was transmitted to him,
engraved whatever was sent. His lordship mentions two
instances, the heads of Carr earl of Somerset, and secre*
tary Thurlow, which are not only not genuine, but bav«
not the least resemblance to the persons they pretend to
' represent. Mr. Gilpin, in his Essay on Prints, says^
** Houbraken is a genius, and has given us in his collection
of English portraits, some pieces of engraving at least
equal to any thing of the kind. Such are tb^e heads of
Hampden, Schomberg, the earl of Bedford, and tlie duke
of Richmond particularly, and some others. At the same*'
time, we must own that he has intermixed among his works
a great number of bad prints. In his best, there is a won-:
derful union of softness and freedom. A more elegant and
flowing line no artist ever employed.^* Mr. Strutt esti<«
mates his general merits more minutely. Houbraken'»
great excellence, says that ingenious writer, consisted ia
the portrait line of engraving. We admire the softness
and delicacy of execution, which appear in his works,
joined with good drawing, and a fine taste. If his I^st per-
fornaances have ever been surpassed, it is in. the masterly
determination of the features which we find in the works
of Nanteuil, Edelink, and Drevet ; this gives an animation
to the countenance, moire easily to be felt than described.
From his solicitude to avoid the appearance of an outline,
he seems frequently to have neglected the little sharpnesses
of light and shadow, which not only appear in nature, but,
like the accidental senoitones in music, raise a pleasing.
senspitipn in the mind, iq proportion as the variation is judi*
cioa^y nianaged. for want of attention to this essential'
beauty, many of bis celebrated productk>ns have a misty
aiJ|yearancQ, and d^ iiot strike the eye with^ the force we
might expect, when we consider the excellence of the en*-
graving^ The Sacrifice of Manoab, from Rembrandt, for
the collection of prints from the pictures in the Dresden
gallery, is the only attempt he made in historical engrav-
ii}g ; but in it he by no means succeeded so well.-— Of his*
private life, family, or character, nothing is known. He-
liy^ ta a good old age, and died at Am^terdam^ ta 1780.^/
^ Strutt's Oiciipimry.^— Buropemn M>;c 1803^
HOUDRY. 21T
. HOUDRY (Vuicent), a Jesuit, istraa born Jan, 22, 1631, 9^%
T?ours, and taught ethics, rhetoric, atvd philosophy among
the Jesuits, and devoted himself afterwards to - preaching
tweoty«four years; the rest of his life was.spept Jn com*
posing useful books. He died at Paris, in the college of
l^uis le Grand, March 29, 1729. His works are, ''?La
Bibliotheque des Predicateurs,** Lyons, 1733, 22 voU;.4tiO.
*f Morality," 8 vojs. the supplement 2 vols. " Panegyrics,**
4 vols, and the supplement 1 yol. The '^ Mysteries," ^
vols, and the supplement 1 ^ol. ^' The Tables," 1 voL
V The Ceremonies of the Church," 1 vol. " Cbris>tiaa
Eloquence," IvoL ^^ Trait^ de la maniere d*imiter,l£{s»
bohs Predicateurs," 12mo. *^ Ars Typographica, carmen/'
4to } and twenty volumes of <' Sermons," all which shejnr
more industry than genius, but some of them are consulted
as repositories of facts and opinions.'
BOUGH (John), an English prelate, memorable, for the
firm and patriotic stand which be made against the tyraooyi
aad bigotry of James 11. was the son of John Hough, a-
citizen of London, descended from the Hoiighs of I^eightoa.
in Cheshire, and of Margaret, the daughter of fi{pb»
Byrche of Leacroft in the county of Stafford, esq. He wa9)
born in Middlesex, April 12, 1651 ; and, after having re.^i
chived his education either at Birmingham or Walsall in
Staffordshire, was entered of Magdalen college, Oxford,*
Nov. 12, lfi69f and in a few years was elected a fellow.
Qe took >i>rdei:s in J 675, and in 1678 was appointed do--
mes^tic 9haplain to the duke of Ormond, at that time lord:
lieutenant of Ireland, and went over with him to. that;
country; but ,bo returned soon after, and in 1685 was^
made a pre^beajc^ary of Worcester. He was also presented^
to the rectory of Tempsford in Bedfordshire, in the gilt of
the crown. From these circumstances, it should seem that,
bf must have, been considered as a man of talents and.
merits before he acted the conspicuous part be did im
October 1687., .
in Marph of (hat year, the presidentship of Magdalen
college being vacant by the death of Dr. Henry Clai^ke,
t5e, .usual notice was given that the election of a president
wouldtakepljice on the 1 3 th of April; but the fellows
be^ng afterwards informed, that his majesty James IL bad
i;raiited letters maadatory, requiring them tp . elecl Mr.;
* Moreri.— Diet, jyiist,
«l» HOUGH.
Antbony Farmer, who kid not been feffow either of tfaif,
or New college, as indispensably required by the statu tes,
Irho bad also given strong proofs of hidtfflerence to all
reiigions, and whom they tboaght unfit ki other respects to
he tbeif president, petitioned the king, either to leaye tbem
to the discharge of their doty and conscience, and' to theif
£emiider's statutes, or to recommend such a person as might
be more serviceable to bis majesty and to the college.
No answer being given to this petition, they met on the
ISth of April, but adjourned first to the 14th, and then to
lile 15th, the last day limited by the statutes for the election
of a president, and having still received no answer (except
a i^rbal one by the rev. Thomas Smith, one of the fellows,
fttmi lord Sunderland, president of the council, which was^^
•that his majesty expected to be obeyed**) they proceeded
to the election, according to the usual forms, and the'
Mev. Mr. Hough was chosen, who is stated in the college
register to be ^'a gentleman of liberality and firmness,
phoj by the simplicity and purity of his moral character,
by the mildness of his disposition, and the happy teiiipe-
mmeiit of his virtues, and many good qualities, had given
everyone ijeason to expect that he would be a distinguished
omaioent to the college, and to the whole university."
' He was accordingly presented next day, April 16, to the
mitor,' Dr. Mews, bishop of Winchester, and was the same
day sworti in president of the college. He returned next
day, and was solemnly installecT in the chapel. Many ap-
plieations were made to the king during this and the foi-
Iftwihg month in behalf of the fellows, both by themselves,
llie bishop of Winchester, and by the d like of Ormond,
phaftcellor of the university : notwithstanding which, they
were ^ired'to appear at Whitehall, in June following, before
Iria majesty's commissioners for ecclesiastici^l causes, who
decreed that the election of Mr. Hough, who had novi^
taken his doctor's degree, was void, and that be be amoved
firom his office of president. Still as Farmer's iporal cha-»
racter was too strong to get over, another mandate was sent
to the fellows on August 27, to admit Dr. Samuel Parker
president, who was at that time bishop of Oxford, and a
Roman Catholic. But this was declined, 9n the ground
of' the office being full, and' being directly contrary to
their statutes and the oath they had taketi, although tho^
king went to Oxford in Septe_mber Jn order to enforce hi»
mandate, attended by lord Sunderland and others. Among
^66e was ^1^ c^l»br9kt(Ki WUliUpi' Paon the qiiaker, wiuKW
influence with his brethc^Hi w^ the dissenters in general,
Jfames II. inade^ u^e of tQ pnoQi^e bU own designs in favour
Qf popery, qoider tbe cg^QUc qf a. general toieratioa and
suspeusiqn ol' the p^nal lavfs against all sectavies, as wel|
as against th^ R^pipan cattbolic^* Peno^s interference in the
present business, bQWever9-4o.es n^ appear to bai«rbeen
improper. He even allowed, after making hinuelf ap^
quainted with the circu.n^Btanqes of the case, that the
'^ fellows could not yield obedience without a hreacb of
their oaths, and that such rasM^dates wete a force on con^
science, and not figroeablei tP the king's other gsacious
^nduigencii^s.*'
The kingj however, witb wboni no good advice bad aajp
weight, as soq9 as be arrived at Oxford, sent for the fel*
lows, Sept. 4, to attend bim in person, at thrqe ui tbw
afternoon, at Christ Cborgb, of which the bishop of Ox-
^ford was de^n, Th/^ fellows accordingly attended, and
presented a petijti9Q| recapitinjiating their obligations to
obey tbe st^tutf^, ^q* which the king refused to accept,
ai^d tbreate^ed tbeiP> in 9 very gross n^anner,. wi|h the
vifhql^ weight of bis diAple^s.i|re, if they did not ^dmit the ,
bishop of Oxford, wl)ich tbey intimated w^ pot in their
fower; add hjsving returned tp their chapel, and bein^
^ked by the sepior fellow whether tbey would elect the
Jt^ishopo? Oxford their president, they all answered in theip
turn, tl^ it beipg contrary to their statutes, and to the
po^itiv;e o^tU which they bad taken, they did not apprehend
it wa^ in tbf^ir power. Their refusal was foikkwod by the
appointment of certain (ords comptiissioners. to visit the
college. These were,^ Cactj^right^ bishop of Chester, sir
llobert Wright^ chief justice of the king's h^ncb, and sip
Thomas J^inqeri J^suron of the exchequer, whq cited th^
pretended president^ as be wa^ called, and the fellows, to
appear befpre tUoiU fit ]V(|igdAlen college on Oct. 21, the
day before which the commissioners had arrived at Oxford,
witb the parade of three troops, of horse. Having assem-
bled on the day .appointed in the bnll, and their conunis*
lion read, the na^ues pf the, president and fellows were
called over, and Dr. Hough was mentioned first. It
was upon this* occ^istrtn that he behaved with tliat cou-,
rage and iiitrepidity,. prude"^^ and temper, which will-
endear his nitjmory to the* latest posterity. The commis-'
sioners, towevqf, struck bis.n^me out of the bool^s of tb^
iM HO u o h:
new buildihg %t that piece of his edncatidti. He Iik6wis€
contributed 1000/. tovnird9 building All Saints church . in
Worcester. In 1715 the metropolitan chair was offered Id
him, on the death of. archbishop Tenison, whi^h lie de«
clined, from the too modest and hambk ftentiments which
he entertained of himself j but afterwards^ in 1717, he
succeeded brshop Lloyd in the see of Worcester. As his
pabti{i betoefactibns baT« been just'tnentibned^ it is neces-
sary to add that bis private acts of charily were very exten-*
sive. Hisusirai itiaunerof Itvingwasajgreeable to hisftinction,
hospiuble i^ithout proftis^ness, and his conversation with
ail was full of humanity and candour, as well as prudeftt
atid instruetive.
His earliest biographer says, that ^^ his heavenly templef
of mind, his contempt of the world, and his indifference
to life, were most visible in the latj:er period of his own ; bin
firm faith in the promises of the goipel exerted itself most
remarkably in his declining years, as well in conversatibn
with some of his friends about bis hopes of a better state,
and even in his own private thoughts on the nature of that
state, as in several letters to others about the gradual decay
of his body, the just sense he had of bis approaching
dissolution, and his entire resignation to the will of Goo.
As he had on many occasions expressed his Weil-grounded
hopes of immortality, so they gradu£llly grew stronger oft
him, aud seemed to be more vigorous in proportion to the'
decays of bis body. Indeed, even the temper of histtiind
bore so just a proportion to bis well-tempered constitution
of body, as by an happy result of both, to extend, his age
to thie beginning of his ninety-third year, and almost to
the completion of the fiity-tbird year of his episcdpate*
But he cast only a cursory eye upon (he minute distine-''
tioAs of human life, as the whole is at best of a short'
duration. Bishop Hougb^s lamp of' life burnt clear, if not
bright, to the Istst; and though his body was iVeak, he had'
no pain or sickness, as he himself acknowledged on several
occai»ons, not only at a censiderable distance from hn
death, but even a few minutes before he expired.^ A little
before his death, he wrote a letter to his friend lord
Digby, where we find the following remarkable words:
f^ I am weak and forgetful-— ^ in other res|)ect8r i have ease
to a degree beyond what I dtirst have thoilght on, when
years began to multiply upon me^ I wait contentedly for
a deliverance out of this life into ^ belter, in humbis
'^
H O U O fl. fit
lonfid^nc^ that bj the mercy of God, through tbe m^rita
of his Son, I shall stand at the Resurrection otl his right
hand*' And when you, my lord, have ended those days
which are to come, which I pray may be many and' com-*
fortable, as ioopceatly and bs exemplary as those which are
passed, I doubt not of our meeting in that state where the
joys are unspeakable, and will always endure." He died
March 8, 1743^ and was hnried in Worcester cathedral
sear bis wife, where his memory is preserred by aa elegant
aioDument , .
It does not appear that Dr. Hough ever prepared- any
thing for the press, except eight occasional sermons, and
he gave a strict charge that none should be published from
his manuscripts after his death. Many of his letters, how«
ever, with various important docuilients to illustrate bis
character and public services, have lately been given to
the world in a splendid publication, entitled <VThe Life of
the rev. John Hough, D. D. &c.'^ by John Wilmot, esq«
F. R. S. and S. A. To this we are indebted for the pre^
^ceding sketch; and Mn Wilmot has accumulated so much
inforniation respecting Dr. Hough, that it is now uoneces*.
sary to refer to any other authority. ^
HOULIERES(Antoniettadela Gari>e Dps), a French
poetess^ was born at Paris in 163S, and. possessed all the
charms of her sex, and wit enough to shine in the age of
Louis XIV. Her taste for poetry was cultivated by the
celebrated poet Henault, who is said to have instructed her
in all he knew, or imagined he knew.; but she not only
imitated him fn his poetry, but also in his irreligion ; for.
her verses savour strongly of Epicureanism. She com*,
posefl epigrams, odes, eclogues, tragedies; but succeed*
ed best in the idyllium or pastoral, which some affirm
she carried to perfection. She died at ParLs in 1694,
and left a da^ighter of her own name, who had some talent
for poetry, but inferior to that of her mother. The first
verses, however, composed by this lady, bore away the
prize at the French academy ; which was highly to her
honour, if it be true, as is reported, that Fontenelle wrote
at the sanae ttme^ a/nd upon the same subject. . She was a
menhber of the academy of the Ricovrati of Padua, as was
ber moither, who wfas also of that of Ar}es. She died at
Paris in 1718, The works of these two ladies were col-
» Life, as abore.
tU HOULIERES.
fectivjsly published in 1747, in 2 vols. 12ino. Several
maxims of the elder of these ladies are mncb cited by
French writers ; as, that on gaming, *^ On commende par
4tre dupe^ on finit par £tre fripon.'' People begin dtipes,
and end rogues. And that on self-love: <^ Nui n'est con-
tent de sa fortune, ni m^content de son esprit.'' No one
is satisfied with bis fortune, or dissatisfied with his talents. '
HOUSTON (WiLUAM), an able promoter of exotic
botany in England, went first to the West Indies, in the
character of a surgeon, and upon his return, after two
years' residence at Leyden, took his degrees in physic
under Boerhaave, in 1728 and 1729. At Leyden be insti*'
tuted a set of experiments on brutes ; some of which were
made in concert with the celebrated Van Swieten. They
were afterwards published in the Philosophical Transactions
under the title of ^* Experimenta de perforatione thoracis,
ejusque in respiratione affectibus," the result of which
proved, contrary to the common opinion, that animals
could Jive and breathe for some time, although air was
freely admitted into both cavities of the thorax. Soon
after his return from Holland, he was in 1732 elected a
fellow of the royal society, and went immediately to the
West Indies, where he fell a sacrifice to the heat of the
climate, July 14, 1733. He had previously sent over a
description and figure, of the dorsteria contrayerva, which
were published in the Philosophical Transactions, voL
XXXVII. This was the first authentic account receiv€|d
of that drug, although known in England from the time oF
sir Francis Drake, oV earlier. He also sent to his friend
Mr. Miller, of Chelsea, the seeds of many rare and new
plants collected by him in the islands. His MS Catalogue
of plants also came into the hands of Mr. Miller, and after
his death into the possession of sir Joseph Banks, who,
out of respect to the memory of so deserving a man, gra-
tified the botanists with the publication of them, under the
title of ^^ Reliquise Houstonianss, 1781, 4to.*
HOUTEVILLE (Claude Francis), a native of Paris,
was eighteen years a member of the .congregation called
the oratory, and afterwards secretary to cardinal Dubois,
by whom be was much esteemed. He was appointed in
.1742 perpetual secretary to the French academy, but did
«
1 Moreri. — Diet. Hist. — ^Biog. OalHca.
• Fttlteney't Hist, and Bk>s. Sketckei.
H O O T E V I L L E. ««
not foog eiipf' bit 'prdfeMiietit> far lie dM thd bMie-year,
litting iiAMMit filly- four yean^ did. iie ptfblished a #ork
efltMed ^Lft Verii)6 de la Religion G^if^ienne frouv^ par
fas ieoiti^^ riie liiMer €diiions of v^nch are for 9a^(>«rior to
dw iirft. Tbe foedt ledkUm is that <ili Paris, 1741, 3 voh,
410. TIms 4>ook had an aatofiishitig ^uctess on its first ap«
pearance ; but sunk afterwards kito a state cf discredit n^
kas aBtDnbfaing : it jiad been extdiled too highly at 6rst,
and ^ftarwards %O0 ttinok depreciated. The style is af«
&ated| and tbe aoiiior lays down ^iseless principles, and,
•ome MflMi, ey^ti sooh as are dangerous and hurtful to his
oatne. His proofs are not always solid or-well ehosen ;
bat li»e is tpaiilioalarly Maitioafbie for' having separated th^
difficukies and Q^ectififns^m'^be proofs brougbt against
diem. By thus heaping ob^eeVions on e^bjections at the
end df his 'Wioi4t| afid gi'^ng rery short and concise answer$
fortfear^df repetitions, be gives greater force to the former
than to fiA»^ latter, makes us ime sight of his proofs, and
seatns to destroy what be'had established. ^
iiHi>Y£D£N (Itoofift de), an English historian, Who
flourished in die refijgn of Henry H. "wcts bora in Yorkshire,
must probably in tbe «€ywn of that name, was of a good
family, and Jmd beyond the year 1204, biH'the exact pe-
Biads of his birth anddetoth are not known; He is said to
iMMre 'hsid -some situation i<n the fatnily of Hehry H. and to
hatie bean employed by that' ^monarch in conmlentitll ^r^
vioeB,* such as visiting ad^iasteries. He was by profession
a ibwyer, <bm, hke* other lawyers of efaat time, in tbe
^dMirch, and aliio a professor of theology at Oxfoi^d. After
the death of Henry^ be applied himself diligently to the
•rviting of Msitory, an^ composed annals, which he com-
meaeed at cive' year 731, tlie period where Bede left off,
and oontinuefd to the third year of king John, 1 202. Tli^se
annals were first published by Savile ainong the Hbtorici
Anglici, in 1595, and reprinted at Francfort in 1601, folio,
in tiMo books. Leiandsays of him, " If we fconsider his
dihgence^ his kfiowiedge of antiquity, and his religious
Sitriotn^ss of veracit}'^^ he may be^considered as having sur-
passed, HOtoiAy the rude historiaMsof the preceding ssi^s,
biftteven^wlviteould have befen expected of himself. If to
that fidelity, which is the fir^t quality of a historfanj he had
joif»ed a4ittie moiie elegance of 'Latin style, he might have
'« Moteri.i— Diet HItt,
Vol. XVIII. Q
fae H O V E D E N.
stoodthe first among the authprs of that class/* Vossius
says that he wrote also a history of the Northumbrian kings,
and a life of Thoinasil Becket. Edward the Third caused
a diligent search to he made for the works of Hoveden
when he. was endeatouring to ascertain his title to the crowq
of Scotland. Savile bears the same testimony to his fide-
lity that we have seen given by Leland.'
HOW (William), the first English botanist who gave a
sketch of what is called a '' Flora,^' was born in London in
1619y and educated at Merchant Taylors' school. He
became a commoner of St. John's college in 1637, took
his degree of B. A* in 1641| and that of M. A. in 1645^
and began to study medicine, but we do not find that, be
graduated in that faculty, although he was commonly
called Dr. How. , With many other scholars of that.time^
he entered into the royal army, and was promoted to the
rank of captain in a troop of horse. Upon the decline of
the king's aflTairs he prosecuted his studies in physic, and
began to practise* His residence . was first in Lawrence^
lane, and then in Milk> street. He died about the begin-
ning of Sept« 1656, and was buried by the grave of his
mother in St. Margaret's churchy Westminster ; leaving
behind him, as Wood says, '* a choice lib^ry .of books of
bis faculty, and the character of a noted hetbajist." The
work which he published, Cto which we have alluded, was
entitled ** Phytolpgia Britannica, natales exbibens indige*
narum Stirpium sponte emergentium," Lond« 1650, I2mo,
This list contains 1220 plants, which (as few mosses and
« fungi are enumerated) is a copious catalogue for that time,
tfven admitting the varieties which the present state of
botany would reject, but there are many articles in it which .
have no title to a place as indigenous plants of England.
HOWARD (Th6mas), earl of Surrey* and duke of
Norfolk, an eminent commander in the reign of Henry
VIII. was born in 1473, and brought up to arms, and soon
after the accession of Henry was decorated with the knight*-
hood of the garter. He served with bis brother 3ir Edward,
against sir Andrew Barton,, a Scotch free-booter, or pirate,:
who perished in the action. When his brother, sir Ed*
ward, was killed in an action near Brest, in 1513,. be was
appointed to the office in his stead, and in the capacity of
high admiral he effectually cleared the channel of Freuch
I Leiaod.— TaDoer.— >NicoUou^s HiftQrical Library.
HOWARD. 227
cruisers. The Tictory of Flodden-fidld, in which the king
of Scotland was slain^ was chiefly owing to his valour and
good conduct For this his father was restored to the titi0
of duke of Norfolk, and the title of eari of Surrey was con-
ferred on^him. In 1521 be was sent to Ireland as lord«
lieutenatit, chiefly for the purpose, it was thought, of hay-
iiig him out of the way during the proceedings against his
father-inJaw, the duke of Buckingham. Here he was
very instrumental in suppressing the rebellion, and having
served there two years be returned, and had the Command
of the fleet against France. By the death of bis father he
succeeded to the title and estates as duke of Norfolk.
Notwithstanding his great services, Heniy, at the close of
his tyrannical life and reign, caused the duke to be sent
to the Tower on a charge of high treason, and his son to
be beheaded in his presence. The death of the king saved
the duke's life. He was, however, detained prisoner du-
ring the whole of the reign of Edward VI. but one of the
first aets of Mary, after her accession to the throne, was
to liberate him. He was, after this, the principal instru-
ment in suppressing the rebellion excited by sir Thomas
Wyatt. He died in August 1554, having passed bis
eightieth year. He was father to the illustrious subject
of our neitt article. *
HOWARD (Henry), Earl of Suhrey, This highly-
accomplished nobleman has been peculiarly unfortunate in
his biographers^ nor is there in the whole range of the
English series, a life written with less attention to proba*^
bility. Even the few dates on which we can depend have,
been overlooked with a neglect that is wholly unaccount-
able in men so professedly attentive to these matters, a$ .
Birch, Walpole, and Wartoii. The story usually told con-
sists of the following particulars :
Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, was the eldest son of
Thomas, the third duke of Norfolk, lord high treasurer of
England in the reign of Henry VIII. by Elizabeth, daughter
of Edivard Stailbrd, duke of BuckiTiglHa.m. He was born
either at his fatber-s seat at Framlingham, in Suffolk, or
in the oity of Westminster, and being a child of great
hopes, all imagitiahje care was taken of his education.
When he wa^ very young he was companion, at Windsor
castle, with Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond^ natural
> CqIHqi's Pelage, hf Sir S« Brydges.
Q 2
$M H O W V* R D.
•on feo Henfiy VIII. iMid 4iftetwavdft ^l^deafc in C^Mrdinal
coUog^ fioW Ohri^l Cbi»r4$b» 0«for4 Iq 15^2 be yifm
wiA 4be diibe f>f KichiMOfid «t Piiri% «ii4 coi^iim^ ifeere
for sooM tme in ^e ^d^aoMlion of bis slttdW^ ^nd )9£Hr^
ing 0he Prencb l^nguaf^ ; fwd ^oti tb^deaib 0f ^ai i^ki^
m^tHily iSB^y 4ivsw«Ued 4nie <i!iesiiifiA5V ^6tfe be resided
«Mie time at tbe 6«|)ef(9r*B xeuit, en^ *tbeni«e n^^t t0
Fiorenoe, wbere -be ^U io love with tbe f^k <7era(diin^
ibe jgreat -obj eet of %%s 'poetktd «bddf essed>. and hi ibe griMid
dake*8 coiKt publfsbeci a ob«Uei:i^& agakiM lell W|o ^b»iild
dispute her beauty; *wbiOh diallesge jbc^Qg aco«!flled> ka
catne 4>ff viotopieus^ ^r this applH^ved ^alour^ ^be-ckabe
^ Fldrende wade -bkb large effefa te&^y MHitb bHiif 4)M
he refuised ib^nb beealirae be ifiteiided lo 4efetKl %be boiiovut
of bis Gersttdine in all Dbe obief cities lof Itaibp. But tfajs
design of his i^^as diverted by letters sent to bim by kintg
He^nry \Uh 'reoalKog him to Kngiandi IS<e left Itaiy^ there-
fore, where be had oukiyated bis poeiieel ^genius by the
treading of tbe .^greatest writers of tbat ocmtAiy^ and 'Re-
turned Ho 'bis own countryy where be was considered as
one of the fiist of tbe £ngUsb nobility, who adoroed*bis
i>tgh birth with the 'advantages of a polite ttfste utid exten*
sive literatutve. On the first of May, 1540, he was one o£
the chief of those who justed at Westminster, 'as a defend-
ant, against i^ir Joha Dudley , sir IHionili^s S4ykii6m4% atnd
other cballenlgers, tvheiFe be bebaved himself with ad«
mirabie •courage, and ^eat skill in the use of bis arms,
and, in 1540, served in the army, of which bis father was
lieutenant-^general, and which, in October thut year, en*
tered Scotland, and burnt divers ^iUs^ges. In February ot
March foUowii^, he was <:onfined W Windsor castle. for
eating flesh in Lent, contrary to the king^s proctatnation
of t|)e 9th of February 1542. In 1544, upon the expe*
dition to. Boulogne, in France, he wiais field^-inarshal of the
English army; and after takirtg that town, being tben
knight of tbe garter, be y^as iii the b^inning of September
li545, oonstitiited the kiiig^.s lieutenant and ctiptain^general
of all his army within the town and country of Boulogne.
During his comomnd there in 1546, bearing that a convoy
of proi^isions of the .enemy was coming to the fort at Oul-
treao, be resolved to intercept it ; but the Rbingrare, with
fdur thousand Laoskinets, together with a considejrable
number of French under the marshal de Biez, making a^
obstinate defeijce, the* English were routed, and sir Ed-
B O W A R B. M»
I
WBoA MtyniogS) wl4k dkatft oihm$ ^mtthmen^ %litidy and
tk% m9itl of Surrej hknsdlf cibUgtd to fty ^ though it afipoM^
by a lcrtt#f of bis to the Icings, i&ieA Januai^ ft, 1 4f45«6, that
diitt atfvsfitage cost the €ii«iiiy a gveat uunxbeF of nma*
But tbeliiiig was to highly displeased with thii iU saccofs^
tha^ from that tiMO be contracted a pfojadiee against thf
#arl, and, soon alt#r^ removed faiai from bis coiiMnatid,
afipoifitiiig the oari of liertfbrd to so^eeed hiin. On this
firWilKaai Paget wrate to the earl of Surrey to advise hiai
ie procure some emittent post unAer the earl of Hertford,
that he might f>ot he impro^id^ m the town amtJlM. The
earl heivftg desiirous^ in the meaa time, so legaio his for*
aser trnf^mr with the kifig^ shirmi^ed agariist the Frendi^
and routed them; but, soon after, writing o?er to th^
kin^s council, that as the enemy had east much larger
eannoR ihw had been yet seef», with whkb they imagined
they sbouM soon demcjish Boulogne, it deserved const*
ders^on, ¥i4ietber the lower town should stand, as not
h<diiig defensible, tht eouneil ordered him to return to
England, in order to represent Ms sentiments asore folly
apon those points, and the earl of Hertford was imme*
dioteiy sent oif^rJn his room. This ei?aspfef«tfng the earl
of 8un^, occasioned htm to let faU some expressions
which savoured of reveiige, and a dislike of the king, and
aU hatred of his dounsetlors i and was, probably, one great
cause of bis ruin soon after. His fittber, the duke of Nor-
folk, had endeavoured to ally himself to the earl of Hert^
ford, and to his brother, sir Thomas 8eymour> perceiving
how much they were in the king*s ftlvojur, and how great
an interest they were likely to hate under the succeeding
prince ; and therefore he would have engaged his son,
being then a widower (having lost hts wife Frances, daughter
of John earl of Oxford), to marry the earl of Hertford**
daughter, and pressed his daughter, the duchess of Rich*
mond, widow of the king's natural son, to marry sir Tho-
mas Seymour. But though the earl of Surrey advised his
sister to the marriage projected for her, yet he would not
consent to that designed for himself; nor did the propo-
sition about himself take effect. The Seymours could not
but perceive the enmity which the earl bore them ; and
they ihight weH be jealous of the greatness of the Howard
fSsimily, which was not only too considerable for subjects, of
itself, but was raised so high by the dependence of the
whole popish party, both at home 'and abroad, that they
2S0 HOWARD.
were likely to be very dangerous, competitors for tte chief
government of aiEairs, if the king should die, whose disease
was now growing so fast upon him that he could not live
many weeks. Nor is it. improbable, that they persuaded
the king, that, if the earl of Surrey should marry the
princess Mary, it might embroil his son's government, and^
perhaps, ruin him. And it was suggested that he had
some such high project in his thoughts, both by his con*
tinuing unmarried, and by his using the arms of Edward
the Confessor, which, of late, he had given in his coat
without a diminution. To complete the duke of Norfolk's
and bis son's ruin, his duchess, who had complained of his
using her ill, and had been separated from him about four
years, turned informer against him. And the earl and his
siscer, the duchess dowager of Richmond, being upon ill
teru)s together, she discovered all she knew against him ;
as likewise did one Mrs. Holland, for whom the duke was
believed to have had an unlawful affection. But all these
discoveries amounted only to some passionate expressions
of the son, and some complaints of the father, who thought
he was not beloved by the king and his counsellors, and
that he was ill used in not being trusted with the secret
of affairs. However, all persons being encouraged to bring
informations against them, sir Richard Southwel chsMrged
the earl of Surrey in some points of an higher nature ;
which the earl denied, and desired to be admitted, accord-
ing to the martial law, to fight, in his shirt, with sir Jli-
chard. . But, that not being granted, he and his father
were committed prii^oers to the Tower on the -12th of
December 1646 ; and the earl, being a commoner, was
brought to his trial in Guildhall, on the 13th of January
following, before the lord chancellor, the lord mayor, and
other commissioners; where he defended himself with
great skill and address, sometimes denying the accusa-
tions, and weakening the credit of the witnesses against
him, and sometimes interpreting the words objected to him
in a far different sense from what bad been represented.
For the point of bearing the arnis of Edward the Confessor,
he justified himself by the authority of the heralds. And
when a witness was produced, who pretended to repeat
some high words of his lordship's, by way of discourse,
which concerned him nearly, and provoked the witness to
re urn him a braving answer; the oarl left it to the jury to
JLC^^e whether it was probable that this man should speak
HOWARD. 231
thus to hitDf and be not strike him again. In oonclusion,
he insisted upon his innocence, but was found guilty, and
had sentence of death passed upon him. He was beheaded
on Tower-hill on the 19th of January 1546-7; and his
body interred in the church of All Hallows Barking, and
afterwards removed to Framlingham, in Suffolk.
Such is the account drawn up by Dr. Birch for the *' lU
lustrious Heads," from Anthony Wood, Camden, Herbert,
Dugdale, «id Burnet's History of the Reformation. The
principal errors, (corrected in this transcription,) are his
making the earl of Surrey sen to the second duke of Nor*
folk *, and the duke of Richmond natural son to Henry the
Seventh.
His next> biographer to whom any respect is due was
the late earl of Orford, in his Catalogue of ** Royal and
Noble Authors.** : The account of Surrey, in this work, de-
rives its chief tnmt from lord Orford*s ingenious expla*
nation of the sonnet on Geraldine, which amounts to this,
that Geraldine was Elizabeth (second daughter of Grerald
Fitzgerald earl of Kildare), and afterwards third wife of
Edward Clinton earl of Lincoln; and that Surrey proba^
biy saw her first at Hunsdon-house in Hertfordshire, where,
as she was second cousin to the princesses Mary, and
Elizabeth, who were educated in this place, she might
have been educated with them, and Surrey, as the com-?
panion of the duke of Richmond, the king's natural son,
might have had interviews with her, when the duke went
to visit his sisters.— -Ail this is ingenious; but no light is
thrown upon the personal history of th^ earl, and none of
the difficulties, however obvious, in his courtship of Gerald-
ine removed, or even hinted at; nor does lord Orford
condescend to inquire into the dates of any event in hia
life.
Mr. Warton commences his account of Surrey by ob-
serving, that ^* Lord Surrey's life throws so much light on
the character and subjects of his poetry, that it is almost
impossible to consider the one, without exhibiting a few
anecdotes of the other.'' He then gives the memoirs of
Surrey almost in the words of lord Orford, except in the
following instances :
* The same error appears on the second son Henry earl of Northamp-
llioniimeut erected to the earl's me- too. Dugdale admits the error in p.
Biory at FrsailiDfbAiD in 1612, by bis 268^ but corrects it in p. 274. vol. IL
i«3! ttOWARDL
^Afrieitclsfaipofthe elosesi kind ooBUil6tf€iiig Itft^vMH^
thene ,\rwo illustrioas yowthsr [Smrtey and th^ defkid dl
Riehmond)^ abotit the year 15B<^ tbey were both removed
t9 ibardinal 'WdUdy's coiiieg^ at Oxtfo«d.--^Tm) y6ar» after^
Wards (153^2) for the purpose of ibcqoiiini^ every dccocil-^'
plishment of aiv etegant edocauoiiy the cavl a(5co«ftptnii<ed^
his noble friend and fdlow-papil mta Fra«eie, wbftr« ttbey
received kiog HeUry, on bi» arHval at Calais t& i^h^
Francis I. with a most magtiificentt fBtitiM. The Mwd^
riiip of these two yoilng noblemen was soon £{rr«ng«ben^d{
by a new tie ; for Riehmoiid Ofarried the lady Mal'y flow^
srd, Surr^y^s sister. Richmond, However, appears to^ bsvre
died in the year 1 53^6, about the age of seventeen^ haviit^
never cohabited with his wifev it wa» bng before S^irfey
forgot thd tmtimely losffcf this aqftableyomh, 1^6* flpi^fvdf
and associate of bis childhood, and who neariy tt^sefivlrted
himself in gettios, refixietnetit of mitaii^Vf^/' am libiMtt ac^
qnisitions^*'
After adiopting brd Qrf<ird*s expktiammi iif the soitftet
dn Oeraldine, Mr. Warton pifoceedi& to Stivt«y^» travels^
beginning with a circtnofstance on wiiich miicb inore zMHen^
tien onght to hsv€ been besto<wed%
^^ It is net precisely known a€ what period tke isari df
Surrey began his travels; They have the ^ir of aveiMi^Mi
He niadie the tpnr of Europe in the trae spirit of ebivtftty,
a/nd with the ideas of an Amadis: pmclafiming the ^nprnr-^
ralleled charms of his mistresa, and prepared to^ defend the
cause of her beauty with the weapons of km'gbt-«rfimtry<
Nor was this adventaroos journev perfotmed witltoUt the
if^terveiition of an enebanter. The first city i^ Itaty whUiH
he proposed to visit was Florence, the eapttal of l^scfa^y^
and the original seat of the ancestors of hi^ Geraldine. M
his way thither, he passed a few days at the emper^'^
court ; where he-became aoqnainti^d WithGdrnelins Agrippa,
8 celebrated adept in natural magie. This - viatonai^
phil(»opfaer fthewed our bero^ in a mirror of gVa^, a living
im^age of Geraldiiie, reclining on aceoch, iiidt, andread^^
ing one of his most tender sonnet* by a.WAxeti taper.
His imagination, which Wanted net the flattering frepfis*
sentations and artificial incentives of iltusiofi, was heated
anew by this interesting and affecting spectacle. Inflamed
with every enthiisiastn of the most romantic pftssion, he
hastened to Florence : and on bis arrival, iminedisiiely,pttb-^
Ushed a defiance against any person who could handle a
H O W A R Di- f St
kade tod w«s in lave, «tictlMr Cbristnm^ Jeiv^ Tiit^, 8i^
racen, or Cteikat^ wbd sbouM f)resu«e t^ dis)mte tkt so*
fMviorkj of Geraldine^s beaoty; At the Iftdy was pt%^
lerrded to be at Tii9emn*03GtriK«io»> tlie pride. •£ the ¥\o^
rdittineft wa» liattered oft cbis occaikMi' : and the grand d^kt
of Toseslny permkted a general mid: anoMlested irrgresA
into his domnioM of the combatants of all oooairies, tSt
ibis impettaM% trial sbottld be decided. Tbe chatienge waa
aecapted, and the ear) victorioM, The skMd wbicb be
ffPtaef^^A to tbe dtibe before tbe loamsfnent began, is
esrbibked in Vertue^i vakiaUe plate of tbe Arotidel ftimily,
and was actuaUy in the possessioii of tbe late duke of
Worfotk.
^ These berofc vanities did not, bowever, so totaHy en^
gross the time wbfcb Syrrey spef»t in Italy, as to alienate
bis mind frbm letters : fa# sto<iied with the greatest sttc«
eess a eritieal knowle^e of tbe Italian tongue ; and, that
be might give new lustre to the name of Geraldin^ attilineid
a jost taste for tbe pecnltar graces of the Italian poetry.
^ He was i^called to Eag^nd for some idk tems^n by
Hbe king, much soooev than be expaeted : and he returnea
koMe, tbe most elegant traveller, tbe tmmtfoike lover j th^
V^st tearneid noblesnan, and tbe aiost aecoinpltsbed gefi«
tteoifan, of his age. Dexterity in tthing, and gracefulness
in maitagtog a horse nnder arms, were excellencies nofT
viewed with a critical eye, and practised with a high degnee
of emubitiofs. In 1340, at a tournameivt held in tiie pre^
senee of ther coort at Westminster, aad in which the prin*
cipal of the nobility were engaged, Surrey was distin-
gaididd above tbe rest for bis address in tbe use and! ex-
ereise of arms; But bis martial skill was ftot solely dis-
played ia tbe parade and ostentation of these domestic
oombats. In 1542, he marched into Scotland, as a chief
coasmander io his father's army ; and was conspicuous for
kis coaduct and bravery at the memorable battle of
Flodden-field^ where James tbe Fourth of Scotland was
killed.**
Tbe only other passage in which Mr. Warton improves^
upon bis authorities is a veiy proper addition to the above
j^ccount of lord Surrey^s travels.
<^ Among these anecdotes of Surrey^ s life, I had almost
forgot to mention what became of his amour with the fair
* It is perhaps iinneeessary topofnt tkrs story, for which we are entirely
•at the many littJe embeiltsbments in indebted to Mr. Warton's elegant pen«
234
H O WAR D.
QeraMine. We lament to find that Surrey^s devotion to
this lady did not end in a wedding, anSl that all hi& gal*
lantries and rerses availed so little. No memoirs^ of that
incurious age have informed us whether her beauty was
equalled by her cruelty; or whether her ambition pre-
yailed so far over her gratitude, as to tempt her to prefer
the solid glories of a more splendid title and ample fortune
.to the challenges and the compliments of so magnanimous^
^o faithful, and so eloquent a lover. She appears, how-
.evei;, to have been afterwards the third wife of Edward
Clinton, earl of Lincoln. Such also is the power of time
and accident over amorous vows, that even Surrey himself
outlived the violence of bis passion. He married Frances,
daughter of John earl of. Oxford, by whom he left several
children. . One of his daughters, Jane countess of West-
moreland, was among the teamed ladies of that age, and
became, famous for her knowledge of the Greek and Latin
I$tnguages."
It is truly wonderful that lord Orford and Mr. Warton^
delighted as they were with the ^* romantic air'* of lord
Surrey's travels, : should by any enchantment have been
prevented from inquiring whether the events which they
have placed between 1536 and 1.546, when lorH Surrey
died, were at all consistent with probability. Ua^^ they
made the slightest inquiry into the age of lord Surrey, al-
though the precise year and day of his birth might not
have been recoverable, they could not have failed to ob«
tain such information as would have thrown a suspicion on
the whole story of his knight-errantry.
The birth of lord Surrey may be conjectured to have
taken place some time between 1515 and 1520, probably
the former, or at least earlier than 1520*^ He was, it is
universally agreed, the school companion of the duke of
Richmond, who died in 1536, in his seventeenth year, and
if we allow that Surrey was two or three years older, it will
* Id hift letter addressed to the
I^rds of the Coancil when be vms in
the Tower, previous to his trial and
execution, we find him more than once
pleading his youth. He requests their
lordships to " impute his error to the
farie of rechelesse youlh,** — " Let my
ya»/h unpractised in durance, obtain
pardop."— «• Neither am I the first
young nmn that, foreroed by fury.
hath enterprised such things as be bath
afterwards repented." These expres-
sions give some countenaitce to ib«
supposition that* the date on, his por*
trait in the picture-gallery at Oxford is
nearly right. See the above letter in
the Historical Anecdotes of the Howard
Family ; or in Mr. Park's valuabi*
edition of the Royal and Noble Au-
thors.
H O W A B D- M5
fiot much affect the .bi^ probability that he urits a very
young oian at the time irhen bis biographers ix^ade him fall
in love with Geraldioet. and maintain her beauty at Flo*
rence. None of tbe portraits of Surrey, as far as the pre-
sent writer has beeu able toascertaioi mention his age, ex^
cept that in the picture gallery, at Oxford, on which ia
inscribed, that he was beheaded in '^ 1547, sat 27.** Thd
inscription, indeed, is in a hand posterior to the date of
the picture (supposed to be by Holbein), but it may. have
been the hand of some successful inquirer. None of the*
books of peerage notice his birth or age, nor are these cir-
cumstances inserted on his monumet^t at Framlingham*
Conjecture, it has been already observed^ supposes him to
have been born some time between 1515 and 1520. If
we take the earliest of these dates, it will still remain that
his biographers have either crowded more events into his
life than it was capable of holding, or tbat they have de-
layed his principal adventures until they become unde-^
serving of credit, and inconsistent with his character.
Mr. Warton observes, that '^ it is not precisely known
at what period tbe earl of Surrey began his travels;*' but
this is a matter of little consequence io refuting the ac-
count usually given of those travels, because ail bis bio*
graphers are agreed that he did not set out before 1536,
At this time he had ten years only of life before him^ which
have been filled up in a very extraordinary mauner. - First,
he travels over a part of Europe, vindicating the beauty
of Geraldine — in 1540 be is celebrated at the justs at
Westminster — in 1542 be goes to Scotland with his father's
army-^-in 1543 (probably) be is imprisoned for eating
flesh in lent — in 1544 — 5, he is commander at Boulogne—
and lastlyj, amidst all these romantic adventures, or serious
events, he has leisure to marry tbe daughter of tbe earl of
Oxford, and beget five children, which we may suppose
would occupy at least five or' six of the above ten years,
and those not the last five or six years, for we find hioi a
widower a considerable time before his death. Among
f^her accusations whispered in the ear of his jealous sove*
teigUi one was his continuing unnuirried (an expression
which usually denotes a considerable length of time) after
the period when a second marriage might be decent, in
order that he might marry the princess Mary, in the event
of the king*s death, and. so disturb the succession of Kd-
ward.
f» HOWAll'D.
The pheing 4f^ these e^ts m thi^ series w^uld rMid^
the stocy of iMs kMg;bl*«i*mntry tdrffifeiently ittiproliabte^
wer6 ire left wkhcMit any iiiforiiiatipn respectiiyg tfae date
of Sumy'a mamage^ b«it that erent neaders the whole tm^
possible, if we wii^ to preserve an j yes^peet fer the c<m*
sistency of hi» chaFactfer. ' S^trej was ae^ally mametl
before the corameiiGdnlent ef his trai^ m pwsuit or itt
defence of Geraldine^a bea«ly. His eldest son, Thoniasy
tkird dvfce of Norfolk) was eighteen yeaH old when m
grandfiatfaer died in 1554. He was eonsequently born in
1536, and his father, it is surely reasonable to svrppose^
W90 noanieid in 1535*. It wot»tdy therefore, be umreces*
sary to examine the story of Snrrey's roEBantic travels any
&rther, if we bad not soine collateral authorities whieb^
nay still show that whatever may be wrong in the pre*
sent statement, it is certain that there is nothing right in
the comnion accounts, which ha^e been read and copied
widiottt any suspicion.
If it be said that Surrey's age is not exactly ki^own, and
therefore allowing 1536, thie date of his travels, to be er-
roneous, it is possible that he might have been enamouretl
of Geraldine long before this, and it is possible that his
travels might have cooimenced in 1 526, or atiy other pe-
riod founded on this new conjecture. This, however, is
as im^probable as all the rest of the story, for it can be de«
cidedly proved that there was no time for Surrey's gal«>
lantries towards Geraldine, except riie period which his
biographers, however absnrdly, have assigned, namely^
when be was a married man. The fkther of lady Eliza-
beth the supposed Geraldine, married in 1519, one of
the daughters 6f Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset, and
by her bad 6ve children, of whom Elizabeth was the
fourth, and therefore probably not born before 152S or
1524. If Surrey's courtship, therefore, must be carried
farther back, it must be carried to the nursery ; for even
in 1536, when we are told he was her knight-errant, she
could not have been more than eleven or twelve years old.
Let us add to this a few particulars respecting Geraldine'^s
husband. She married Edward lord Clinton. He was
born^in 1512, was educated in the cxHirt, and passed h'w
> If, aooo^tqg to tbe pteceHug siipp«»itioii, there a r« not «t»ti|i£ iir?
coojecUire, he was born ia 1515, he stances of as early marriages in. past
was now twenty 3rear8 of age; bat had times. The duke of ftichmond, w^
he been bora in 1520, tbe more usual find, died a married man at sevaileep.
youth in th^^se «fe|tgiu(uif»ntaiid r^aatB^k i^^
dilFtingiiiisbed the banning of ^Heni^ VUL'fi jteJ^B^, but
did not 9fipituc ait;a^ub^4c chariuatar until J|j»44> «th0n iie
was thirty-ttiKo y ^rs of «m;e^ G^raldine about tweat^-loMiv
and SttKi^y wilLin 'two y^ac^ of bpa daatji, ainl mwt pmr
bftli^y « m^ow^. This earl of, Lkicoln bad tl^ee Rvi?«is
the date of bis marriage with any of them is tiot.^kaowii^
99^ bow long tbi^y liv€4» but Geraldine was the Abiv4> 'the
oa]^ one l^y wbo«i he bad no dvldnen^ and w^bo ««im\it4
his death> wbiich took /plaoe in 13M^ thkty-ejgfat jream
a^fitec the 4eath of Siuvrey. M£* Warto% iti hi» earneat
d»iiiBe'iia oonneot ber with Sorifey^ insinuates that abe aright
liaye beeu oHber pruel, or that ber ^^afnb«tio(n pveimlad
r so trover her gratituide as to teaipt har to fprefer ibhio
9pUd glories of a more ^endid tiiie <and aaaple- fartuna^
|o tbe/Qballen^s^a»d the comprlidaaents of so oiagnaninaoiis^
so iaithfuJ, alid so eloquent a loveri.^' On this it is only
ueceiKsaitjr to ifofnacHy that the. lady^s ambkion might ibame
l^en 8(9 highly gratified by. inarrying theacootnpUisbad«and
gallant. Sufrey, the heir of the dadke of Iiiorfolk^ as!byal«
^ing h^rsolf to a JooUevaan of inforior talent and.xank^
Bat df his two oonjectufes^, Mr. Wmiqb seems mosjt id
adhere, to. 'thai; of orH^lty» forheadds^ that ^^ Surrey him**
self outUvod bis amorous ^ows, and aoarvied tbe daughter
of the earl, of OKford«" This, howievcar, ia as Httle de**
serving of serious examination^ as.t^ ridict^lous story ^of
Cornelius A^rippa showing Gecaldioe in ^aiglass,. wbicb
Aiithony Wood found in Draytom'd ^^'lleroical £piatle/'
OX probably^ as Mr» Park thinks, took it fwnx Nash's
fenciAil *^ 'Life of Jack Wilton^" :publiBhed in l&94fy
where, under the character of his hero, be professes to
have tvavelied to the emperor^s cou^^t as page to the earl of
l^ucrey. But it is unfortunate for this snory, wherosoevor
borrowed) that Agrippa was no moi^e a ooq^urer than any
other learned man of his time^ and that bae died at Gre<-
noble the y-ear before Surrey is said to have set out on his
rpooantic expedition. Drayton tias made. a similar mistake
in giving to Surrey, as one of the companiona of hi^
^•oyi^S^f tbe.great sir Thomas .More, who was beh^ded in
^l^5Z5f a year likewise before Surrey sot out Poetioal
authorities, although not wholly to be rejected, are of all
others to be received with the greatest-caution, yet it'ims
probilbly Drayton's ^' Heroical .i£pistle * " which led IVIr^
V aeeJ)r»yton»s Wotks/lrol. TV. p. ^, et seqq.
«38 HOWARD.
Walton into so egregiotis a blunder as that of our poet
being present at Flodden-field, in 1513. Dr. Sewell, in*
deed, in the short memoirs prefixed to bis edition of Sur-*
rey's Poems, asserts the same ; but little credit is due to
the assertion of a writer who at the same time fixes Sur-
rey's birth in lif20, seven years after that memorable
battle was fought.
It i^ now time to inquire whether the accounts hitherto,
given can* be confirmed by internal evidence. It has been
so common to consider Geraldine as the mistress of Surrey,
that all his love-poems are supposed to have a reference
to bis attachment to that lady. Mr. Ws^rton begins bis
narrative by observidg, that ^' Surrey's life throws so much
light on the character and subjects of his poetry, tbal it is
ainiost inipossibte to consider the one without exhibiting a
few anecdotes of the other." Wcbave already seen wbat
those anecdotes are, how totally irreconcileable*with pro-^
bability, and how Bmply refuted by the dates which hisi
biographers, unfortunately for their story, have uniformlj
furnished. When we look into the poems, we find the
celebrated ioivnet to Geraldine, the only specious foun-
dat](>n for his romantic attachment ; but as that attachment
and its consequences cannot be supported without a con*
tinual violation of probability, and in opposition to the
very dates which- are brought to confirm it, it seems more
9afe to conjecture that this sonnet was one of our authorV
earliest productions, addressed to Geraldine, a mere child,^
by one wbo was only not a child, as an effort of youthful,
gallantry, in one of his interviews with her at Hunsdoki.
Whatever credit may be given to this conjecture, for
which the present writer is by no means anxious, it is cer-
tain that if we reject it, or some conjecture of the same
import, and adopt the accounts given by his biographers,
we cannot proceed a single step without being opposed by
invincible difficulties. There is no other poem in Surrey's
collection that can be proved to have any reference to
Geraldine, but there are two with the same title, viz. ^^ The
Complaint of the absence of heir lover being upon the sea,'*
which are evidently-written in the character of a wife, la-
menting the absence of her husband, and tenderly alluding
to •* his faire litle Sonne," Mr. Warton, indeed, finds
Geraldine in the beautiful lines beginning ^< Give place,
ye lovers, here before,'^ land from the lines ^^ Spite drave
me into Boreas reign/' infers that her anger *^ drafVe hin
HOWARD. 29t
into a colder climate,** with what truth may now be left to
the reader. But another of bis conjectures cannot hie
passed over. " In 1 544," he says, " lord Surrey was fields
marshal of the English army in the expedition to Boulogne^
which he toolc. In that age, love and arms constantly
went together; and it was amid the fatigues of this pro«
tracted campaign, that he composed his last sonnet, called
* The Fansie of a Wearied Lover.'* Bat this is a mere
supposition. The poem^ of Surrey are without dates, and
were arranged by dieir first editor without any attention
to a matter of ^o much importance. The few allusion^
made to his personal history in these poems are very dark|
but in some of them there is a train of reflection which
seems to indicate that misfortunes and disappointments
had dissipated his Quixotism, and reduced him to the som-
ber and serious tone of a man whose days bad been^'few
and evil.'* Although he names his productions songs and
sonnets, they have less of the properties of either than of
the elegiac strain. His scripture-translations appear to be
characteristic of his mind and situation in his latter days*.
What unless a heart almost broken by the unnatural con-
duct of his friends and family, could have induced the
gay and gallant Surrey, the accomplished courtier and
soldier, to console himself by translating those passages
froai Ecclesiastes which treat of the shortness and, uncet'^
talnty of all human enjoyments, or those Psalms, which
direct the penitent and the forsaken to the throne of aU
mighty power and grace ? Mr. Wartoii remarks that these
translations of Scripture *^ show him to have been a friend
to. the ^reformation ;" and this, which is highly probable,
may have been one reason why his sufferings were em-
bittered by the neglect, if not the direct hostility of his
bigotted father and sister. The translation of the Scriptures
into prose was but just tolerated in his time, and to fami-
liarize them by the graces of poetry must have appeared
yet more obnoxious to the enemies of the reformation.
Although the present writer has taken some liberties with
the Historian of English poetry, in his account of Surrey*a
life, he has not the presumption to omit Mr. Warton's ele-
gant and just criticism ou his poems. ** Surrey for just«
ness of thought, correctness of style, and purity of ex-
pnession, may justly be pronounced the«.first English clas-
sical poet. He unquestionably is the first polite writer of
love- versus ia ourlanguag;e, although it must be allowed thyx
t$9 II O .W :A A O.
|d|6rv«!iii4t#li«ldiigjnAtim boMtf im sbpae of our faKw-rcneft
writfeeD mnaek ewHer Abaa Swrroy 's.'* It itt also >«nitb j icC
iKi^0€^; that while all "hi^ hiagmpiieiia aen A liiai 4o Sfealy 9
^i^ly k» poelry, Mr. Waitoo finds imibing m bu unrks «f
^t lamtapbjfiaical cast whipb muk$ the Ifcaliw fK>ctts iUk
aii{if)0Md TiuaatOfs, ^spoeiaUy PeJaoaroh. -^^Sanfey^a aemv-
QMOli^ 91^ ifar thcoBost pa«t mdnisid and un«fiariKrfs ^aoBinf
fyum his <)vviri.fealiagSy and <filjictalail by the present ciccum-
MaAcea* Hia >p€Mrjr k Ji4ike iiiueaabanaaied by ksroad (Bi»>
toiiWiWj .or elabonate conaeits* If etar aatkor copies iie»>
traisoh/ i t /is Petrarch'^ battermaauEier:; wlieD he descemte
jhomi hia Fialenie ajbpateactiDns^ hi» ittfiaeocsits ^ tpaasiea^
h«i eiKstggeiBted oompllhiiaatsy and ifaas ftkiy upoia tofapatte
SMiioiealSi into a tnack of tendemess^ ssoafkhcstfy, ^Jan^ na^
tijiae^ J^oaaroh would b$gvfa been a J)elter ppet bnd iiefaNH
e. worse adhohur. Oih: ambor'a aniod was nuat iboo anoab
ev«r-iaid by iearaiag.'^
Thia traoslattmi of the 'two fa}dks^ef the Aiieid is ** eae«
culted iPfiAh (fickaiaty^ srithoiaE a ptoaeic servility:; tbe^ietaaa
is xtften fo^tkal, aod ^e ^enofiaaaion varbsid mtli .paofmr
pauaes/V.. lis pianoipdl. merit, ibom&ireBf is ahat of bmn^
ibe 6|rat apeciaaeii in tlie >£liigJishJa(Bguage» of blaqh vtrse^
whach iwas At tibat^iime >gvowHig fasdiioniLbde.iii the itaUam
p!ael;ry» It is rei^y padbable 4&at beintettded to hov^ tiiaiw*^
lated t^e ifabalei .aad- haa lis so loousb tmene <elegaiit and iOCHu
vedt in this than ^ia bk other aianslationa, stfaafcntbe Eiieid
af^earsiia bajre.bceB,tifae!pitiduBaioB jo£ hiBibappsa[*;4a3^
Tbe (fidelkb^ whioh Mi% Weurton aatribaies to abe traiiaku>
lioDsVfrom Vargid^ our auahor bas'noa fMneaenred in bis^rasia*^
lations (from Scriptuae, which sure very Ubenad, fand* by
f^equeat oinissions^atYd. a difi'imrent arraiigeiiieot, >li]ade to
auit his aituation.aiid feelings at the time they weve iwrit^
tee, 'which -Hias probably Kvbea.be was in the Toiaer.
. Surrey^s jaoe^Bsajirere in bigh.repul»iion among bis coti**
lemporaiies and imooediate isaocesaors, who xaied with eaob
other in eoooapiinteiits to^tatgenius, gaUaotry, and .penotiirl
WQVtb. ^Xhey imeseffiiatfwtnted in 1657, by Tioaiel, in<44;o,
with tbe .titie of ^' ^oages.and aounettes by due riglit bo*-
aoiable .Henry Havard, jiafeejearl of 'IBorrey^ land otbev.'^
Senreral edition^ of 6he same followed nn M&65j. liSiG?, '1 $69^
j.H'M'y 1^65, and iShl, 80 laanj; editions prorea degree
ofipoputarity which fell to <tfae lot of very few poema>of
that agfo* iBut after the time of Eiiaabetb they became
fradttaUyohsourey and we find no modevn edition until
HOWARD. 2«l
p9p^M iiieideutal notice of tiim (in Windsor-Forest), at^
Ibe ** Oranville of a former age,'' induced the booksellers
t» employ Dr. Sewell to be tbe editor of Surrey 's^ Wjat's^
and the poems of uncertain authors. But the doctor per**
ibrtoed his laA with so liule knowledge of tbe language^
th^ this is perhaps tbe most incorrect edition extant of
any ancient poet It would have been surprizing had it
contributed to reviye his memory, or justify Pope's com^*
parison and eulogium.
The translation of the second and fourdi book of the
Soeid was pubKshed in i557, but it seems doubtful whe«
tber together or separately. The translations of the Psalms,
Scclesiastes, and the few additional original poems, were
printed*, but not published, many years ago, hy Dr.
Percy, from a MS.f now in the possession of Thomas Hill,
esq. A more correct and perfect edition of Surrey may
soon be expected from Dr. Nott.^
HOWARD (Hbnry), earl of Northampton, second
son of the preceding, but unworthy of such a father, was
born at Sboltisham in Norfolk about 1539. He was edu*
cated at King^s college, and afterwards at Trinity-hall,
Cambridge, where he took the degree of A. M. to which
he was also admitted at Oxford, in 1568. Bishop Godwin
says, his reputation for literature was so great in the uni«
versity, that he was esteemed ^* the learnedest among the
nobility; and the most noble among the learned.'' Ha
^as at first,, probably, very slenderly provided for, being
often obliged, as Lloyd records, ^' to dine with the cjiatr
of duke Htimpbrey.'* He contrived, however, to spend
some years in travel ; but on his return could obtain na
favour at. court, at least till tbe latter end of queen Eliza*
beth's reign, which was probably owing to hi^ connections.
In 1597, it seems as if he was in some power (perhaps^
)iowever, only through the influence of his friend lord £s*
sex}/ because Rowland White applied to him concerning^
sir Robert Sydney's suits at court. He was the grossest of
flatterers, as appears by his letters to his patron and friend
' # The whole imprettton irtt oon- tioo of the Nugv Aatiqa«. In his
filmed iu the destractive fire which, edition of the Royal tnd Noble Author*,
look place in Mr. Nichols's premisesy are some interestint^ particaUrs re-
tth» 1808. speeting the Tations editions of Sur-
; f This MS, descended from the Har- vey's Poems.
riB|tQii family. See Mr. Parkas edi-
* Johnson and Qhalmers'e BogUsh Poets.
VouXVIlI. It
M4 HOWARD.
to he readly on any emergency, reposed so entrre a coviH^
deace in the earl of Nottingham, that she comtnitled to
btmtbe chief command. But these forces behig again
difbaiided a few days -after, he had no opportunity for ac*
lion until 160^1, when he suppressed the earl of Essex '9
insorrectfon. The same year he was appointed one of the
commissioners for exercising the office of earl marshal of
Sngiand; and in the beginning of 1602-3, during tbd
queen^a last illness, he was deputed by the council, with
the l<9rd kieep^r Egvrton and secretary Cecil, to know bet
maj/esty^s pleasure in referenee to the succession, which
Ae dedlared in favour of Jaimes king of Scotland. -
' -Upon the accession of that king to the throne of Eng^
l«nd^ the earl was continued in his post of lord admiral^
«nd at the coronation was made lord high steward of Eng«
land for that oecasioti ; and the year following, upon the
leoewing the comaiission to seven lords for exercising
the office of earl marshal, he was appointed one of that
Bdmbdr. In 1604 he was one of the commissionei^ to
treat of an union between England and Scotland; and in
1605, aent ambassador to tbe court of Spain, attended with
a splendid retinue, who being, as Wilson says, ** persons
of qiiali^^ accoutred with all ornament!! suitable, were tbe
wore admired by tbe Spaniards for beauty and excellency,
%y bow nimch tbe Jesuits had made impressions in tbe ▼ul'*
fjat bpitfloii, tbat since tbe English left the Roliian reli'^
gioni they were tnmaformed into airange horrid shapes,
irink heads and taib like beasts and monsters." His em-
ployasent tbeve was to take the oath of tbe king of Spairi
lo ike trea^ of peace latcAy made with hm ; amd he bad a
jialiicabir inatruction, that in performing that ceremony,
which was most likely to be in the royal ehi^cll, he should
f hwf% ^special care, tbat it might be done^ not in the fcire*
^tiooii in the time of mass, but rather in the afternoon, At
tirbich time' tbe Momtsh sendee is most free from supersti^
tion. During this embassy, the king of Spain did mdrts
iKmoor to tbe earl than eter be huo dond'to any person in
bis employBlent in that kingdom ; and (he people in gen^
lal shewed all possible regard for b)m, as bis lordship's be^
jbaviour there justly deserved ; and at bia departure from
^eocde in June tbe same year, he had prese»ta made bim
by that king in plate, jewels, and horses, to tl^e value of
$!0,000/. besides the gold chains and jiewela given to bia
'^tendants. Upon the marriage of the lady Eibabetb.t^
HOWARD. $41
^ ileclor. Palatine, February 14, 1612-13, tbc| ^ of
Nottingham with the duke of Lenox cofulucted ber ^%b*
Dena frofB the cbapel; and bad the honour of convoying
her with a royal navy, to Flushing* He Goutmued lord >igh
afdaiind of England tilijebruary 6, 1618-19, when finding
hinself uoable any Icfiger to perform the necessaiy .duties
pf that great eaploymeiit, which he bfid ei^oyed abo«4
thirty^tfaree yours with the highest applause, be fvoluih'
tarUy resigned it to his nwyesty \ who bei^ig sensible ^of ijbi^
insportamt services: which be bed done Jjina nation, remitted
him. A debt owing to the crown of 18,000/. seuled mpeii
hi» ft pension of 1000/. a year for life, atkl granted hioi
the place and pnecedenqy of John lilowbray, who had been
eiwated earl of Nottingham by kic^ Ricbard II. at the tliaMi
of his coronation.
, . He died at the age of eighty*etgbt,. leaviiig /rafb^ at
ev^erlasting memcMrial of his extraordiaa^ry worth, tb^n an^
gseat estate to his family ; although be had ei^oyed si^
long the poofitahle post of lord admiral. He live^ in ^
jttost splendid an4 oaiagAiiicent manner, keeping savjeii
ataoding houses at.ibe same time; and was always fotiy
snurd to pvoamte any design servioaable to his ,coQ(»t^
J9e expended in severail expeditions gveat sutns out ^: 'hip
private fortune ; and in the critical year 15^ whieni ^m
la aurmisey that the Spaniarda wese unable to set saUtba^
year, secretary Walsiogbam, by ocdejr of itbe queen^ rWfote
to him to send back i»ttr of his.4angei|t ships,, ha. desina^b
that nothing might be arasbly credited in S0 w^eigbty a mfl4h
tJtr^ and that .he might Jieepr those ships with ihim,, tbqugh
it ynae jat. his own cost ;. tand in the eicpecUtion toflgdif^
)ie, and. the earl^f Easex^ the two <:ofninandidn?,.cofi|ri^
^buted ^sery < largely out of their own jestanes* Sir Bob^vt
Naimtan styles him ^ a good, honest, land brare man ;. ImmI
4W £or ins person, as g^dly a gentleman i^ any of tbf|t
•ge^*' and Mr. Osborne tells us, that hb ^^fid^ily wna
jflspiregnafaie in aelataon to corruption.*' fiy his first wife^
^Catharine, da'ugbter to Hensy Cary lord Hunsdooyihieba^
tssovsooi and three daubers; and by his second, Macv
^garet, .danghter to James Stuart earl of. Murray in Scotf
imody twosoM.^ -)
^ HO V(f AKD <JoBK), ^ht indefatigable friend of* thia poor
smd unfortunate, was born at Hackney, in i73€b
' 1 Bi«r. Brit.-*Birch'8 XItcs.— Lloyd's Statj| Wonbi«s»«->JittSie's Qiit, si
US HOWARD.
Ikther^ who kept a carpet-warehouse in Long-lafie, Sinidi*
field, dying while he was very yoong, left him to the caito
Vf guardians, by whom be was apprenticed to Mr. Newii^
haoi, grandfather to the late aldennan Newnham, a wbote«
iMtle grocer in the city of London. His constitution ap*
pearifig too weak for attention to trade, and his father hav^
Ittg left bio), and an only sister, in circumstances which
placed them above the necessity of pursuing it, he bought
'out the remainder of his indentures before the time, and
took a tour in France and Italy: On his return, he lodged
«t the house of a Mrs. Lardeau, a widow, in Stoke-Newing«
ton, where be was so carefully attended by the lady, that
though she was many years older than himself, he formed
ati attachment to her, and in 1752 made her his wife. She
was possessed of a small fortune, which he generously pre-
iented to her sisten She lived, however, only three 3rear»
Hfter their union, and he was a sincere mourner for her
)oss. About this time be became a fellow of the royal ao-
tiety, and, in 1756, being desirous to view the state o(
Lisbon after the dreadful earthquake, he embarked for that
city.' In this voyage, the Hanover frigate, in which he
ftailed, was taken by a French privateer, and the inconve-
niences which he suffered during his subsequent conBue-
tnent in France, are supposed to have awakened his aym-
)>athies with peculiar strength in favour of prisoners, and
to have given rise to his plans for rendering prisons lesa
pernicious to health. It is supposed, that after his release^
he made the tour of Italy. On his return, he fixed himself
at Brokenhurst, a retired and pleasant villa near Lyming-
ton, in the New Forest. Mr. Howahl married a second
time in 1758 ; but this lady, a daughter of a Mr* Leeda^
of Croxton in Cambridgeshire, died in chikl-bed of her
only child, a son, in 1765. Either before or aooD after
the death of his second wife, he left Lyminvton, and pur-
chased an estate at Cardington, near Bedfonl, adjoinhq^ to
that pf his relation Mr. Whitbread. Here he laodi conci-
liated the poor by giving them employment* hoiMii^ them
cottages, and other acts of benevolence; and legniariy «u
tended the congregations of dissenters at Bedford, being
of that persuasion. His time was also a good deal ooc«*
pied by the education of his only son, a task far wldeh he
is said to have been little qualified. Willi all kis benevor
lence of heart, he is asserted to hare beem dBipoaed to i^
trigid severiQr of discipUne, arisii^ piebiJ% Ifiram a teiy
HOWARD. 2«
Utict teose of rectitude, but not well caicuUied to form a
lender mind to advantage. In 1773, he served the office
of sberifF, wUch, as be has said bimsdf, '^ brought the dis*
tress of prisoners more immediately under bis notice,*' and
led to. his benevolent design of visiting the gaols and other
places of confinement throughout England, for the sal^e of
procuring alleviation to the miseries of the sufferers. In
1774, trusting to his interest among the sectaries at Bed«
ford, be offered himself as a candidate for that borough^
but was not returned ; and endeavouring to gain his seat
by {>etition, was unsuccessful. He was, however, in the
same year, examined before the House of Commons, oq
the subject of the prisons, and received the thanks of the
house for his attention to them. Thus encouraged, he
completed his inspection of the British prisons, and ex«*'
tencled bis views even to foreign countries. He travelled
with this design, three times through France, four through
Germany, five through Holland, twice through Italy, once
an Spain and.Portugal, and once also through the northern
states, and Turkey. These excursions were taken betweea
,1775 and 1787. In the mean time, his sister died, and
left him a coiisiderable property, which be regarded as
the gift of Providence to promote his humane designs, and
applied accordingly. He published also in 1777, ^^The.
State of the Prisons. in England and Wales, with prelimi-
nary Observations, and an Account of some Foreign Pri-
sons,^' dedicated to the House of Commons, in 4to. In
1780 he published an Appendix to this book, with the
narrative of bjs travels in Italy; and in 1784, republished
it, extending his account to many other countries. About
this time, his benevolence had so much attracted the pub-
. Uc attention, that a large subscription was made for the
jsttrpose of erecting a statue to his- honour; but he was too
modest and sijicere to accept of such a tribpte, and wrotci
kioiself to the subscribers to put a stop to it. ** H^tve I
notone friend in EngUnci," he said, when be first heard
of the design, *' that would put a stoj^ to such a proceed-,
-ingP In. 1789, he published f^ An Account of the prin-
ciple Lazarettos in Europe, with various Papers relative to*.
the Plague, together with further Observations on some
-foreign Prisons, and Hospitals ; and additional remarks oiv
the present state of tho^ in Great Britain and Ireland.'\
. He had published also, iu 1780, a translation qf a French
, account of the Bastille; wd, in 1789, the duke of Tua^*
cany's new code of civil law^ with an English translation*
2«^ ttOWARDJ
> In hU book on Lazarettot^ hebad aDhooneed histnten^f
tion of revisiting Kussiai Turkey, and iDme other cOuiiv
tries^ -aud extending bis tour in the Ea&t*. ^^1 am not in**
sensible," says he, ** of the dangers tbat must attend sucb
a jburney. Trusting, however, in the protection of tha&
kind Providence wbicb bas bitherto preserved me^ I calmly
and cheerfully ooiainit myself to ^he disposal of unerring
wisdom. Should it please God to cut off my life in the
inrosecution of this design^ let not my conduct be oncan*
didly imputed to rashness or enthusiasm, bet to a serious^
deliberate conviction, tbat I am pufssuing the path of duty j^
^4nd to a sincere desire of being made an iostrument of.,
more ea^tensive usefulness to my feUow-creatures, than;
could be expected in the nari^wer circle of a retired life.'*
He did actually fall a sacrifice to this design ; for in viattingi
a sick patient at Cherson, who had a malignant epidemnd
fever^. he caught the distensper, and died, Jan. 20, i%90i
An honour was now paid to him, whieh we believe is with«^
out a precedent : his death was ansiouoced^ in the London
Gazette.
Mn Howard wad, in bis own habits of lif<^, rigid^ tem**
perate, and even abstemious ; subaistiiig entirely,' at one
time, on potatoes ; at anotbecy chiefly on tea and bread
and batter ; of course not mixing in convivial society, nee
accepting invitations to public repasu. His labenni ba^e
certainly .bad the adniirable effect of drawing th«»at|Bntion of
this country to. the regnlation of public prisons. * In tommf
places his improvements have been adopted, and peitiapA^
in all our gaols some advantage has been d^ivted from
them. We may hope that these plnM will terminate in
such general regulations as will make judicial confifiemenl^
instead of the means of confirming and increasing deppa«
vity (as it has been too generally), the successful inatmrneiit
of amendment in morality, and ficqniring hahfts of industry*
While tlie few criminals, and probably very few^ itvbo m»f
be too depraved for amendment^ will be comfiriled to bii
beneBcial to tbe community by their labour; and^ being
advantageously situated in point of health, may snfler
nothing more than tbat restraint which isneoessaiy lor dbe
sake of society^ and tbat exertion which they ongbt never
to have abandoned. Oonndered as the fimt mover of itfaesA
important plans, Howard will always be honoured with tte
gratitude of his conntry ; and his monument, lately erected
in St Pjaml's catb^drali is a proof tbat this gratitude v^PM
f
/
iilert. Tbe ntottiiaie^t k at tha same Ihb^ a noble pt^ot
of tbeskiUand gooiusof the artist, Mr. Baoon^ and re«^
presents Mr. Howard, io a Roman dressy with • look and^
attitiide expressire of ben^oleoce and aotmty, holding in
one hand a scroll of plans for the imptovemMt of prisons;
hospsftals^ &c* and in the ochiOT a key ; while be is tramp-*
ling on chains and fetters^ The epitaph oonttias a dietch oS"
Us life, and conckides in words which we alsoheartUy adopt ;
'^ He trod an opeb hot unfrequented path to imflsoKtatttyt*^-
10 the ardent and unremitted exercise of Christian cbsrity**
May this tribute to his fame excite an emulation of his tntfy
j^iorions«ehteyements !" To this may be added the eloqnentr'
eulogiiim. pronounced upon Mr. Howard by Mr. BurkeV ia
bis '^ Speech at Bristol^ previous to the election in 1780*'!
Having oecasion to mention him, he adds, ^^ I cannot name
this gentleman witbont reBiariung, that his labours and
writings have dcme much to open the eyen and hearts of
mankind. He haa visited all £orop^-*^ot to survey the
sumptttomaess of pidaoes» or the statdiness of temples |
not to make accurate measunements of the remains of an*4
cient gcaadeur, nor to ibrai a scale of the curiosity of
flsddem art $ not to collect medal$^ or collate aoanusctiptsi
^-irbot to dive into the depthaof dungeons ; toplnnge into
the iofeoaion of hospitals ; to sufvey the manaions ,of 8or<^
iiear and pain ; to take the gage arid dimensions of misery^
depressioDi and conteoipt; to Iwmenibar the fotf^en^ to
attend to the neglected, to vMt ^heforsakeiiy and to com*-t
pant «nd odlate the distresses of all toen in all cooutrieils*
Hia pfam is oftginal, and it is as full x>i genilis as it is of
faMnanity* It was a voyage of discOveiy ; a direumnav^^
tijon <rf chariiv. < Already the benefit of hia kboutf is felt
mere or less «n every country ; 1 hope he wilt anticipate
hia final fewatd, byaeeing all its effects fbllyTealised ih
hie own* He ^ill recseive, not by retail, but id gross, the
Inward of those who visit the prisoner ; anid he has so foie4
stalled and monopolized this branch of charity, thAt there
wqll bit, I trusty little room to merit by imcfa'ac^ of beote*
veMce hereafter/' '
HOWARD (Sir RoamT}^ an EngUsfa Writer of isbme
abilities and lisarning, bom Jan. I«6i6^ wias a younger son:
of* Thomas earl of ficdEvhire, and educated at Magdaleit
•• «
1 Aikin's Life of Howard, 8to. •— Accoaot of hi» death, Clarke*! Travela,
wo H <> W A R D;
college, Cambridge. DuriDg the civil war he laffisred^ith
his family, who adhered to Charles I. but at the Reatora-'
tioQ was made a knight, and chosen for Stockbridge in
Hattipshire, to serve in the parhament which began in.
May 1661. He was afterwards made auditor of the ex^
chequer, and was reckoned a creature of Charles II. whom
the mooarcb advanced on account of his faithful services,
in cajoling the parliament for money. In 1679 he was
chosen to sen^ in parliament for Castle Rising in Norfolk;
and re-elected for the same place in 1688. He was a
strong advocate for the Revolution, and became so pas-
sional^e an abhorrer of the nonjurors, that be disclaimed all
manner of conversatiqa and intercourse with pessons of
that description. His obstinacy and pride procured hki^
many enemies, and among them the duke of Bockiogfaam^
who intended to have exposed him under the name of
Bilbea in the ^* Rehearsal," btt afterwards altered hie
resolution, and. levelled bis ridicule at a much greater
Dame, under that of Bayes. He was so extremely posi^
live, and so sure of being in the right upon every snbject^
that Sbadwell the poet, though a man of the same prin*
tiplies, could not help ridiculing him in his comedy of the
** Sullen Lovers," tinder the character of Sir Positt^ At^lk
' In the same play there is a lady Vaine, a courtesan; which
the wits then Understood t6 be the mistress of m Robert^
whom he i^rwards married. He died Sept. S, 169S. .;He
published, 1. .<< Poems and Plays." 2. *^ The History of
the Reigns of Edward and Richard II. with reflections and
characters of their chief ministers and ftivourites ; also a
comparison of these princes with Edward L ^nd III." 16M^
Svo. 3* ^^ A letter to Mr. Samuel Johnson, occasioned by
a- scurrileus pamphlet, entitled Animadveisions. on Mr;
Johnson^s answer to Jovian,"- 1692,'8vo. 4. ** The History
of Religion," 1694, 8vo. 5. << The fourth book of VirgU
ccanslated," 1660, ^vo. 6. << Statius's Acbilleis translated^'^
:1660, 8vo.
^ £j> WAao HoWAaD, esq. likewise, his brother, exposed him-
self to the severity of our satirists, by writing bad plays;
and the hon. Jam^ Howard, probably a relative, wrote
two plays about the same time, called << All Mistdcen," and
5' The English Monsieur," which were successful ; but Utdo
else is recorded of him.'
V jOibb«r's Liv«i.-i»Biog* Dram.— Nichols's Poems,** Bllii's Sptcimftis.— »
MtlOoe'8 0rydeii, vol. I. 398, II. 34, in» 145, 155. .
irOWARD. 251
HOWAUD (Sawuei), Mus. D. was bt^ught up in the
king's chapel, and took his degree of doctor of music at
Cambridge ac the timeof the Installation of theduke of Graf-^
ton as chancellor of that university. Dr. Howard had studied
tmich under Dr. Pepusch at the Charter-house, and was
well acquainted with the mechanical rules of counterpoint.
His overture in the ** Amorous Goddess,*^ a happy imita-
tion of Handel's overture in "Alcina," particularly the
musette and minuet, was very popular in the theatres and
public gardens. But his ballads, which were long the de-
light of natural and inexperienced lovers of music,' had
the merit of facility ; for this hbnest Englishman preferred
tiie style of his own country to that of anjr other so mucb^
that be never staggered in his belief of its being the best
in the world, by listening to foreign artists or their pro-
ductions^ for whom and for which he had an invincible
aversion.
He began to flourish 4^bout l^e year 1740, and from that
time tifU Arne's Vauxhall songs were published under the
tide of *^ Lyric Harmony," they were the most natural and
pleasing which oor country could boast. After the decease
of Michael Christian Pesting, Dr. Howard took the lead
in managing the affairs of the musical fund-; but not with
oqual address and intelligence. He was a dull, vulgar^
amd unpleasant man ; and by over-rating his own import^
ftnce^ and reigning paramount over his equals, he rendered
the monthly meetings disagreeable, and' cooled the zeal
of many well-wishers to the society. He long laboured
under a dropsy^ yet walked about with legs of an enormous
aise, during aeveral years. But it was not this disorder
which put an end to hi$ existence at last, but repeated
paralytic strokes. He died about the year 1783.^
HOWE (ChaALES), the author of a very popular book
of ^^ Devout Meditations,'^ was the third son of John
Grubham Howe, of Langar in Nottioghamshire, by his
wife Annabelia, third natural daughter and coheiress of
Emanuel earl of Sunderland, lord Serope of Bolton. He
.was born in Gloucestershire in 1661, and during the latter
end of the reign of Charles II. was much at court. About
1686 he went abroad with a near relation, who was sent bf
blames IL as ambassador to a foreign court. The ambas'>
fadordied; and our author, by powers given to him t<i
1 f^Mtnefs Hist, of Music^^By the fiame^ ia Kees^s Cyclodfl|dU%
iSt B O W E.
♦
that effect, eoncloded the business ^ the emlwssy* H^
bad an offer of being appointed successor to his friend ill
his public charac^sr ; but disl&ing the measures that were
then carried on at courts he declined it, and returned to
England, where he aoon after married a lady of rank and
fortune, who, dying m a few years^ left behind her aa
only daughter, manried afterwards to Peter Bathurst, esq^
brother to tb^ first earl Batii^rst. After his lady's death/
Mr. Howe lived for the most part in the country, where
be spent mliny of his Utter years in a close retirement^
eonseorated to religiotts meditatioas and eseroises. He
was a man of good understanding, of an exeknplary I^^
and cheerful coiiversatian. He died in i74&i The work
by wbich be is still remembered, was entitled ^ Deveut
Meditations; or a collection of thougbts upon reltgioas
and pbilojsopbical subjects/' ;8vo, and waa first, pubiished
anotiymously ; but the second edition, at the instance of
Dr. Young and others, camie out ia 17^2 With the author's
name. It baaoftsen been. reprinted sinee^ Dr. Yonngasid
of this book, that be ^Ubould never lay it far out of hit
reaeh ; for a greater demonstration of a aound bead and
lincere heart he never 'saw.V
HOWE (J^HK^ eaf(|.), a relation of the preceding, wni
tbe younger brother of sir Scroop Howe, of: Nattingbam*
shire. In the cdnvention«pariiament, wkicfa met at.Wesb^
ininsler Jan^ 22, 1^^849, he served for Gifeaoesterj end
was constantly chosen for that borough, or as a knight of
Isbe shire for the county of Glonoesterj in. tbe three iast
parliaments of Mng William, and in tbe three first <^ queen
Anne. In 1696 he was a strenuous advocate for sir JofaA
Fenwick; aiid bis; pleadings in behalf of that unfortunate
gentleman, sfaews his extensive knowledge >of the laws, and
aversion to unconstitutional measures. In 1699, whence
aro^' vras reduced, it was principaHy in consideration of
Mr. Howe's remottstrances, that the Home of Comnonir
iBigreed to allow half-pay to the. disbanded officers 4 and
when the partition^treaty was afterwards und^ the consi*
deration of that house, he e^presaed bis sentiments of itin
auoh terms^ that king William declared, that if it were not
Isr tbe dispari^ of tbeirrank^ be would demand satisfaction
with the si^ord. At the accession of «qi»en Aimey he wna
«hvorn of her privy •aouncil^pril 2I9 1702 ; and, on Jnne
7 following, constituted vice-admiral of the county of
S Gent. Mag. JUXTV.-^BaUer'i Life of fiUdesIey^ p. 350,.
HOWE. i$$
Gloucester. Before the «nd of that ytor, Jan. 4y 170^*3*
he was constituced paymaster^general of her taiajesty's
gfuards and garrisons; Macky says of bim, ^* be seemed
to be pleased with and joined in the Revolution^ and was
made vice-chaoiberlaia to queen Mary ; but harkig asked
a grant, which was refused him, and given to lord Port-*
brtd/he fell from the court, and was all that reign the most
violent and open antagonist king WiUiam had in thehouse^f
A great enemy to foreigners settling in England ; most'
clauses inacts against them being brought in by him. He
is indefatigable in whatever he undertakes ; witness the old
East India company, whose cause he maintained till he
fixed it upon as sure a foot as the new, even wheq they
thought themselves past recovery. He lives up to what bis
visible estate can afiord ; yet purcjba^es, instead of running
in debt. He is endued with good natural parts, attended
With an unaccountable boldness ; daring io say what -he
pleases, and will be heard out ; so that be passeth with
some for the shrew of the bouse. On the queen's acces*
aton to the throne he was made a privy-eoun^ellor, and
paymaster of the guards and garrisons. He is a tall^ thii)^
pale-faced man, with a very wild look ; brave in his person^
hold in expressing himself, a violent enemy tv.a sure friend^
and seems to be always in a huny. Near fifty years bid.'*
Such is the character given of this gentleman in 170^*
A new privy council being settled May 10, 1708, aceording
to act of parliament, relating to the union of the two
kingdoms, he was, among the other great officers, sworn
into it. He continued paymaster of the guards and garri-
sons tin after the accession of George I. who appointed
Mr. Walpole to succeed him on Sept. 23, 1714 : the privy
touncil being also dissolved, and a new one appointed to
meet on Oct. 1 following, he was left out of the list. Re-
tiring to his seat at Stowell in Gloucestershire, he died
Aere in 1721, and was buried in the chancel of the church
of Stowell.
Mr. Howe was author of *' A panegyric on king William/*
and of several songs and little poems ; and is introduced ii|
Swift's celebrated ballad " On the Game of Traffic.** He
married Mary, daughter and coheir of Humphrey Basker^
Ville, of Pantryllos in Herefordshire, esq. widow of sir
Edward Morgan, of Laternam in Monmouthshire, bart^ by
whom he was father to the first lord Chedworth.^ ,
aS4 HOWE.
HOW£ (John), a learued fioa*cODfbraii$t cfmoe in the .
seventeenth century, was a minister's son, and nephew to
Mr. Obadiah Howe, vicar of Boston in Lincolnshire. He
was born May 17, 1630, at Loughborough iii Leicester*
shire, of which town his father was minister, being settled
there by archbishop Laud, though afterwards ejected by
that prelate on account of his adherence to the Puritans ;
upon which he went with his son to Ireland, where they
continued till the Irish Rebellion hroke out, when -they
returned to England, and settled in Lancashire, where our
author was educated in the first rudiments of learning and
the knowledge of the tongnes. He was sent pretty early
to Christ college in Cambridge, where he continued till he
had taken the degree of bachelor of arts, and then removed
to Oxford, and became bible-clerk of Brazen-nose college
in Michaelmas term 1648, and took the degree of bachelor
of arts Jan. IS, 1649. He was made a demy of Magdalen
college by the parliament visitors, and afterwards fellow ;
and July 9, 1652, took the degree of master of arts. Soon
after this he became a preacher, and was ordained by Mr«
Charles Herle at his church of Winwick in Lancaishire»
and not long after became minister of Great Torrington in
Devonshire. His labours here were characteristic of the
times. He inforiiied Dr. Catamy, that on the public fasts
it was his common way to begin about nine in the morning
with a prayer for about a quarter of an hour, in which he
begged a blessing on the work of the day ; and afterwards
read and expounded a chapter or psalm, in which he spent
about three quarters ; then prayed for about an hour^
preached for another hour, and prayed for about half an
hour. After this he retired, and took some little refresh-*
ment for about a quarter of an hour or more (the people
singing all the while), and then came again into the pulpit^
and prayed for another hour, and gave them another ser*
mon of about an hour's lengthy and so concluded the ser-
vice of the day, about four o'clock in the evening, with,
half an hour or more in prayer.
In March 1654 he married the daughter of Mr. Georg6
Hughes, minister of Plymouth. Having occasion to take
a journey to London, be went as a hearer to the chapel at
Whitehall. Cromwell was present, and, struck with his
/ demeanor and person, sent a messenger to inform hiin that
be wished to speak with him when the service was over,
la th^ couris^ of the int^rvi^w be desired him to preach
before bim the following Sunday: he requested to be ex**
cusedy but Cromwell would not be deoiedy and even an*
dertook to write to bis eongrogation a sufficient apology
for his absence from them longer than he intended. This
led to the appointment of Mr. Howe to the office of his
domestic cbaplaini and he accordingly removed with his
family to Whitehall. : Dr. Calamy tells us, that while he
was in this station, he behaved in such a manner that he
was never charged, even by those who have been most for-
ward to inveigh against a number of his contemporaries^
with improving his ii^terest in those who then b&d the ma-
nagement of affairs in their hands, either to the enriching
himself, or the doing ill offices to others, though of known
differing sentiments. He readily embraced every occasion
that offered, of serving the interest of religion and learns,
ing, and opposing the errors and designs which at that time
threatened both. The notion of a particular Jaiih pre«
yailed much at Crom well's court; and it was a common
opinion among :tbem, that such as were in a special manner
favoured of God, when they offered up prayers and sup-
plications to bini for his mercies, either for themselves or
Qthe;rs, often had such impressions made upon their minds
and spirits by a divine hand, as signified to them, not only
in the general that their prayers .would be heard and an-
swered, but that the particular mercies which were sought
for would be certainly bestowed ; nay, and sometimes also
intimated to them in what way and manner they would be
afforded, and pointed out to them future events befprehand,
which in reality is the same with inspiration. Mr. Howe
told Dr. Calamy, that not a little pains was taken to cni-'
(ivate and support this notion at Whitehall ; and that he
once heard a sermon there from a person of note, the
avowed design of which was to defend it. He said, that
be was so fully, convinced of the ill tendency of such a
principle, that after hearing this sermon, he thought him^
^e\i bound in conscience, when.it came next to his turn
to preach before Cromwell, to set himself industriously to
oppose it, and to beat down that spiritual pride and con-
fidenpe, which such fancied impulses and impressions were
CLpt to produce and cherish. He observed, while he was,
in the pulpit, that Cromwell heard him with great atten-
tion, but would sometimes knit his brows, and discover
great uneasiness. When the sermon was over, a person
Zs distinction came to him, and asked him, if he knew
2^5^ 11 O W EL
what be had done ? and isignified it to him as hi« apptv*^
hension, that Cromwell would be so incensed at that dis-
cottftei that he would find it vety diflBcult ever to make his
peaee with him, or secure his favour far the fotm^e. Mr.
Howe replied, that he had but discharged his conscience,
and could leave the event with God. He afterwards ob*
served, that Cromwell was cooler in bis carriage ' to him
itian before; and sometimes he thought he would ba^'e
spoken to him of the matter, but nevel* did.
« Upon the death of Oliver Cromwell, his non Richard
succeeding him as protector, Mr. Howe stood in the same
relation to him of chaplain as he had done to the father ;
and was in his judgment very mnch averse to Richard's
parting with his parliament, which he foresaw would prove
his ruin. When the army had set Richard aride, Mr. Howe
teturned to .his people at Great Torrington, among whom
he continued till the act of uniformity took place August
24, 1662, after which he preached for some time in private
houses in Devonshire. In April 1671 he went to Ireland,
where he lived as chaplain to the lord Massarene in the
parish of Antrim, and had leave from the bishop of tbe
diocese and the metropolitan to preach in the public church
of that town every Sunday in the afternoon, without sub*
oiitting to any terms of conformity. la 1675, upon the
death of Dr. Lazarus Seaman, he was chosen minister of
his congregation, upon which he returned to England and
settled at London, where he was highly respected, not
only by his brethren in the ministry among the dissenters,
but also by several, eminent divines of the church of Eng-
land, as Dr. Whichcot, Dr. Kidder, Dr. Fowler, Dr. Lucas,
and others. In August 1685 he travelled beyond sea with
tbe lord Wharton, and the year following settled at Utrecht,
and took his turn in preadiing at the English church in
that dty. In 1687, upon king James's publishing his
<< Declaration for Itbertv of coiiscience,*' Mr. Howe returned
to London, where he oied April 2, 1 705, and was interred
in the parish church of Allballows Bread*street.
Mr. Howe, abating his attachment to the family of the
0sufper, was a man of more moderation than most of hia
brethren, and as a divine laboured zealously to promote the
interests of real practical religion, and to diffuse a iipirit of
candpur, charity, and mutual forbearance, among his dis*
senting brethren. He was' a man of distingfuished piety
and virtue^ of eminent inteUectual esdowmeotSi and of
HO W E- 2«
•zt^mif 0 learning. Granger says, ** He was one of tfie
■lost learned and polite writers among the dissenters. His
reading in divinity was. very extensive : he was a good
Orientalist, and undel^tood several of the modern Ian-
gu^es.''
Among his works are, 1. <* A Treatise on th^ blessedness
of the righteous/* 1668, 8vo. 2. ** A Treatise on delight-
ing ia God,"' 1 674. 3. << Of tboughtfulness for the mor«
row ;'* and many sermons and discourses on several sub^
jects. His whole works were printed in 1724^ 2 vols, folio,
with a life by Dr. Calamy.*
HOWE (Josiah), an accomplished scholar of the seven*
teenth century, was born at Crendon in BuckiiYghamshire,
aad elected sdiolar of Trinity-college in 1632, of which,
when B. A he became fellow in 1637. By Hearne, in his
preface to ** Robert of Gloucester,'' he is called <^ a very
great cavalier and loyalist, and a most ingenious man.'*
He appears to have been a general scholar, and in polite
Ht&ature was esteemed one of the ornaments of the uni-
versity., In 1 644 he preached before Charles I. at Christ-
cfaureh cathedral, Oxford ; and the sermon was printed, and
in red letters (but only thirty copies), of whieh.perhaps the
only one extant is in the Bodleian library. In 1 646 he was
created bachelor of divinity by decree of the king, among
others who were complkneuted with that degree for having
distiBguished themselves as preachers before the court at
Oxfofd-. He was soon afterwards ejected from his fellow-
ship by. the presbyterians, but not in the general expulsion
in 1648, according to Walker. Being one of the bursars
of the eoUege, and foreseeing its fate, and having resolved
at the same time never to acknowledge the authority of
CroBoiwelFs visitors, he retired, in the beginning of 1648^
to acoUegeestate in Buckinghamshire, carrying with him
many rentals, rolls, papers, and other authentic documents
belonging to his ofiice. These be was soon after ipduced
t<» return on a promise of being allowed to retaiahis fel-
lowship ; but they were no sooner recovered than he was
expelled, aqd not restored until 1660> . He lived forty-^wo
years after this, greatly respected, and died fellow of tbo
coUege, whfre he constantly resided, Aug. 28, 1701, and
was interred i« die college chapel. Hearne says, ^* He
^ life by Calamy.r*^o. i>ict.«^?io|^'^it. vol. YlL^i^Bir^'t Tillotsin,—
WllMm's Hist, of Piiaentios ClM[^itlif9,
voL.xvni. s
258 HOW E.
lived sb retiredly in the latter part of hjs life, that he rarefy
came abroad ; so that I could never see him, though I have
often much desired to have a sight of him."
Mr. Howe has a copy of recommendatory English verses
prefixed to the foiio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher^
printed in 1647 ; another to Randolph's poems, 1640, and
another to Cartwright*s comedies and poems, 1651. These
pieces, says Wartoo, which are in the witty epigrammatic
$tyle that then prevailed, have uncommon acuteness, and
highly deserve to be revived. Denham, Waller, Jonson,
Corbet, Brome, Shirley, &c. appear to have been of his
intimate acquaintance. Wood says that he wrote some
English verses, which were much applauded, spoken be-
fore the duke and duchess of York, in 1683, at Trinity-
college.*
HOWE (Richard), fourth viscount Howe, and earl
Howe, and first baron Howe of Langar, a gallant English
admiral^ was the third son of sir Emanuel Scrope, second
lord viscount Howe, and Mary Sophia Charlotte, eldest
daughter to the baron Kilmansegge. He was born in 1725,
was educated at Eton, entered the sea-service at the age
of fourteen, on board the Severn, hon. captain Legge,
part of the squadron destined for the South Seas under
Anson. He next served on board the Burford,. 1743, under
admiral Knowles, in which he was afterwards appointed
acting lieutenant; but his commission not being confirmed,
he returned to admiral Knowles in the West-Indiesj where,
be was made lieutenant of a sloop of wai* ; and being em*
ployed to cut an English merchantman, which, had been
taken by a French privateer under the guns of. the Dutch
settlement of St. Eustatia, and with the connivance of the
governor, out of that harbour, he executed the difficult
and dangerous enterprise in such. a manner, as to produce
the most sanguine expectations of his future services. In
1745, lieutenant Howe was with admiral Vernon in the
Downs, but wa4i in a short time raised to the rank of com-
« mander, in the Baltimore sloop of war, which joined the
squadron then grqizing on the coast of Scotland, under the
command of admiral Smith. During this cruize an action
took place, in which captain Howe gave a fine example of
persevering intrepidity. The Baltimore, in company with
■■'■
t Ath. Ox. vol. n.-*Wairt<m'8 Life of sir ThomM IPope^ prelkce— ud «f
Batkarlt, pp. 154, tSll.
HOWE. 259
another kriiied vessel, fell id with two French frigates of
thirty guns, with troops and ammunition for the service of
the pretender,, which she instantly attacked, by running
between them. In the action which followed, capt. Howe
received a wound in his head, which at first appeared to be
fatal. He, however, soon discovered signs of life, and
when the necessary operation was performed, resuoied all
his former activity, continued the action, if possible, with
redoubled spirit, and obliged the French ships, with their
prodigious superiority in men and metal, to sheer oflF, leav-
ing the Baltimore, at the same time, in such a shattered
condition, as to be wholly disqualified to pursue them. He
was, in consequence of this gallant service, immediately
made post-captain, and in April 1746, was appointed to
the Triton frigate, and ordered to Lisbon, where, in con-
sequence of captain Holbourne's bad state of health, he
was transferred to the Rippon, destined for the Coast pf
Guinea. But he soon quitted that station to join his early
patron admiral Knowles in Jamaica, who appointed him
first captain of his ship of 80 guns; and at the conclusion
of the war in 1748, he returned in her to England. In
March 1750-51, captain Howe was appointed to the com-
mand of the Guinea station, in La Gloire, of 44 guns ;
when, with bis usual spirit and activity, he checked the
injurious proceedings of the Dutch governor-general on the
coast, and adjusted the difference between the English and
Dutch settlements. At the close of 1751, he was appointed
to the Mary yacht, which was soon exchanged for the Dol-
phin frigate, in which he sailed to the Streights, where he
executed many difficult and important services. Here he
remained about three years ; and soon after, on his return
to England, he obtained the command of the Dunkirk of
60 guns, which was among the ships that were commis-
sioned from an apprehension of a rupture with France.
This ship was one of the fleet with which admiral Boscawen
sailed to obstruct the passage of the French fleet into the
Gnlph of St. Lawrence, when captain Howe took the Al-
cide, a French ship of 64 guns, off the coast of .Newfound-
land. A powerful fleet being prepared, in 1757, under
the command of sir Edward Hawke, to make an attack
upon the French coast, captain Howe was appointed to the
Magoanime, in which ship he battered the fort on the
island of Aix till it surrendered. In 1758 he was appointed
commodore of a small squadron, which sailed to aiinoy the
S 2
/
269 HOWE.
tn^ttiy on their totsts. This he effected with his tniml
tuccess at St. Malo, where an hundred sail of ships and
neveral magaRsines were destroyed ; and the heavy gale
blowing into shore, which rendered it impracticable for
the troops to land^ alone prevented the executing a similar
mischief in the town and harbour of Cherbourg. On the
1st of July he returned to St. Helen's. This expedition
was soon followed by another, when prince Edward, after-
wards duke of York, was entrusted to the care of commo-»
dore Howe, on board his ship the Essex. The fleet sailed
on the 1st of August 175a, and on the 6th came to an
anchor in the Bay of Cherbourg ; the town was taketi) and
the bason destroyed. The commodore, with his royal
midshipman on boards next sailed to St. Malo; and as his
instructions were to keep the coast of France in continual
alarm, he very effectually obeyed them. The unsuccess-
ful affair of St. Cas followed. But never was courage,
skill, or humanity, more powerfully or successfully dis-
played than on this occasion. He went in person in his
barge, which was rowed through the thickest fire, to save
the retreating soldiers ; the rest of the fleet, inspired hy
his conduct, followed bis example, and at least seven hun-
dred men were preserved, by his exertions, from the fire
of the enemy or the fury of the waves. In July in the
same year (1758), his elder brother, who was serving his .
country with equal ardour and heroism in America, found
an early grave. That brave and, admirable officer was kil-
led in a skirmish between the advanced guard of the French,
and the troops commanded by general Abercrombie, in the
expedition against Ticonderago. Commodore Howe then
succeeded to the titles and property of his family. In the
following year (1759). lord Howe was employed in the Chan-
nel, on board his old ship the Magnanime ; but no oppor«
tunity offered to distinguish himself till the month of No-
vember, when the French fleet, under Conflans, was de-
feated. When he was presented to the king by sir Edward
Hawke on this occasiOD^ bis majesty said, *< Your lifie, my ^
lord, has been one continued series of services to yonr
country.^* In March ITBO, be was appointed colonel of the
Chatham division of marines ; and in September fdlowiag,
he was ordered by sir Edward Hawke to reduce tlie French
fort en the isle of Dumet, in order to save the expence of
the transports employed to carry water for the use of the
fleet. Lord Howe continued to serve, as occasion reqttire4^
HOWE. 5l«l
in the Channel ) ftnd in th^ gdaioief of 1762, he f^ntoted
to the Princess Amelia, of SO gunft, having accepted thd
command as captain to his royal highness the ddke of York^
Bo^ rear-admiral of the blue^ serving as aeoond in com-
mand under sir Edward Hawke, In the Channel. On the
23d of August, 1763, his iordsbip was appointed to the
board of admiralty, where he remained till August 1765 i
he was then made treasurer of the navy ; and m Octobef
1770, was promoted to be rear-admiral of the blue, and
eommander in chief in the Mediterranean. In Mlirch 1771^
he was appointed r^ar-admiral of the white ; and was soon
after chosen to represent the borough of Dartmouth in paN
liament. In the month of December, in the same y^ar, h^
was made vice-admiral of the blue. It was on ohe of these
promotions that lord Hawke, then first lord of the admi-
ralty, rose in the honse of peers, and said, *^-l adVi^^ bil
Biaje^y to Btiatte th6 promotion. I h&Ve tried my loMd
Howe on important occasions ; he never asked me bow h^
was to execute any service^ but always went and peVf6ymed
it.*' In 1778, France having become a party in th* war^
the' I'rencb admiral D'Estaitig appeared,- on the flth of
July, in 6ight of the Aritish fleet, at Sandy Hopk, v^^ith d
eonsKlerable force of tin^ of battle ships, in complete equlp*^
ment and condition. Most of the ships und^r lord How6
tnai been long in servicei were not well mtiinned, and weri
liot line of battle ships of the present day. The Frendb
admiral, however, remained seven days without making an
a^ttacky aild by that time lord Howe nad ^sposed his in'<>
ferior force in such a manner as to set him at defiance. On
D'Estaing's leaving the Hook, lord Howe heard of thd
critical situation of Rhode Island, and made every possible
exertion to preserve it He afterwards acted chiefly on th^
defensive. Such a conduct appears to have been required,
from the state of his fleet, and the particular situation of
the British cause in America. He, however, contrived to
baffle all the designs of the French admiral ; and may be
said, considering the disadvantages with which he was sur-
rounded, to have conducted and closed the campaign with
honour. Lord Howe now resigned the command to admi->
ml Byron; and$ on his return to England in.Octoberj^ imi-
inediately struck his fl^g. In the course of this year, he
had been advanced to be vice-admiral of the white, and
rik)rtly after, to the same rank in the red squadron. On
the change of administration in 1782, lord Howe was raised
262 HOWE,
to the dignity of .a viscount of Great Britain, having bi^en
previously advanced to the rank of admiral of the blue. He
viras then appointed to command the fleet fitted out for the
relief of Gibraltar ; and he fulfilled the important objects
of this expedition. That fortress was effectually relieved,
the hostile fleet baffled, and dared in vain to battle ; and
different squadrons detached to their important destina-
tions ; while the ardent hopes of his country^s foes were
disappointed. Peace was concluded shortly after lord
Howe^s return froav performing this important service : and
in January 17B3, he was nominated first lord of the admi-
ralty. That office, in the succeeding April, he resigned
to lord Keppel ; but was re-appointed on the 30th of De-
cember in the same year. On the 24th of September i787»
he was advanced to the rank of admiral of the white ; and
in July 1788, h^'finally quitted his station at the admiralty^
In the following August he was created an earl of Great
Britain.
. But the greatest glory of lord Howe^s life was reserved
^Imost to its close. On the breaking out of the revolu-
tionary war in 1793, he accepted the command of the
lyestern squadron. Three powerful armaments were pre-
pared for the campaign of 1794 ; one under lord Hood
commanded the Mediterranean, reduced the island of Cor-
sica, and protected the coasts of Spain and Italy ; a second
Yinder sir John Jervis, afterwards lord St Vincent, with a
military force headed by sir Charles Grey, reduced Marti-
nico, Guadaloupe, St. Lucia, and St Domingo; but the
most illustrious monument of British naval glory, was raised
by earl Howe. During the preceding part of the war^
France, conscious of her maritime inferiority, had conr
fined her exertions to cruizers and small squadrons for ha-
rassing our trade ; but in the month of May, the French
were induced to depart from this system, and being very
anxious for the^ safety of a convoy daily expected from
America, with an immense supply of corn and flour, naval
stores, &c. the Brest fleet, amoimting to twenty-seven sail
of the line, ventured to sea under the command of rear-
admiral Villaret Lord Howe expecting the same convoy,
went to sea with twenty ships of the line, and on the 28th
of May descried the enemy to windward. After various
previous manoeuvres which had been interrupted by a thick
fog, the admiral found an opportunity of bringing the
French to battle on the ist of June. Between seven and
H O WE. 263
eight in the morning, our fleet advanced in a close and
compact line; anxl the enemy, finding an engagement un-
avoidable, received our onset with their accustomed va-
lour. A close and desperate engagement ensued, ih the
course of which, the Montague of 130 guns, the French
admiraPs ship, having adventured to encounter the Queen
Charlotte of 100 guns, earl Howe^s ship, was, in less than
an hour, compelled to fly;. the other ships of the same
division, seeing all efforts ineffectual, endeavoured to foU
low the flying admiral : ten, however, were so crippled
that they could not keep pace with the rest ; but many of
the British ships being also greatly damaged, some of these
disabled French ships effected their escape. Six remained
in the possession of the British admiral, and were brought
safe into Portsmouth, viz. two of 80 and four of 74 guns ;
and the Le Vengeur, of 74, was sunk, making the whole
loss to the enemy amount to seven ships of the line. The
victorious ships arrived safe in harbour with their prizes ;
and th€^ dlews, officers, and admiral, were received with
*every testimony of national gratitude. On the 26th of the
same month, their majesties, with three of the princesses,
arrived at Portsmouth, and proceeded the next morning in
barges to visit lord Howe's ship, the Queen Charlotte, at
Spitbead. His majesty held a naval levee on board, and
presented the victorious admiral with a sword^ enriched
with diamonds and a gold chain, with the naval medal sus-
pended from it. The thanks of both houses of parliament,
the freedom of the city of London, and the universal ac-
clamations of the nation, followed the acknowledgments of
the sovereign. In the course of the following year, he
was appointed general of marines, on the death of admiral
Forbes ; and finally resigned the command of the western
squadron in April 1797. On the 2d of June in the same
year, he was invested with the insignia of the garter. The
IjAst public act of a life employed against the foreign ene-
mies of his country, was exerted to compose its internal
dissentions. It was the lot of earl Howe to contribute to
the restoration of the fleet, which he had conducted to
glory on the sea, to loyalty in the harbour. His experi-
ence suggested the measures to be pursued by government
on the alarming mutinies, which in 1797 distressed and
terrified the nation ; whilci his personal exertions power-
fully promoted the dispersion of that spirit, which had, for
» time, changed the very nature of British seamen, and
364 HOWE.
greatly helped to recall them to their former career of dotjr
and obedience. This gallant of&cer, who gained the first
of the four great naval victories which have raised the re-
putation of the British navy beyond all precedent and all
comparison, died at his house in Grafton-street, London,
of the gout in his stomach, August 5, 1199. In i75S his
lordship married Mary, daughter of Chiverton Hartop, esq.
of Welby, in the county of Leicester. His issue by this
lady, is lady Sophia Cbarloite, married to the hon. Pen
Ashton Curzon^ eldest son of lord Curzon, who died in
1797 ; lady Mary Indiana, alid lady Louisa Catharine,
married to earl of Altamont, of Ireland. He ^as succ ceded
in his Irish viscounty by iiis brother, general sir WtUiaoi
Howe, who died (1814) while this sheet was passing through
the press ; and in the English barony by lady CurzonJ
HOWELL (James), a voluminous- English writer, the
son of I'homas Howell, minister of Abernant in Caer*
marthenshire, was born about 1594, and, to use his own
words, '< his ascendant was that hot constellation of cancer
about the midst of the dog-days.*' He was sent to the free-
school at Hereford -, and entered of Jesus-college, Oxford,
in 1610. His elder brother Thomas Howell was already a
fellow of that society, afterwards king's chaplain, and was
nominated in 1644 to the see of Bristol. James Howell,
having taken, the degree of B. A. in 1613, left college, and
removed to London; for being, says Wood, ^^u, pure
cadet, a true cosmopolite, not bom to land, lease, house^
or .office, he had his fortune to make; and being withal not
$o much inclined to a sedentary as an active life, this situ-
ation pleased him best, as most likely to answer his views.'*
Xh^ first employment he obtained was that of steward to a
gliassohouse in Broad*street, which was procured for hioi
by sir Robert Mansel, who was principally concerned in it.
The proprietors of this work, intent upon improving^ the
manufactory, came to a resolution to send an agent abroad^
who should procure the best materials and workmea; and
they made choice of Howell for this purpose, who, setting
off in 1619, visited several of the principal places in HoU
land, Flanders, France, Spain, and Italy* In Dec. 1621,
he returned to London ; having executed the purpose of
his mission very well, and particularly having acquired n
^ CoUiDs's Peenage by Sir E. lB|iydfe9»— rChaniock> Bbg. N»?iklM*-»NaTi4
HOWELL. 265
masterly knowledge io the modern languages, wbicb af-
forded bim a siagalar cause for gralitude. ^* Thank God/*
be says, ^^ I have tbis fmit <if my ioreign travels, that f
can pray unto bim every day of the week in a separate
language, and upon Sunday m seven.**
800B after his return, be quitted his stewardship of the
glass-house ; and having experimced the pleasuiea of tra^
veiling, was anxious to obtain more employments of the
same kind. In 1632 he was sent into Spain, to recover a
rich English ship, seized by the viceroy of Sardinia for his
master's use, on pretence of its having prohibited goods
on board. In 1623, during bis absence abroad, he was
chosen fellow of Jesus college in Oxford, upon the new
foundation of sir Eubule Tbelwal ; for be had tdcen unte*-
mitting care to cultivate his interest iu tbat society. He telb
sir Enbule, in his letter of thanks to bim, thdt be ^ will
reserve bis fellowship, and lay it by as a good warm. gar«»
ment against rough weather, if any fall on bim :** in which
be was followed by Prior, who alleged the same reason
for keeping his fellowship at St. Jobn^s-eollege in Cam^
bridge. ^ Howell returned to England in 1624; and was
soon after appointed secretary; to lord Scrope, afterwarda
earl of Sunderland, who was made lord-president of the
North. This office carried him to York ; and while be '
resided there, the corporation of Richmond, without any
application from himself, and against several competitors,
chose him one of their representatives, in the parliament
which began in 1627.. In 1632, he went as secreiaiy to
Robert earl of Leicester, ambassador extraordinary from
Charles I. to the court of Denmark, on occiision t>f the
death of the queen dowager, who was grandmother to that
king: and there gave prdofii of his oratorical talents, in
several Latin speeches before the king of Denmark, and
other princes of Germany. After bis return to England^
his affairs do not appear so prosperous; for, except an
inconsiderable mission, on which be was dispatched to
Orleans in Fmnce by secretary Windebank in 1635, be was
for some years destitute of any employment. At last,.iu
1639, be went to Ireland, and was well received by lord
Straiford, the lord-lieutenant, wl)o had before made hint
very warm professions of kindness,' and employed him as
an assistant^derk upon some business to Edinburgh, and
afterwards to London ; but his rising hopes were ruined b^
the unhappy £i^te i/^ioh soon oy^ook X^X nobleman. In
866 HOWELL.
1640 he was dispatched upon some business to France;
and the same year was made clerk of the council) which
post was the most fixed in point of residence^ and the most
permanent Jn its nature, that he had ever enjoyed. But
his royal master, having departed from his palace at White^
ball, was not able to secure his continuance long in it : for,
in 1643, having visited London upon some business of his
own, all his papers were seized by a committee of the
parliament, his person secured, and, in a few days after,
he was committed close prisoner to the Fleet This at
least he himself, assigns as the cause of his imprisonment :
hxLt W^^ood insinuates, that he was thrown into prison, for
debts contracted through his own extravagance ; and in-
deed some of his own letters give room enough to suspect
it. But whatever was the cau^e^ he bore it cheerfully.
He had now no resource except his pen : and applied
hims/elf therefore wholly to write and translate books.
^' Here," he says, '^ I purchased a small spot of ground
upon Parnassus, which I have in fee of the muses, and I
have endeavoured to manure it as well as I could, though
I confess it hath yielded me little, fruit hitherto.^' This
spot, however, brought him a comfortable subsistence,
during his long stay in prison, where he was confined till
some time after the king's death ; and as he got nothing^ «
by his discharge but his liberty, he was obliged to continue
the same employment afterwards. His numerous produc-
tions, written rather out of necessity than choice, shew,*
however, readiness of wit, and exuberant fancy. Though
always a firm royalist, he does not seem to have approved
the measures pursued by Buckingham, Laud, and Straf-
ford ; and was far from approving the imposition of ship*'
money, and the policy of creating and multiplying mono*
polies. Yet the unbridled insolence and outrages of the
republican governors so much disgusted him, that he wasf
not displeased when Oliver assumed the sovereign power
under the title of protector ; and in this light he addressed
him on that occasion in a speech, which shall be mentioned
presently* His behaviour under CromwelKs tyraiTny was
prudential, and was so considered ; for Charles H. at his
restoration, thought him worthy of his notice and favour :
and his former post under the council being otherwise dis*
posed of, a ,oew place was created, by the grant of wbicb
be became the fir^t historiographer royal in England. He
died Nov. 16^) and was interred in the Temple-chorch^
•HOWE L L. i6T
London, wher^ a monument was erected to his memory^
with the following inscription, which was taken down when
the church was repaired in 1683, and has not since been
replaced : ^< Jacobus Howell, Cambro-Britannus, Regiuti
Historiographus in AngUa primus, qui post varies pere^
grinationes tandem naturae cursum peregit, satur anno«^
rum & famsB ; domi forisque hue usque erraticus, hie fixus
1666."
His works were numerous. 1. ^^ Dodona's Grove, or.
The Vocal Forest, 164a" 2. "The Vote:" a poem, pre-
sented to the king on New-year's day, 1641. 3. "In-
structions for Forraine Travel! ; shewing by what course,^
and in what compass of time, one may take an exact sur^
vey of the kingdomes and states of Christendome, and ar^
rive to the practical knowledge of the languages to good
purpose, 1642." dedicated to prince Charles. Reprinted
in 1650, with additions. These works were published before
be was thrpwn into prison. 4* " Casual Discourses and
Interlojcutions between Patricius and Peregrin, touching'
,the distractions of th# times." Written soon after the bat-
tle of Edgehill, and the first book published in vindication
of the kiiig. 5. " Mercurius Hibernicus : or, a discourse '
of the Irish Massacre, 1644." 6. " Parables reflecting on
the Times, 1644." 7. <^ England*^ Tears for the present
Wars, &c* 1644." ^. ^^ Preheminence and Pedigree of
Parliaments, 1644." 9* *^ Vindication of some passages
reflecting upon him in Mr. Prynne's book called The Po-^
pish Royal Favourite, 1644." 10. ^^ Epistoiae Ho^Elianse :
or. Familiar Letters, domestic and foreign, divided into
sundry sections, partly historical, partly political, partly
philosophical," 1645. Another collection was published
in 1647 ;. and both these, with the addition of a third, came
out in 1650. A few, additional letters appeared in some
subsequent editions : of which the eleventh was printed in
1754, 8vo. It is not, indeed, to be wondered at, that these
letters have run through so many editions ; since they not
only contain much of the history of his own times, but are
also interspersed with many plei^ant stories properly intro-
duced and applied. It cannot be denied, that be has given
way frequently to very low witticisms, the most unpardon-
able instance of which is, his remark upon Charles the First's
death, where 'he says, ^^ I will attend with patience how
England will thrive, now that she is let blood in the Ba*
siUcal veiui and cured as they say of the king's evil ;" and
f6i H o w E L l;
I
it k tio great czcute, thai he wis led inte diii maatier h^
tbe bumoar of the times. Woed relates, it does not ap-
pear on vrtiat authoii^^ that *' many of these lettteirs were
never written before the author of the«i was in the Fleet,
as he pretends they were, but otfly feigned and purposely
published to gain money to relieve his ne<:esMt)es :^ be .this
as it willy he allows that they ** give a tolerable bistory of
those times," which, if true, is sufficient to recommend
tbem^. There are also some of his letters among the
Strafford papers;
These letters are almost the only work of Howell that is
BOW regarded ; the rest are very obsoure. 1 1. '^ A Noe<^
turnal Progress : or, a Perambulation of most Countries iil^
Christendom, perfonned in one night by strength of imal«
^nation," 1645. 13^ ^^ Lustra Ludovici: or the Life of
Lewis XIII. King of France, &c.** 13. << An Aceoant of
the deplorable state of England in 1647, &c,'* 1647. 14.
^' Letter to Loi^d Pembroke concerning the Tiines, and the
sad condition both of Prince and People," 1647. 15.
^< Bella Scot^Anglica: A Brief of all die Battles betwixt'
England and Scotland, from all tinges to this present,"
1646. 16. *^ Corollary declaring the Causes, whereby the
Scot is come of late years to be so beightened in his Spi*
riW 17. <' The Instruments of a King : or, a short Dis-
course of the Sword, Crown, and Sceptre, fcc. 1648.'* 18.
" Winter-Dream," 1 649. 1 9. ** A Trance, 6r News from
Hell^ brought first to town by Mer^uiius Acberonticus,*'
1649. 20. << Inquisition after Blood, &c.'' 1649. 31.
'< Vision, or Dialogae between Soul and Body," 1651.
S2. « Survey of the Sigtiory of Venice, &c." 1651.^ 23.
^' Some sober Inspections made into the carriage tad con-
sults of the late Long Parliaoient, whereby occasion is
taken to speadc of Parliaments in former times, and of
Magna Charta : with some Reflections upon Government
in general,.'' 16li&. Dedicated to Oliver lord protector^
whom he compares to Charies Martel> and compliments in
language much beyond tbe truth and the sentiments of
his own heart. The fourth edition of this book came out
* * *' I believe the second puhlitbed friend of Jobsoq, and the first who bom
cdirespondeiice of this hind (after As* tbe office of the roy)iI bistoHo^apher,
^am), and in o«r own lali^ini$e, at which discowr a variety of literature*
least of any importatioe after (bishop) and abound with miM^ entertaiaiBg
Hall, wiH be found in the « Epistols and useful informatfOA." WartOn^a
H«ieliai»;*' or th^.lmeili of Jtfmes History of Poetry, voT. IV. p.54.
IfoweUy a great traTeUer, an hiiiapate
HOWELL. fi6i
JO 1660, with several adflitiont. 24. ^< History of the
Wars of Jerusalem epitomised/' 25. *^ Ah, Ha; Tumu*-
las, Thalamus : two Counter- Poems : the first an Elegy
on Edward }ate earl of Dorset : the second an Epithala-
mium to the Marquis of Dorohester,'' 165$. 26. ** The
German Diet: or Balance of Europe, &c.** 1653, folio^
with the author's portrait, at whole length. 27. ** Parthe-
nopeia: or, the History of Naples^ jco." 1654. 28. <^ Lon^
dinopolis,'' 1657 : a short discourse, says Wood, mostly
taken from Stowe's *' Survey of London,** but a wow
which ia our time bears a high price, and is worth con*
suiting, as containing particulars of the manners of Lou*
don ia his days. 29. ^ Discourse of the Empire, and of
the Election of the King of the Romans,^* 165S. 30.
^ Lexicon Tetraglotton : an English-French-Italian-8pa-
nish Dictionary, &c." 1660. 31. « A Cordial for the Ca«
valiers,*' 1661. Answered immediately by sir Roger L'Es**
trange, in a book entitled ** A Caveat for the Cavaliers :**
replied to by Mr. Howell, in the next article, 32. ^< Some
sober lospeerions made into those ingredients that went
to the composition of a late Cordial for the Cavaliers,**
1661. 33. '< A French Grammar, &c." 34. << The Par-
ley of Beasts, &c.*' 1660. 35. ** The second Plart of casual
Discourses and Interlocutions between Patricius and Pe-
regrin, &c.'* 1661. 36. «< Twelve Treatises of the late
Rmolutions,'* 1661. 37. ^< New English Grammar for
Foreignees to learn English : mth a Grammar for the Spa^
nish and Castilian Tongue, with special Remarks on the
Portuguese Dialect, for the service of her Majesty,'* 1662.
M. ** Discourse concerning tile Precedency of Kings,**
1668% 3^. *^ Bsems :'* coneoted and published by ser-
jeaot-major P. F. that is, Pig^ne Fisiier> who had been
poet-launeat to CiomweH^ The editor telti us, that his
amthor How«ll ^' may be called the pvodigy of tiie ag^ for
the vairiety of his volumes : for there hath passed the press
above feriy of bis wovbs on various subjects, usefol not
oJity to the praaent times, bat to all posterity. Audit is
«o be obserwd^" say* he, ^ that an idl his wrinngs tliere is
soBMthing still new, either in thematter, metiiod, or fcncy,
and IB an untrodden tract.'* Ik is quite impouible, how-
ever, to say any thing infovour of his poetry. He pub^
Ushed next, 40. <* A Treatise concerning Ambassadors,**
1664. 41. ^* Concerning the surrender of Dunkisfc> that it
was done upon good Grounds,** 1664.
870 HOWELL.
' Besides these original works, he translated sevefstl froni
foreign languages; as, 1." St. PauPs late Progress upon
Earth about a Divorce betwixt Christ and the Church of
Rome, by reason of her dissoluteness and excesses, &c/'
1644'.- The author of this book published it about 1642,
and was forced to fly from Rome on that account. He
withdrew in. the company, and under the conduct of one^
wiio pretended friendship for him ; but who betrayed him
at Avignon, where he was first hanged and then burnt.
2. " A Vedetian Looking-glass : or, a Letter written very
lately from London to Cardinal Barberini at Rome, by a
Venetian Clariasimo, touching the present Distempers in
England," 1648* 3. "An exact History of the late Re*
volutions in Naples, &c." 1650. 4. " A Letter of Advice
from the prime Statesman of Florence, how England may
come to herself again,'* 1659. All these were translated
from the Italian. He translated also from the French,
<* The Nuptials of Peleus and Thetis, &c." 1654 ; and from
the Spanish, " The Process and Pleadings in the Court of
Spain^ upon the death of Anthony Ascham)^ resident for
the Parliament of England, &c.** 1651.
Lastly, he published, in 1649, ** The lat6 Kiog*s Decla-
ration in Latin, French, and English :" and in 1651, " Cot-
ton! Posthuma, or divers choice Pieces of that renowned
antiquary sir Robert Cotton, knight and baronet," in 8vo.
The print of him prefixed to- some of his works was taken
from a painting which is now. at Landeilo house, in Mon-
mouthshire, the seat of Richard Lewis, esq.^
HOWEL (Laurence), a learned, but somewhat unfor-
tunate divine, was born soon after the restoration, and edu-
cated at Jesus college, Cambridge, where he took his de-
gree of B. A. in 1684, and that of M. A. in 1688, after
which it is not improbable that he left the university, as be
not only scrupled the oaths to the new goTernment, but;
adhered to the nonju ring party with a degree of firmness,
zeal, and. rashness, which no considerations of personal loss
or suffering could repress. In 1712 he was ordained and
instituted into priest^s orders by Dr. Hickes, the celebrated
nonjuror, who was titled Sui&agan Bishop of Tbetford.
Before this, in 1708, he published ^^ Synopsis Canonum
JS. S. Apostolorum, et conciliorum oecumenicorum et pro-
1 Biog. Brit. — Lloyd's Memoirs,' folio, p. 529. — Atb. Os« vol. 11. — Censan
Ltteraria, toI. III.
H O W E L. 27t
viQcUIiuaiy ab ecclesia Graca receptor urn/' 17 10, in folio ;
*^ Synopsis canon um ecclesi» Latins/' folio ; and in 171 5,
the tliird and last volume was announced ^^ as once, more
finisbed'' by Mr. Howely the manuscript having been burnt
at the fire which consumed Mr. Bowyer^s printing-bouse.
Soon after this be printed a pamphlet entitled ^^The case
of Schism in the Church of England truly stated/' which
was intended to be dispersed or sold privately, there being
no name of any author or printer. Both, however, were
soon discovered^ andRedmayne, the printer, was sentenced
to pay a 6ne of 500/. to be imprisoned for five years, and
to find security for his good behaviour for life. The prin-
ciples laid ilown in Howel's pamphlet are these: 1. ^That
the subjects of England could not transfer their allegiance
from king James II. ; and thence it is concluded, that all
who resisted king James, or have since, complied with such
as did, are excommunicated by the second canon : 2. That
the catholic bishops cannot be deprived by a lay-power
only ; and thence it is inferred, that all who have joined
with them that were put into the places of the derived
bishops, are schismatics.*' As such assertions seemed to
aim at the vitals of .government, both civil and ecclesias-
tical, it was thought necessary to visit Mr. Howel's crime
with a more severe punishment than had been inflicted on:
the prin^r. Accordingly he was indicted at the Old Bailey
Feb. 18, 1717, for a misdemeanour, in publishing V a se-
ditious libel, wherein are cbntained expressions denying
bis majesty's title to the crown of this realm, and asserting
the* pretender's right to the same ; &c. &c." and being
found guilty, he was ordered to pay a fine of 500/. to be
imprisoned for three years, to find four securities of 500/.
each, himself bound in 1000/. for his good behaviour during
life, and tp be twice whipped. On hearing this last part of
the sentence, he asked, if they would whip a clergyman i
and was answered by the court^ that they paid no deference
to his cloth, because he was a disgrace to it, add had no
right to wear it; that they did not look upon him as a
clergyman; in that he had produced no proof of his ordi-
nation, but from Dr. Hickes, under the denomination of
the bishop of Thetford, which was illegal, and not accord-
ing to the constitution of this kingdom, which knows no
such bishop. And as he behaved in other respects haugh*
tily, on receiving his sentence, he was ordered to be de-
graded, and stripped of the gown be had no right to wear,
274^ H O Z I E R.
of the French nobility^ and was rewardea M^itb a pensbir
of 4000 iivres. He died in 1732. This gentletodnV
hepfaevf succeeded him in his office, and dt^d in 1767.
He compHed the " L'Armoria},- on RegistFes de la No-'
blesse de France,'* 10 vols, folio. Such works^ of la^e
years, have been of very little use in France.*
HUARTE (John), a native of French Navarre*, thougb
he is usually supposed to be a Spaniard, lived in the se-
venteenth century. He gained great fame by a work whicb
he published in Spanish, upon a very curious and intiirest^
ing subject. The title of it runs thus : " Examen de in-
genios para las Sciencias, &c. or, sin examination of such
geniuses as are fit for acquiring the sciences, and were?
born such : wherein, by marvellous and useful secrets,
drawn from true philosophy both natural and divine, are
shewn the gifts and different abilities found in men, and
for what kind of study the genius of every man is ad^pted^
in such a manner, that whoever shall read this book atten-
tively, will .discover the properties of his own genius, and
be able to make choice of that science in which he wilt
make the greatest improvement." This book has been'
translated into several languages, and gone through seve-
ral impressions. It was translated into Italian, and pub-
lished at Venice in 1582; at least the dedication of that
translation bears this date. It was translated into French
by Gabriel Chappui« in 1580; but there is a better French
version than this, by Savinien d'Alquie, printed at Amster-
dam in 1672. He has taken in the additions inserted by
Huarte in the last edition of his book, which- are consider-
able both in quality and quantity. It has been translatetl
also into Latin, and lastly, into English, by'Carew and
Bellamy. This very admired author has been highly ex-
tolled for acuteness and subtlety, and undoubtedly had a
great share of these qualities : Bayle, however, thinks, that
" it would not be prudent for any person to rely either on
his maxims or authorities ; for," says he, "he is not to be
trusted on either of these heads, and his hypotheses are
frequently chimerical, especially when he pretends to teach
the formalities to be observed by those who would beget
children of a virtuous turn of mind. 'I'here are, in this
part of his book, a great many particulars repugnant to
modesty (a discovery which we are surprized Bayle should
1 Moreri.-~Dict. Hiit— Niceron, rol. XXXIL
H U A R T £ Q7^
ba^e made) : and he deserves ^enimre fi^^publishicigy a^ Or
genuine aiKl authentic piece^ a. pretended lelter of Leon
tutus the proconsul from Jeriisale(ii);1)0 ti^ Koinsin.&ei^itex
wherein a portrait is giren of JeautriCbfi^t^ a .di98(Gription of
his. shape. afid stature^ the eototiirof hts.ile^ry the q^alitie^
of his beard> &c/' The work^ bQwe¥er^< has: now akog^thl^i;
lost its popularitjr, . afipd de^^wediy.^ .,jo ! . > v^.f
HUBALD^ JivcjbAU>i or KyQ$ALi>,;a mojok of S^t
Amand, in Flanders^ who pre^aeded G^iiildo idoretha^oiM^
bondred years, was cofitetnporary withr^Retwi, and' au^hoc
of Sk treatise on music, vrbicih is siijl 'Silbsistin^ in the kmg
ot' FraiKe^s library, unPder^ the. title of ^* Eochiridion Mti'^
siccBi/'^ No. 7202, transcribed in* jQhe :deventh o^nttiry. la
this work there h a kind of gananiut^ or expedient. for. d^-;
lineatinig. the several sounds of the seale^ ^ni;a way. wholly
different from his predecessora; but tbef nselhod 6f Guido
not only superseded this, but by deigrees effaced th^
knowledge and remembrance of eVery other that had been
adopted- in the diffieirent courirtries and convents of £uriD|)e«
However, the awkward attempts at singiiig in consonance^
which appear in this tract, are cdrious, and clearly prove
that Guido neither invented, nor, rude asrit wbs before Iris
time, much contributed to the improvement of this art. >
• Hmbald was not' only a musician, but a pGf6t ; and an
idea maybe formed of his patience and perseverance> if
not of his genius, from a circumstance related by Sigebert,
the aoibor of ^ his life,, by which it appears tlmt be van*
quisbied a moch greater difficulty in poetry than the lippD^
grammists of antiquity ever attempted: for they only ex «-
cbmmtiiiicated' a single* letter of the alphabet from a whole
po^ensi; btittbis determiired nionk composed three hundred
veyies in piuise of baldwess, which he addressed to the em*
peror Charles the Bald, and in which be obliged the letter
C to take the lead in every word,, as the initial of hiS'pa^"
tron's- naiiie and infirmity, as thus:-
■ '' C^rmina Qarisonse Cakis Cant^te Camoefna."
ffubald'died in the year 930, at the age bf ftinety.*
, QUBER (Joi^N JaM£s), a celebrated anatomist, was
b6rn at Basle,, in 1707. He was a pupif of Haller at
B^^rne, iu 1.730, after which be studied^at ptrasburgb, and
iq 1733 took the deg!^ee of M, I), at bis h?itive place. ^ He
visited Paris in i7i35, and in the same year was appointed
* Gen. Diet.— Moreri. * Moreri.— tifees^s CydopKciia, by Dr. ^urney*
T ^
»
physici)an to the ? court of Baden Dourlach. At the request
of-Haller, be examined the Grauband mountains^ in Swit-
zerland, and transtnivted to hiili his collection of plants
found in that district^^^i^vious to the publication of HaU
ler's work on the botanjr'of Switzerland. Haller then in-.
▼ited biq[i to Gotting'eh in 1738, to be dissector, where,
having acquired considerable reputation, he was made ex-
traordinary professor of anatomy in that city in 1739 ; pro-
fessor in the Caroline' college at Cassel, with the rank of
court- physician, in 1742 ;• and counsellor of state and
body-physician to the prince in 1748. Hejdied in 1779,
His principal works are entitled, ** Coromentatio de Me-
dulla Spinali, speciatim de Nervis ab ea provenientibas,'*
cum icon. Goett. 1741, 4to. <^ Commentatio de Vaginas
Uteri structura rugbsa, necnon de Hymene," 1742, 4to.
He published a letter in the Philos. Transactions, toL
XLVI, ^^ De cadavere aperto in quo non existit vesica
fellea, et de Sterno gibboso.*' *
HUBER (Mary)^ a voluminous female author, was bora
at Geneva in 1710, and died at Lyons in 1753. Her
principal works are, 1. *^ Le monde fou, pr^fere au monde
sage," 1731 — 1744, in 8vo. 2. " Le Systfeme des Tbeo-
logiens anciens et modernes, sur Uetat des Ames s6par6e8
des corps," 1731 — 1739, 12nio. 3, " Suite du m^me
ouvrage, servant de r^pouse a M. Kuchat^" 1731 — 1739,
12mo. 4. ^* Reduction do Spectateur Anglois." This
was an abridgment, of the Spectator, and appeared in
1758, in six parts, duodecimo; but did not succeed. {•
'^ Lettres sur la Religion essentielle t^ l^bomme," .1739 —
1754. Mary Huber was a protestaot, and this latter work,
in particular, was attacked by the divines of the Qomish
communion. She bad wit and knowledge, but was some*
times obscure, from wanting the taU^nt to develope her
own ideas.'
HUBER (Ulric), a native of Dockum, in the Dutch
territories, famous as a lawyer, an historian, and a philo-
loger, was born ip 1635, and became^ professor at Franeker^
and afterwards ^t Lewarde. He published, 1. in 1662~,
seVen dissertaitions, << De genuina aetate Assyriorum, et
regno Medoruip.*** Also, 2. A treatise " De Jure civi-
tatis." 3, " Jafisprudentia Frisiaca;" 4, " Specimen
PhilosophiaB civilis.'' 5. " Institutiones Historise ciyilis ;**
V.ReeB'i Gjrclop»dia. t Diet. Hist
H U B E Ri i27t
•and several other works. From 1668^ he was engaged ii^
violent controversy with Perizoniu^, on some points qf
jnrispradence, and on his work last-mentioned, the << In*
stitutiones historise civilis." He died in 1694. The dis-
pute with Perizonius was carried On with safficient scur-
rility on both sides.'
HUBER (Zacharias), son of the former, was born at
Franeker in 16^9 ; and afterwards advanced to the same
professorships. He published in 1690, I. *^ A disserta-
tion ** De vero sensu atque interpretatione, legis IX D.
de lege Pompeia, de Parricidis," Franeker, 4to* 2. Also^
''* Dissertation um Irbri tres, quibus explicantur, &c. selects
joris publici, sacri, privatique capita/' Franeker> 1702.
He. died in 1732."
HUBERT (Matthew), a celebrated French preacher;
was born in 1640, and was contemporary with Bourdaloue,
whom, indeed, he could not rival, but was skilful enough
to please; being esteemed by him one of the first preacher^
of the time. He was a priest of the congregation of the
Oratory, and no less remarkable for his gentle piety and
profound humility, than for his eloquence. He excelled
Consequently rather in the touching style of the sacred,
than the vivid manner of the temporal orator. He was
used to say, that his brother Massillon was fit to preach to
the inaster^ and himself to the servants. He dic^d in
1717, after displaying his powers in the provinces, in the
eapital, and at court. Eight years after his death, in 1725,
bis sermons were published at Paris, in 6 vols. l2mo, and
were much approved by all persons of piety and taste*
'^ His manner of reasoning,*^ says his editor, father Mon-
teuil, <^ had not that dryness which frequently destroys the
effect of a discourse ; nor did he employ that studied elo-
cution which frequently enervates the style by an excess
of polish/' The best composition in these volumes is the
funeral oration on Mary of Austria. As a trait of his hu-
mility, it is related, that on being told by a person in a
krge company, that they had been fellow- students ; he
replied, << I cannot easily forget it, since you not only
lent me books, but gave me clothes."'
HUBNER (JaHN), a native of Lusatia, or, according
to some authorities, of Torgau, in Saxony, highly cele^
f Ct^ufepie.— Diet. Hiit * Diet. Hist^Saxii Ooomast.
^ A^oirerk— >Dict, Hist. •
f 7? H: U B N E R.
kxU^d for his skilt iifliUtQry, geograpfay, tod genealogy^
^a$ born in 1668. fii& works ivere chjefly written m tfae
fprm of qqestioD and answer, and so popular in GermaDy,
thu bis introduction to geography went through a vast
n'l^mber of editions in that country^ and has bei^n traaa^
lated into English, French, and other languages. His
M^orks, theinefpre, are calculated I'atber for the instruction
pf the ignorant, than the satisfaction of the learned ; but
are wel^ executed in their way. Hubner was professor of
geography at Leipsic, Si,nd rector of the school at Ham-r
}>urgh, in which city he died in 1731. His questions on
modern and ancient geography were published at Leipstc
in 169?, in 8vo, under the title of ^* Kurtse Fragen was
der newen und alten Geographie." He published, 2. in
)697, and several subsequent years, in 10 volumes, similar
questions on political history, entitled <^ Kurtze Fragen
aas der Politischen Historie, bis zum Ausgang des 8ie*»
benzenden saiculi." S. His next work was Genealogical
Tables, with genealogical questions subjoined, 1708, &g«
4. ^^ Supplements to the prtoeding works. 5. Lexicons,
yesembling our Gazetteers, for the aid of common life,
entitled ^* Staats, Zeitungs, und : Conversationa-Lexico.'^
6. A Genealogical Lexicon. 7* • ^^ Bibliotheca Historica
Hamburgensis,^' Leipsic, 1715. And, 8. **' Museum Geo*<
graphicum.*' The two last were more esteemed by the
learned than any of his other works.'
HUDSON (Captain Henry), was an eminent English*
navigator, who flourished in high fanie in the beginning of
the seventeenth centary. Where he was born and edu-i
eated, we have no certain account; nor have we of any
private circumstances of his life. The custom of* disco-'
vering foreign countries for the benefit of trade not dying
with queen Elizabeth, in whose reign it had been zealously)
pursued, Hudson, among others, attempted to find out a
passage by the north to Japan and China. His first voyag6
was in 1607, at the charge of some London merchants ;
and his first attempt was for the nortfa-east passage to the
Ifidies. He departed therefore on the 1st of May; and
after various adventures through icy seas, and regions in*
tensely ct>ld, returned to England, and slrrived in the
Thames Sept. 15. The year following he undertook a se*^*
cond voyage for discovering the same passage, and ac-»
1 Moreri«-^X>lcii Hist — ^SiixU Onomast.
HUDSON. 279
co^ingly set sail with fifteen persons only, April 22 ; but
not succetding, returned homewards, and arrived at
Gravesend on Aug. 26.
Not disheartened by his former unsuccessful voyages^
he andertook ^ain, in 1609| a third voyage to the same
IMurts, for further discoveries ; and was fitted out by the
Dutch East India company. He sailed from Amsterdam
with twenty men English and Dutch, March 25; and on April
25, doubled the North Cape of Finmark, in Norway. He
kept along the coasts of Lapland towards Nova Zembia, but
found the sea so full of ice that he could not proceed.
Then turoiog about, he went towards America, and ar^
rived at the coast of New France on July 18. He sailed
from place to place, without any hopes of succeeding in
their grand scheme ; and the ship^s crew disagreeing, and
being in danger of mutinying, / he pursued his way home-
wards, and arrived Nov. 7, at Dartmouth, in Devonshire;
of which he gave advice to his directors in Holland, send?-'
ing them also a journal of bis voyage. In 1610, he waa
again. fitted out by some gentlepien, with a commission to
try, if through ^oy of those American inlets which cap.*-
tain Davis saw, but dqrst not enter, on the western side
of Davis's Streights, any passage might be found to the
South Sea. They sailed from St. Catharine's April 17,
and on June 4, came within sight of Greenland. On the
9th they were off Forbisher's Streigb.ts, and on the 15th
eame in sight of Cape Desolation. Thence they proceeded
norih«>westward, among great quantities of ice» until they
came to the mouth of the streights that bear Hudson's
name. They advanced in those st^^ights westerly, as the
land and ice would permit, till tuey got into the bay,
which has ever ^since been called by the bold discoverer's
name» ^^ Hudson's Bay." He gave names to places as he
went along ; and called the country itself ^' Nova Britan-
nia," or New Britain. He sailed above 100 leagues south
into this bay, being confident that he had found the de-
sired passage ; but perceiving at last that it was only a bay,
he resolved to winter in the most southern point of it, with
an intention of pursuing his discoveries the following
spring. Upon this he was so intent, that he did not con*
sider how unprovided he was with necessaries to support
himself during a severe winter in that desolate place. On
Nov* 3, however, they drew tlieir ship into a small creel^,
where they would ail infallibly have perished, if they had
i280 H U D S O I<^.
not been unexpectedly and providentially supplied with
tincomaion flights of wild fowl, which served them for pro*
vision. In the spring, when the ice began to waste, Hud-
son, in order to compliete his discovery, made several ef-
forts of various kinds ; but notwithstanding all his endea*
TOurs, he found it necessary to abandon his enterprise, and
to make the best of his way home ; and therefore distri-^
buted to his men, with tears in his eyes, all the bread be
lad left, which was only a pound to each : though it is
said other provisions were afterwards found in the ship.
In bis despair and uneasiness, he had let fall some threat-
ening words, of setting some of his men on shore ; upoa
whicb, a few of the sturdiest, who had before been very
mutinous, entered his cabin in the night, tied his ariBS
behind him, and exposed him in his own shallop at the
west end of the streights, with his son, John Hudson, and
seven of the most sick and inBrm of his men. There^ they
turned them adrift, and it is supposed that they all perished,
being never heard of more. The crew proceeded with the
ship for England ; but going on shore near the streight's
mouth, four of them were killed by savages. The res^
after enduring the greatest hardships, and ready to die for
want, arrived at Plymouth Sept. 1611.*
* HUDSON (Dr. John), a learned English critic, waa
Tjorn at Widehope, near Cockerjmouth, in Cumberland,
1662; and, after having been educated in grammar and
classical learning by Jerome Hechstetter, who lived in that
iieighbourhood, was entered in 1676 of Queen' s-coUege,
Oxford. Soon after he had taken the degree of M. A. in
1684, he removed to University-college, of which he was
unanimously chosen fellow in March 1686, and became a
most considerable and esteemed tutor. Ip April 1701, on
the resignation of Dr. Thomas Hyde, he was elected prin-
cipal keeper of the Bodleian library ; and in June fol-
'lowing, accumulated the degrees of B. and D. D^ With
^this librarian's place, which beheld till his death, he kept
his fellowship till June 1711, when, according to the sta-
tutes of the college, he would have been obliged to resign
it; but he had just before disqualified himself for holding
it at)y longer, by marrying Margaret, daughter of sir Ra-
' bert Harrison, knight, an alderman of Oxford, and a»
mercer. In J7 12, he was appointed principal of St. Mary-^.
i^ali, by the chancellor of the university, through thj^
^. *- . . . •
\ Bio^. Brit •
HUDSON. 281
interest of Dr. RadcIUFe ; and it is said, t*iat to Hudson'^
interest with this pbysiciaa, the university of Oxford 19
obliged for the very ample benefactions she afterwards re«-
xreived from him. Hudson's studious and sedentary way of
life, and extreme abstemiousness, brought him at lengtti
into a bad habit of body, which turning to a dropsy, kept
iiim about a year in a very languishing condition. He died
Nov, 27, 1719, leaving a widow, and one daughter,
. His publicatiorvs were, 1. ^^ Introductio ad CbronOf>
^raphiam ; sive ars cbronologica in Epitomen redacta>*'
lg9i, 8vo. Extracted from Beveridge's treatise on that
subject, for the use of his pupils. 2. " Velleius Patercu-
Jus, cum variis lectionibus, & notis, & indice,'^ 1693,
8vo. A second edition, with the notes enlarged, in 1711.
.3. " Thucydjdes," 1696, folio. A neat and beautiful
edition, but somewhat eclipsed in its credit by that of
J^ttker and Wasse. 4. " Geographioe Veteris Scriptores
Graeci Minores: cum Dissertationibus & Annotationibus
Henrici Dodwelli," 8vo. The first published in 1698, the
j^econd in 1 703, and the third and fourth in 1 7 1 2. 5. '^ Dio-
nysii Halicar.uassensis opera oipnia,^' 1704, 2 vols, folio.
A beautiful and valuable edition, enriched with the various
readings of an ancient copy in the Vatican library, and of
several manuscripts in France. The learned editor hat
subjoined to his own notes several of Sylburgius, Portu^^
Stephens, Casaubon, and Valesius. 6. ^^ Dionysius Lon*
ginus," 1710, 4to, and 1718, 8vo. A very beautiful edi*-
tion, and the notes, like all the rest of Hudson's, very
.short. 7. " Moeris Atticista, de vpcibus Atticis & Hel-
lenicis. Gregorius Martinus de GrsBC^rani llterarum pro-
j)Unciatione,'' 1712, 8^. 8. "Fabulse iEsopicse," Greek
and Latin, 1718, 8vo. 9. " Flavii Josephi Opera,** h^
bad just finished, but did not live to publish. He bad
proceeded as far as the third index, when, finding himself
unable to go quite through, he recommended the work tp
his intimate friend Mr. Antony Hall, who published it in
1720, in 2 vols, folio. Jt is a correct and beautiful editioq^
^nd deserving of the ample commendation bestowed upoa
it by^Fabricius, Harwood, Jlarles, and Obertbur. Th^
c^re of Mr. Hall extended not only to the works pf bif
deceased friend, but to his family, for he married his w\^
dow, whom he also left a widow.
Dr. Hudson intended, if he had lived, to publish a ea^
tglogue of tUe Bodleian library, wbicl^ be had cs^us>ed Id
Mi HUDSON
be fairly transcribed in 6 vols, folio. He wa9 an sMe
assi^ant to several editors in Oxford, particularly to Dn
Gregory in bis *< Euclid/* and to the industrious Mr. Hearoe
in bis *' Livy/' &c. He corresponded with many learned
men in foreign countries ; with Muratori, 8alvini, and
Bianchini, in Italy ; with Bbivin, Kuster, and Lequien, in
France ; with Olearius, Menckenius, Christopher Wol&nfly
and, whom he chiefly esteemed, John Albert Fabricius, ia
Germany ; Eric Benzel, in Sweden ; Frederic Rostgard,
in Denmark ; witb Pezron, Reland, Le Clerc, in Holland;
he. He used to complain of the vast expence of foreign
letters ; for he was far from being rich, never having been
possessed of any ecclesiastical preferment; of which he
used also to make frequent and not unjust complaints. He
met, sometimes, however, with generous patronage. When
employed on his edition of Josephus, the carl of Caernap-
Ton (afterwards duke of Chandos) hearing of his merit and
the expensive nature of his undertaking, sent him a pre*-
sent of two hundred guineas, which Dr. Hudson hand-
somely acknowledges in the dedication to the earl's son^
lord Wilton, of his edition of Esop's Fables. On his de»
cease, several sets of his Josephus were disposed of by his
widow, at twelve shillings per set, a work which now
TSinks in the very first class of Variorum editions in folio.
Dr. Hudson had been long conversant with Josephus, bad
irevised sir Roger UEstrange's translation, and added some
critical notes. He also digested and finished Dr. Willises
two discourses prefixed to that work. Hearne was a kind
of pupil to Dr. Hudson, and directed by him in his critical
studies.^
HUDSON (Thomas), a portrait-painter of some ce-
lebrity, born in 1701, was the scholar and son-in-law of
Richardson, and enjoyed for many years the chief bu-
siness of portrait-painting in the capital, after the favourite
artists, his master and Jervas^ were gone off the stage.
Though Vanloo first, and Liotard afterwards, for a few
years divei^ted the torrent of fashion from the established
professor, still the country gentlemen were faithful to their
compatriot, and were content witb his honest similitudes,
and with the fair tied wigs, blue velvet coats, and white
satin waistcoats, which he bestowed liberally^ on his cusr-
' . ^ BJQg. Brit.-^H9ll'3 preface to the Jof ephus. — Atb, Ox. vol. ll.-^Story of
^ie daugbler's marriage, GeoU Mag. toI. IV^. p. 653.
HUDSON. 88S
laoieiSy and which with complacence they beheld tuviti^
plied in Faber*s n^ezzotintos. I'he better taste intrpdnced
by ^r Joshua Reynolds, who had been for sonie tifue hia
pupil, put an end to Hudson's reigo, who had the good
sense to resign the throne soon after finishing his capital
work, the family-piece of Charles duke of Marlborough^
about 17S6. He retired to a small villa he had built ac
Twickenham, on a most beautiful point of the river, aurd
where be furnished the best rooms with a welUchosen col»-
}ection of cabinet»pictures aod drawings by great masters ;
having purchased many of the latter from his father-iu'-
Jaw's capital collection. Towards the end of his life he
married to his second wife, Mrs. Fiennes, a gentlewoman
with fL good fortune, to whom he bequeathed his villa* He
died Jan. 26, 1779.^
HUDSON (WiLLUM), one of the earliest Linnsan bo*
iapists in England, was boru in Westmoreland, about the
year 1730. H« served his apprenticeship to an apothecary
in Panton<-street, Haymarket, to whose business he suc«-
ceeded, and with whose widow and daughters he continued
lo reside. His acquaintance with the amiable and learned
Mr. Benjamin Stillingileet greatly advanced his taste and
information in natural history. This gentleman directed
his attention to the writings of Linnseus, and gave his mind
that correct and scientific turn, which caused him to take
the lead as a classical English botanist, and induced him te
become the author of the* ^^ Flora Anglica," published in
1762, in one volume octavo. The plan of this book was^
taking Ray^s ^' Synopsis'' as a ground*work, to dispose hit
plants in order, according to the Linnaean system and no^
menclatiire, with such additions of new species, or of new
places of growth, as the author or his friends were able to
furnish* The particular places of growth of the rarer spe«
cies were given in Ray's manner, in English, though the
rest of the book was Latin. * The elegant preface was writ<^
ten by Mr. Stillingileet, and probably the concise, but not
less elegant, dedication to the late duke of Nortbumber*
land, ^^ artiuriiy turn uiilium^ turn elegantiorum, jtuUci et
patrono^
This publication gave Mr. Hudson a considerable rank
as a botanist, not only in his own country, but on the 6on«
1 Pi1ktDgton.---W4liioI«'8 ABecdotiw««i*MaIoQe'i and Nortlioote^
Sir J. Reynolds.
SM HUDSON.
"ttnenty and derived no small advantage JTrom a coitipiarisoh
rwhh Dr. Hill's attempt of the same kind. He had indeed
^pi^eviously^ in the course of his medical practice, formed
:some valuable connexions, which were cemented by bota^
mical taste; and his correspondence with LiniiaBus, Hallef^
jand others, as well as amongst his countrymen, was fre^
quent^ and very useful to him in the course of his sti)die9»
,wfaich were extended, not only to botany in all its crypto-
'gamic minutiae, but with great ardour also, to insects^
shells, and other branches of British zoology. He wa9
elected a fellow of the royal society Nov. 5th, and ad^
initted Nov. 12th, 1761. He took the lead very much in
rthe affairs of the Apothecaries' company, and was their
botariical demonstrator in the Cbelsea^garden for many
years.
Mr. Hudson, having never married, continued to reside
in Pantonrstreet with the last surviving daughter of bis
friefid and master, an amiable and valuable woman, tnar*
ried to Mr. Hole. His " Flora" being grown very scarce^
he published, in 1778, a new edition, in two volumes, with
many additions, and various alterations, which, on th^
whole, was worthy of the advanced state of the science.
Mr. Hudson's tranquillity received a dreadful &hock in
the winter of 1783, v^ben his house, and the greater part
lof his literary treasures, were destroyed by a sudden fire^
caused, as it was believed, by the villany of a confidential
%, servant, who knew of a considerable sum in money'which
his master had received a day. or two before; and the in-
aurance having been neglected, although for a short tim^
only, the loss wa^ considerable, in a peciiniary point of
view,, to a man whose resources tvere not extensive. He
bore the whole like a philosopher and a Christian, giving
"Dp his practice, and retiring, with Mr. and Mrs. Hole, to
ft more economical residence in Jermyn-street, where he
died May 23d, 1793, and was buried in St. James's
church.
. The accident of the iSre entirely defeated a project Mr.
Hudson had for many years kept in view, of publishing a
** Fauna Britannica," on the plan of bis " Flora," for.
which he had long been collecting materials. His taste for
bis favourite pursuit remained to the last, unimpaired and^
unembittered by these disappointments. He became a
lelipw of the pnnse^n Society early in 1791, libeirailv con^
H 0 E R T: a. tss
tfribuCing to its infant funds, and attending the meetings atf
often- as his no^ declining health would allow. ^
HUERTA (Vincent Garica de la), a Spanish poet
and critic, and a member of the Spanish academy, was bomu
at Zaira in Estremadura, about the year 173Q; Among^
his countrymen he acquired considerable feme by the ex^v
erdse of his poetical and critical talents, and was at leaisfr
successful in one of his dramas, ^^ L^ Raquel,^' a tragedj^^.
which, to many stronger recommendations, adds thatiof
being exempt from the anachronisms and irregularities so^
often objected to the productions of the Spanish stage.;
He published "A Military library ;'* and " Poems" im
2 vols, printed at Madrid in 1778 : but his principal! work
Is bis " Teatro Hespanbl," Madrid, 1785, 17 vols. %ta, ai
collection of what he reckoned the best Spanish plays^ with
prefaces, in which he endeavours to vindicate the honour
of Spanish literature from the strictures of Voltaire, Lin--
guet, Signorelli, and others of its adversaries ; but on the:
whole, in the opinion of lord Holland, who appears well
acquainted with this work, so far from retrieving the lost
honours of the Spanish theatre, he has only exposeil it to
the insults and ridicule of its antagonists. La Huerta died,
abotit the close of the last century. * *
HUET (Peter Danieu), bishop of Avranches in France,,
a very eminent scholar, was born of a good family at Caea:
in Ndrmandy, Feb. 8, 1630. His parents dying when hie.
was scarcely out of his infancy, Huet fell into the bands j^^
of guardians, who neglected hint : bis own itivincible lo^
of letters, however, made him amends for all disadvantages ;,
and be finished his studies in the belles lettres before be wa«^
thirteen years of age. In the prosecution of his philoso^
phical studies, he met with an excelle«it pr^ofessor, father.
Mambrun, a Jesuit ; who, after Plato^s example, directed
him to begin by learning a little geometry, and Huet con-
tracted such a- relish for it, that fee went through every/
branch of mathematics, and maintained public these3 at
Caen, a thing never before done in that city. Having
passed through his classes, it was his business to. study the
law, and to take his degrees in it; but two books thea
published, seduced him from this pursuit. These were, -
^^ The Principles of Des Cartes," and ** Bpcbart's Sacred
> Rees'*. Cyclop, by sir E. Smith.— PuUeney»s Sketches of Botany.—Geat.*
^Ag, vol. LXJH.
» 4)i^ airt.-'Lord iioIUnd'i Life of Lopa de Y«f », p. ^%5, f%e.
SS6i H U E T.
Geograipby." He was a great admirer of Des Cartel, and
adhered to hfs. philosophy for many years ; but afterwards
saw reason to abandon it as a visionary fabrictr^ and wrote
against it. Bochart's geography made a mofe lasting ha^
pression upon him, as well on account of the immense
erudition with which it abounds, as by his acquaintance
with its author, who was minister of the Protestant church
at Caen. This book, being full of Greek and Hebrew
learning, inspired Huet with an ardent desire of being*
▼ersed in those languages, and, to assist his progress itn
these studies, he contracted a friendship with fiocharty aad
put himself under his directions.
At the age of twenty years and one day, he was delivered
by the custom of Noifmandy from the tuition of his guar-
dians : BXkd soon after took a journey to Paris, not so m^i^ck
from t^riosity to see the place, as for the sake of purchas-'
mg books, and making himself acquainted with the learned
flien of the times. He soon became known to Sirmotidy
iPletavius, Vavassor, Cossart, Rapin, Naiid^, and, in .shorty
to almost ali the scholars ia France. With Petavitia
in particular he passed much of his time : he was a
great admirer of the splendour of his diction, and the
variety of his erudition ; but he confesses, that in wetgb*^
iag the argnments which he offered in support of his dog-
mas, be perceived in them a degree of weakness and am*'
biguity, which obliged bim to suspend his assent, and in*'
'- dined bim towards scepticism. Naturally excelling rather
in genius, than judgment, atid the vigour of his under^
ftanding having been rather repressed than improved by
M immense variety of reading, Huet found bis mind too
feeMeto mastertbedifficuhies of metaphysical and tbeolo-'
glcal studies, and concluded that his want ,of success in
die search after truth was owing, not to any peculiar infe-
Ueity in his owti case, but to the general imbecility of the
human mind. ^ «
' With this bias towards scepticism Huet entered upon his
travels,' and Christina of Sweden having invited Bochart to
hier court, Huet accompanied him, in April 1652* He
saw Salmasius at Leyden, and Isaac Vossius at Anasterdam*
H^ often visited the queen, who would have engaged him
ifn her service; hot Bochart not having been very grar*
ciously received, through the intrigues of Bpurdel, another
physician, who was jealous of him, and the queen's fickle
temper being well k^nowm^ Huet di^tdiiued alL offers^ ancf
H U E T.
sa?
after a stay of threie mcmths retnraed to Fnmce. The diief
fnift of bis journey wa» a copy of a inaniiscript<of Origen's
^^ Comtnentaries upon St Matthew/* whtcb he .transcribed
at Stoekbolm ; and the acquaintance he contracted with
the learned men in Sweden and HoOand, through which he
fiassed. Upon bis retorn to his own country, Caen, here^
sumed bis studies with more vigour than ever, in order to
publish bis manuscript of Origen *• While be was em-
ployed in translating this work, he was led to consider the
rules to be observed in translations, as well as the different
manners of the most celebrated translators. This gave oc->
^asion to his first performance, which came out at Paris in
1661, under this title, ^^De interpretatione libri duo:'*
and k is written in the liorm of a dialogue between Casau-*
bon, Fronto Ducsbus, and Thuanus. M. de Segrais teib
lis^ that ^ nothing can be added to this treatise, either
wrch respect to strength of critical judgment, variety of
learning, or elegance of style;" " which last," saysabb601i«
Vet, '' is so very esttfaordinary, that it might have done
honour to the age of Augustus." This book was first pvinted
in a thin 4to, but afterwards in 12mo and 8vo. la l&^%
were published* at Rouen, in 2' vols, folio, his '' Origenis
Commentaria, ' &c. em» Latina interpretatione^ Aotis &
observatioaibus ^" to Winch is prefixed, a large pretiniiuer|r
diseourse, iiv which is collected all that antiqui^ relates o£
Origen; The internal of sixteen years, between his return
from Sweden and the publication of this work, waa spent
entirely in study, exeeptiiig a month or two every jreer,
when he went to Paris ; during which time he gaTe the
publie a speeimen of his skill in polite literatuce^ in ae
elegant c^lectienef poems, entitled ^^Carraina Latina 4t
Grasca;" which were published at Utrecht in 1664, and
afterwards enlarged in several successive editions. While
he was employed upon his *^ Commentaries of Origen," be
had the misfortune to quarrel with his friend and master
Bochart ; who desiring one day a sight of his manuscripti
* Here be also instituted a society
ibr the iraprovement of naluraljphilo-
iopby and anatomy, wbich^ through
the interest of Colbert^ was liberally
endowed by the king, for the purpose
of defraying ttte expences of philoso*
phical experiments and anatomtcal
dissections. About this time Huet
formed* a friendship with* Gormis» pre-^
•ideatof the fenate of Aiz^ who cams
to reside at Caen. This new intimsKy-
▼erymucb contributed to cooarittHiMC
in his propensity towavdr stq^eisiK
For Cormisaus, who waa. well nsad m
aiitient philosophy, was- » gneat siib>
mii^r of tfafe Pyntiooic sent, and eanw
estly i^oorameBded to bis friend the
study of Pyrrhonism in the instiWHea
of Sextos Bmpiricos.
sst HUE t;
for theBakeof consuitiiig some passages about the Eucharist^
which bad been, greatly. coiitroverited between Papisu and
Protestants, discovered. an hiatus gr defect, which seemed
. to determine . the sense in favour of the Papists, and rer.
proached fiuet Orith being the contriver of it. Huet at fira^
thoaght that it was a defect in the original MS. but upoa
consulting another very autient MS. in the king's library.at
> Paris, he found that be had. omitted « some words in th^
hurry of transcribing, as be says, and that the mistake waa
bis pwn. fiocbat-t, still supposing that this was a kind of
pious fraud in Huet, to support the doctrine of the eburqb
of Rome in regard to the Eucharist, warned the Protestants
against Huet's edition of Origen's " Cpmmentari^,'* an4
dissolved the friendship which had so long subsistted be-
tween Huet and himseU*.
In 1659 Huet was invited to Rome by .Christina, who
bad abdicated her crown, and retired thither; but,. re-
membering the cool reception which Bochart bad expe-t
rienced from her majesty after as warnt an invitation, ho
refused to go. His literary reputation, however^ when
Bossuet was' appointed by the king preceptor to the Dau-
phin, procured him to be chosen for bis colleague^ with
the tide of sub-preceptor, which bonour had some t^iine
been designed him by the duke de. Montausier^ goveijnojc:
to the. Dauphin. He went to court in 1670, and stayed
tbere till 16i30, wben the Da^iphin was married. Ybough
his employment must of necessity occupy a considerable
part of his time, be found enough to complete his ^' D^;
monstratio Evangelica,'' which, though a great and labo^
jrious work, was begun and ended amidst the embarrass-^
xbents of ae^urt^. It was .published at Paris in. 1679, in
* This work, says Brucker, in which vain to attempt to establisl) by argU'
he undertakes to exhibit the eridrnces mentafton, wtthont the ^race of Godi
•of Christianity in a geometrical fornm AQCordiBg)y» he professes to write Ipis
indeed discovers great erudition, but '* Demonstration,'* merely as an ex-
the judicious reader will perceive tTiat' traueous and adrentitions support to
i Ihe writer was more desirons to dis|>lay ffutby by.m«ao»of wJbtck the mind may
his learning, than to establish the be more easily inclined to submit itself
Cfaristian faith upon rational groundis. to the auibority of Christ. Bishop
Inbispittfiscetotbitwork, hemaiataios Watson thinks that a very Taluablt
at large the uncertainty of all human part of it in which he traces t^e heaUiea
icnav ledge, whether derived from the mythology to the Scriptures, for thougli
tenses or from reason ; and declares it he may carry his hypothesis too far,
as. his opinion, ^hat those methods of of Mo;»es repres^Uog under different
|>failosophising which lead to a ^uspeur names most of the gods of the heathens^
aion of judgment are by no means bps- yet the deduction of the heathen my«
tile to Christianity, but sery« to pr^? thology from^ sacred history, is a strong
pare the mind for an implicit submis- proof of jthe tru^ of the latter^ ^
aion to divine i^velation, which it is in Watson's Cat, at the endof &8 Tract*
H U E T, 2$9
folio; and has been reprinted since in folio, 4to, and 8vo.
Huet owiis tnat this work was better received by foreigners
than by his own countrymen ; many of whom considered it
as a work foil of learning indeed, but utterly devoid of that
demonstration to which it so formally and pompously pre*
tends. Others, less equitable, borrowed from it, and at-
tacked it at the same time, to cover their plagiarism ;
which fluet complains of. Father Simon had a design of
making an abridgment of this work ; but Huet being in*
formed that his purpose was likewise to alter it as he
thought proper, desired him to excuse himself that trouble.
Huet was employed on the editions of the classics *^ in
usum Delphini :'* for though the first idea of these was
startfed by the duke de Montausier, yet Huet formed the
plan, and directed the execution, as far as the capacity
of the persons employed iq that work would permit. He
undertook, he tells us, only to promote and conduct the
work, but at last came in for a share of it, in completing
Faye's edition of Manilius. He was also chosen a member
of the French academy ; and his speech pronounced on the
occasion before that illustrious body was published at Paris
in 1674.
While he was employed in composing his ** Demonstra-
tie Evangelica,** the sentiments of piety, which he had
cherished from his earliest youth, moved him to enter into
orders, which he did at the late age of forty •six ; and he
tells us, that previous to this he gradually laid aside < the
lay habit and outward appearances. In 1678, he was pre-
sented by the king to the abbey of AuDay in Normandy,
which was so agreeable to him, that he retired there every
summer, after he had left the court. In 1685, he was
nominated to the bishopric 'of Soissons ; but before the
bulls for his institution- were expedited, the abbg de Sillery
having be^n nominated to the see of Avranches, they ex-
changed bishoprics with the consent of the king ; though,
owing to the differences between the court of France and
that of Rome, they could not be consecrated till 1692.
In 1689, he published his *^ Censura Philosophise Carte-
sianse,*^ and addressed it to the duke de Montausier: it
appears that he was greatly piqued at the Cartesians, when
he wrote this book ; but it may be questioned whether he
thoroughly understood the system. In 1690, he published
in Caen, in 4to, bis '' Qusestiones AInetanse de Concor-
dia Hationis & Fidei :" which is written in the form of a
Vol- XVIII. tJ
290 H U E T.
dkilogde> after the manner of Cicero^s Tttsenlan Quastjohs.
In this he endeavours to dx the respective liinits of reHtoh^
aiid faith, and maintains, that the dogmas and precepts^
of each have no alliance, and thdt there is nothing, bow-^^
ever contradictory to common sense, or to good morals,
which has not been received, and which we may not be
boond to receive, as a dictate of fdith. He hdrie^tly con-
fesses that he wrote this work to establish the authority of
trtiditibn against the empire of reason.
In 1699, he resigned his bishopric of Avranches, and
was presented to the abbey of Fontenay, near the gates of
Caen. His love to his native pidce determined him tofiis
there, for which purpose he improved the house and gar-
dens belonging tp the abbot. But several grievances &ndr
law -suits obliged him to remove to Paris, where he lodged
among the Jesuits in the Maison Profes^lS, <i^hom be* had
ihade heirs to his tibrdry, reserving tb himsfelf the use ofit
while he lived. Here he spei^t the last twenty years of his
life, dividing his tiifne between devotion and study v He
did not consider the Bible as the only book to be read^
but thought that all other books must be read^ before ife
could be rightly understood. He employed himself chiefly
in writing notes on the vulgate translation : for which pur-
pose he read over the Hebrew text twenty-four times ; com-
paring it, as he went along, with the other Oriental texts, and
spent every day two or three hours in this work from 168^1
to 1712. He was then seized with a very severe distemper,
which confined him to his bed for near six months, and
brought him so very low, that he was given up by his phy-
sicians, and received extreme unction. Recovering, how->
ever, by degrees, he applied himself to thfe writing of bis
life, which was published at Amsterdam in 1718, in 12ii]0|
under the title of "Pet. Dan. Huetii, Episcopi Abrilncen$i«y
Commentarius de rebus ad eum pertinentibus :" where the
critics have wondered, that so great a master of Latin as
Huetius was, and who has written it, perhaps, -as weli as
any of the moderns, should be guilty of a 'solecism in the
very title of his book ; in writing " eum,'* when be
should have manifestly written " se. This performance,
though drawn up in a very amusing and entertaining man-
ner, and with great elegance of sty W,^ is not execate^d
with that order and exactness which appear in bi^ other
works: his memory^ being then decayed^ and afterwards
declining more and more} so. that he was no longer capable
il U fi t. iH
f
of a continued work, but 0nly committed dcstached tbo'ughtfs
tb papet. Olivet ii^ the m^ien time relates a rob^ f ettiarlr-
^le i^Dgalatity Of bitti, tihrntty, that, ^' for two or three
hours before hi^ death, be recovered ail the vigour of his
genius atid meitipry/' He died January 26, 1721, in hv$
$lst year.
Besides the works which v^ have mentioned in the course
of this metnoir, be pubHiihed others of a similar nature,
vit. " De POri^infe dfes I{.omans," 1670; published in
Ehglisfa 1672, l2mo. ** De la situation du Faradis Ter*
restrev" 1^91. ** Nouveaux Memoii'es pour servir k
THistoire dn Cartesianisme,** 1692. •* St^tUts Synodaa:^
pdurl^ diocese d*Avtanches, &c/* 1693; to which were
added three Supplements in the years i6d5, 1696, 1698,
"De Navigationibus Salomonis,*' Amst. 1698. **Not^ih
Anthologiam Epigrammatttm GrsBcoruto,** Ultraj. l7oo.
^^ Origines de Caen,'* Roan, 1702. " Lettres k Mon^.
Perriiilt, sur le Parallele des Ancients & des Modernes, din
10 Oct. 1692,** {>tinfted without the ^uthor*Sf knowledge in
the thihJ part of the ^* Pieces JPdgitives,*' Paris, 1704.
*' ExatHeh du sentiment de Lpngin sur ce passage de la
Genese, £t Dieu dit, que la lumiere soit fatte, & la lumiere
fut feite,'* inserted ih tome X of Le Clerc's J* Bibliotheque
Cbtrisfe,** Amst. 1706. Huet, in his ** Demonstf^tio Evan-
gel ica,'* bad assetted, that there was nothing sublime ii|
this passage, as Longtnus had observed, bat that it was
perfectly simple. Messrs. de Pbrt Royal and Boileau^
$iiio gave trai^siatiohs of Longinus, asserted its sublimity
oh th&t very account ; ahd this occasionetl the ^^ Examen*'
just mentioned. << Lettre I M. Foucault, cohseilter d*etat,
sur Porigine de la Poesie Fran9oise, du 16 Mar. 1706,*^
iniierted in the ** Memoires de Trevoux," in 1711. ** Let-
ti^e de M. Moriii (that is; of M. Huet,) de Tacademie des
itiscriptions i, M. Huet, touchant le livre de M. Totandus
Anglois, intitule, Adeidddemou, & Origines Judaicss,*^ in-
iert^d in thi" Memoires de Trevoux'* for Sept. 1709, an4
in the cdltectron which the abb6 Tilladet published of
'Host's Vtrorks, under the title of ^^Dissertations sur di verses
ttikti^tes dfe la Religion & de Philologie,'* 1712. "His-
toite de Commerce & dei^ Navigation des Anciens,'* 1716.
After his death were published, ** Trait6 Philosophique de
laFoiblesse de Tesprit humain," Amst. 1723 ; in which the
aceptical spirit which followed Huet througii every change
of situation appears in its full vigour. Of this work^ which
V 2 N
i92 H U £ T. .
was originally written in French, the author left behind
him a Latin translation. It has also been translated into
English. ^^ Huetiana, ou pens6es diverses de M. Huet,*'
1722. These contain those loose thoughts he committed to
paper after his last illness, when, as we have already ob-
served, he was incapable of producing a connected work.
'^ Diana de Castro, ou le faux Yncas/' 1728, a romance,
written when he was very young. There are yet in being
other MSS. of his, which, as far we know, have not been
published; viz. *^ A Latin translation of Longus's Loves
of Daphnis and Chloe f ^ <^ An Answer to Regis, with
regard to Des Cartes^s Metaphysics ;'* ** Notes upon the
Vulgate translation of the Bible ;" and a collection of be-
tween 5 and 600 letters in Latin and French written to
learned men.
On the whole, though it canaot be questioned that Haet,
on account of his great learning and fertile genius, may ^
justly claim to have his name preserved with honour ia the
republic of letters, several circumstances must prevent us
from ranking him among the first philosophers of the seven-
teenth century. Better qualified to accumulate testimonies
than to investigate truth, and more disposed to raise diffi*-
culties than to solve them, he was ah injudicious advoca^te
for a good cause. If we are not very much mistaken, Huet
did not strictly adhere to the scholastic art of reasoning
which he had learned m the schools of the Jesuits ; other-
wise he must have seen that there can be no room for faith,
or for, what be artfully conceals under that name, the au-
thority of the clTurch, if evety criterion of truth be re-
jected, and human reason be pronounced a blind and fal-
lacious guide^^
HUGH (St.). There are several ecclesiastics of this
name in French history, few of which perhaps will be
thought now very interesting. St Hugh, bishop of Gre-
noble in 1080, was a native of Chateau-neuf-sur-l'Isere,
near Valence in Daupbiny, who received St^ Bruno and
his companions, and fixed them in the Grande Chartreuse.
He was author of a Cartulary, some fragments of which
are in Mabilloo's posthumous works, and in AUard's Me-
moirs of Dauphiny, 1711 and 1727> 2 vols. fol. He died
April 1, 11 32. He must be distinguished from the subject
of the next article.*
1 G€n. Dtct— Moreri.-«Bnicker.--StxH OnonMtt.
• Moreri.— DupiD.-^Dict Hitt.
HUGH. 893
HUGHof Cluni, a saint of the Romish calendar, was
of a very disdngaished family in Burgundy, and was born
in 1023. When he was^ only fifteen, be rejected all worldly
views, and entered into the monastic life bt Cluni^ under
the guidance of the abbot Odilon. After some years, he
was created prior of the order, and abbot in 1048, at the
death of Odilon. In this situation he extended the reform
of Cluni to so many monasteries, that, according to an
ancient author, he had under his jurisdiction above tea
thousand monks. In 1058 he attended pope Stephen when
dyitag, at Florence ^ and in 1074 he made a religious piU
grimage to Rome^ Some epistles written by him are ex*
tant in Dacheri Spicilegium. There are also other pieces
by him in the ** Bibliotheque de Cluni.'* He died in 1 108
or 9. He is said to have united moderation with his ex«
emplary piety ; and was embroiled, at one time, with the
biriiop of Lyons, for saying the prayer for the emperor
Henry IV. when that prince was under excommunication**
HUGH DB Fleury, or de St. Marie, a celebrated
monk of the abbey of Fleury towards the end of the 1 tth
century, was called Hugh de St. Marie from the name of a
village which belonged to his father. He is little known
but by his works, which are twb books : ** De la Puissance
Royale, et de la Dignity Sacerdotale,'' dedicated to Henry
king of England, in whicli he establishes with great soli*
dity the rights and bounds of the priestly and royal powers,
in opposition to the prejudices which prevailed at that time.
This^work may be found in torn. IV. of the *' Miscellanea'*
of Beluxe. He wrote also '^ A Chronicle,^' or History,
from the beginning of the world to 840, and a small Chro-
nicle from 996 to 1109, Munster, 1638, 4 to, valuable and
scarce. It may also be foiind in Troher's collection. *
HUGH DK Flavigny, born in 1065, was a monk of
St Vannes at Verdun, arid afterwards abbot of Flavigny in
the 12th century, but was dispossessed of that dignity by
the bishop of Anton, who caused another abbot to be elected.
Hugh, however, supplanted St. Laurentius, abbot of Vannes,
who was persecuted by the bishop of Verdun for his attach-
ment to the pope, and ,kept his place till 1115, after whiclt
time it is not known w^at became of bim. He wrote the
^* Chronicle of Verdun/' which is esteemed, and may be
found in P. Labbe*s *^ Bibl. Manuscript."'
1 Morari.— DapiD.^Diet Bitt < Ibid. . » Ibid.
^94 ii U G tf .
HUGH cf? AMmiiSy also onlkd Hogh oip Rouen,. left
Afui^n^y his native pUce, and going to England was mad^^
fir&ty abbot of. Roding^ and afterwards bishop of JKouen,
1130, and died 1 164. He faas the tharaictef in his cbupch
of bqing one of the greatest, mOst pions, and most learned
bishops of. his age. He ivrote three books for the instruc-f
tiofi of his clergy, which are in the Ubmry 6f the fathers^
and P. d^Ajchery has printed cbem at the ertd of Guibert
de Nogen.t*s works. Some, other pieces by Hugh may bc^
found in the collectioOs by Martenite and Dqrand.'
IIUGH DE St. Victor, an eminent divtuife in the i^tb
century, originally of Ftanders, devoted himself to reli-i
gioQ in the abbey of St. Victor at Paris, at that time go^
vemed by its first abbot Oilduin ^n i 1 15, and taogiit tbeo*
logy with so much reputation, that be was called^ a second-
Augustine. He dicid in 1 14d, aged 44, after having been
prior to St. Victor, leaying several works, in which he
imitates St. Augustine's style, and follows >hk doctrine..
The principal among these is a large treatise **- Oa the Sa-
cramebts.'^ They have all been printed at Rouen, 1'648^
3 vols. fol. ; and some may also be found in Martenne's'
« Thesaurus." «
HUGH DE St. Chea, a <selebrated cardinal of the Do^
minican order, was so called from the place of his biitfa,^
at the gates of Vienne, where there is a church dedicated
tp St. Cher. He acquired great reputation in th^ l3th
century by iais prudence, learning, and genius « was dpctor
of divinity of the faculty of Paris, appointed provioMal of
His orddr, • afterwards cardinal by Innocent IV. Migr 28^
1244, and employed by this pope and his successor Alex*
aader IV. in affairs of the greatest consequeiice. Md died
March 19, 1263, at Oryieto. His principal works are a
collection of the various readings of Hebrew^ Greek, and
Latin MSS. of the bible, entitled <f Cdrrectorium Biblioe,'*
which is in the Sorbonne in MS. ; a ^' GoQCordance of tbd
Bible," Cologn, 1684, Svo; the earliest work of this kind.
He is said to have been the inventor of concordances.
" Commentaries ort the Bible ;" " Speculum Ecdesise/*
Plaris, 1480, 4to, &c.*
HUGHES (John), an English poet, was son of a^citi^en
of London, and born at Marlborough in Wiltshire July 29,
1677. He was educated at a dissenting academy, under
* MoKfi.— Dupin.— Diet. Hrat. « Ibid. s «^.
H U G H E a 894
(
the! cate.of Mt. Thom^ RowO) yv^e, at the tapA^ iim^f
tbeia&ecHfards celebrated Dr. Isaac. Wattf was a stadent^
whose pi^ty. and friendship foe Mr. .Hugbes induce^l faim to
nsgcet tiiat be employed any part of his talents in wriljing
focltbe stage. Mr. Hughes had a: weak ov at least a deK^
cate constitution, which perhaps rpstcained him fvem
seyerer/studies,. and inclined hiav;tq pursue the softei^acts
of poetry, oiusic, and draving.; in each of which he o^Ldo
coBs^dfiiable pr4>gress. . His acquaintance with. the MuseS
and th^ Graces did net render him awme to business; . he
bad a place in the office of ordnanee, and was secretary lo
sateial comoiissions underj the great seal for purchasing
lands, in-order to the better.secaring.oftbe royal dpcks
and yards at Portsmouth, Chathao?, and Harwich. Ha
continued, however, to cultivate bis taste, for letters, and
added to a competent knowl^flge of the ancfent, an iiiti*
mate aequaintimdef with tli^e modern languages* The' first
te&timgny he ga^e the public of his poetic vein, was in:^
po^m ^'; on the peace of Ryswick," printed in 1697, ati4
received ivith unctfasimon approbation. In^ 169d, *^ T^e
Cpurtfof Neptuiie^^ was written by him on king Wiiliaih>'$,
return from Holland ; and^ the same year, a song on the
duke of Gloucestey»?bftrth<^ay. In the year 1702, h6
published, on the death -of JiiAg Will'^m, a Pindaric ode,
^^iiled'*^ Of the House of Na$$an,t'i. which he dedicated
tp Charles duke of. Somerset; and in 1703 his^^-Ode in
Praise of Music*' was performed with great applause at
Stationers'-halL ; .; :
His numerous performances, 'for he had all along em«r
ployed bis leisure hours in translations and imitations from
the ancients, had by this tiitie introduced him, not only to
the wits of the age, Addison^, Congreve, Pope, Southerne,
Rowe, and others, but also to some men of rank in the
kingdom, and among these to the earl of l^hartop, who
offered to carry htm over, and to provide for him,' when
appointed lord-lijeutenant of Ireland ; but, ^bating other
otfaer views at home, he declined the offer. His views,
f ** His acquaiptfi^ce with the j^reat^ was desired by Addison to sapply. If
writers of his time,^ says Pr. Johasoii, the request was sincere, it proceeded
'< appeara to have been very general $ - from an opinion, whatever it was) that
^ut of bis intinift^y witjl^ Addison tb§re ^ did not last lopg ; for whed Hughes
is a remarkable proof. It \p told, on pame in a week to shew him his first
^ood authority, that * Cato' was finish* attempt, he found half the act wHtten
ed and played by his persuasion. It by Addison himself."
had long wanted the last agt, which be
d96 H U G. H E S.
>
howevec, were not vtty proukismg^ until id 1717 the lord
chancellor Cowper made him secretary to the commia^m»B
of the peace; in which he afterward), by a parti(»il«it
request, tlesired his successor, lord Parker, to continue biiQ«
Kehad now affluence; but such is human life, that be had
it when his declining health could neither allow him king
possessiou nor full enjoyment. His last work was hk
tragedy, ** The Siege of Damascus ;^' after which aSiegtt
became a popular title. This play was limg popular, and
is still occasionally produced ; but is not acted or printed
according to the author's original draught, or bis settled
intention. He had made Pbocyas apostatize from bia
religion ; after which the abhorrence of Eudocia would
have been reasonable, his misery would have been just,
and the borrora of his repentance exemplary^ Tbe player%
howerer, required that the guilt of Phocyas should terw
minate in desertion to the enemy ; and Hughes, unwilling
that his relations should lose the benefit <rf his work, com^:
plied with the alteration. He was now weak witli a linger^
ing consumption, and not able to attend tbe rehearsal ;
yet was » so vigorous in his faculties, that only ten. days
before bis death he wrote the dedkation to his patron .lo^d
Cowper. On Feb. 17, 1720, the play w9s represented,,
and the author died. He Itiled to hear that it was well
received; but paid m^ regard to the intelligence, being^^
then wholly employed in tbe meditations of a departing
Christian.
A few weeks before be died, he sent, as a testimony of
gratitude, to his noble friend earl Cowper, his own picture
drawn by sir Godfrey Kneller,. which he had received as a
present from that painter : upon which the earl wrote bim
the following letter. *^ 24 January 171^*20.- Sir, 1 thank
you for tbe most acceptable present of your picture^ and
assure you, that none of this s^. can ^et ao higher v^liie*
on it thail I do, and shall while I Jive ; though I am aen*
siblejtbat posterity will outdo me in that particular.'*
A man of his amiable character was undoubtedly re*,
'gretted^ and Steele devoted an essay in the paper called
** The Theatre," to tlie memory of his virtues. In 1735
his poems were collected and published in d vols- 12mo,'
under tbe following title : ^* Poeois on several occasions,
with some select &says in prose." Hughes was also the
author of other wnr4s Ju prose. *^ The Advices from
Parnassus/' and "T%e 'Political Touchstone; pf Boccailini,**
H U G H £ a 291
Miwlsied by several bands, i^d pimted m firito, 17^,
f»ere revised, corrected^ and had a preface prefixed to
fhetn, by^htm. He translated bimsetf <' FonteneUeV Dia»
logue»of the Dead, and Discoarsexonceriihig the AitcienUi
and Moderns ;*' «^ the Abb6 Vestot's History of the Be-
Tototions in Portugal j*' and ^< Letters .of Abelard and He^ *
hMSa,^' He wrote the preface to the collection of Ae
^ History of England*^ by various hactis, called ^< The'
Complete Htslory irf England,*' pnnted in 1706, in 3 Tola;/
Mio ; in which he gives a clear, satbfactory, and impartial^
aeeoilnft of the historians there collected. : Sevei^l papers
in the ^ Tatters,*' ^ Spectators," and '< Guardians,'' were
mitten by hies. He is supposed to have written the whdb^:
or at least a considerable part, of the *^ Lay Monastery ^^
eooaistingof Essays, Discourses, &c. published singly tiiMler'.
die title of die «' Lay Monk,'' being the sequel of the
^ Spectators." The second edition of this was printed in'
If 14, 12iiio. Lastly, he published, in .17 15, an accurate
edition of the works of Spenser, in 6 vols. 1 2010 ; to which!
are prefixed the>< Life of Spenser," ^^ An £ssay on Alle-
gorical Poetry,*" '^ RennMrks on the Fairy Queen, and others
writings of Spenser^" and a glossary, explaining old words ;
aU by Mr. Hughes. 'ThiH was a work for which he was v^ell
qualified, as a judge of the beaMes of writit^,but be wanted
an aURtquary's knowledge of the oMblete words. He did
not omch revive the curiosily of the public, for 4)ear thirty
years elapsed before his edition was reprinted. The cha-
racter bf his genius is not unfairly given in' the correspond-
ence of Swift and. Pope, **A month ago," says Swift/
<f was sent me over, by a friend of mine, the works of John
Hughes, esq. They are in prose and verse. I never heard
of the man in my life, yet I find your name as a subscriber.
He is too grave a poet for me ; and I think among the'
mediocrists, in prose as well as verse." To this Pope
returns: "To answer, your question as' to Mr. -Hughes;
what he wanted in genius, he made up as an honest man ;
but he was of the class you think him." ^
HUGHES (Jabez), was the younger brother of Mr. John
Hughes, and, like him, a votary of the Muses, and an
excellent scholar. He was born in 1685.' He published,
in 1714, in 8vo, a translation of " The Rape of Proser-
1 Qipf. Brit,— JohBtoo an^ Chalmers's EngK^hPocti, 16l0.«.-«6riti^ Essay-
isls, PrdTace to the Spectator^ voL Vi.— Gent. Mag. &ep inAax,
2M St It G H> £ S.
piMjV firotn Claudian^ and . '^ TlMii Story of SesUis.aini!
Ertciho,'* from Lncan'si^^ PlMrsalia^" ibook .vi. « Theae'
traofilationsi with notei^ mere reprfoted iixil728)! i2ino,;.He!
also fmblished^iii !7inr, a traiMiiation of Suctonisis's ^MaisiBsI
of ilie Twelve Cttsars,'^ aod trobalatad. sevieral ^< Novek'!;
from the Spanish of Gervaales,'URfaicb arp ia^eited in the
^^•Sielect Collection of Novels and Historiesi" printed' fon
Waits, 1723. He. died Jan. 17^ lt3L A ipoathunbhi^
volume of his ^^ Miscellanies in Verse aiid < Brose?' iKas^
fiubliihed in 1737. His vridow aeconipaoied .lhe«ladjr:af.
governor Byng^to Barbadoes, and daed. there in. 12740i\; j jn
' HUGHES (John), of a^iffermit family f|;oai the (6takBr^
wais born in I6S2) end became 9, felW of Jeatu^ coUef e^'
Cambridge. He was called by bishop Atteibiiry ^^^.leiamed
band^^'Mftnd is known tp die republic, of letter^ a8.edtta»:<tf'
St Chrysos^ra's treatise ^< Oh the Pnestbood*'': Two letL^
tfsr^ of his to Mr. Bonwicke are pmted in ^' The Gentle'-'
man*^s Magazine,^' in oqe of whic|i he says, f* I.iuma ajt kffil
been prevailed on to undertake ap edition >of .St* ChrjrsbM
stem's mBpt (ip^;,* arid I would beg. the favour of you toi
send me your octavo edition* I want a small volume'to«iay:
bv me^ and the L^tin version may be of seme service. toi
me, if I cancel the inteipretation of Fronto Ducsaus.'- . A
second edition of this treatise was printed at paml^ridge in>
Greek and Latin, with notes, and a pceliminary/dioiutatioa
against the pretended ^^ Rights of .the CharchjV &o. iir
1712. A good English translation of St; ChrysoalxuD ^ Qa
the Ptries«hood/* a pouhumons^ work by.ti^ Rev^ John
Bunce, M. A. was published by bta son (vicar of 'St. Ste-.
phen-s near Canterbury) in 1760. Mr. Hngbes died Nov.
18, 1710, and was buried in the church of St. Nicholas^
Dep^ford, where there is a long Latin inscription to his
memory.*
HUGO (Herman), a learned Jesuit, was born at Bnis^
sels in 15S8 ; and'died of the plague at Rhinberg in 1639.
He published his first work in 1617, which was *^ De prima
scribendi origine, et universdB ret literarise antiquitate,?
Antwerp, 8vo. This book was republished by Trotzius in
}738, with many notes. 2. ** Obsidio Bredana, sub Am-
brosio Spinola,^' Antwerp, 1629, folio. 3. ** Militia eques**
tris, antiqua et nova,'' Antwerp, 1630, folio. 4. His ^ Pia
* Nicbols'g Select Oolletftioii of Poems.
* Nichols's Aiterboiy. — >Gent. Msg. ▼ol. XLVUI. •.- Lysoas's Environs,
▼oU IV.
Il IT G O. S«#
HesiAe^"** i^e^vmk bjr #iiich be i% best kho«rii^ wfts first
published in 1632-, Svo^eiiidrepYinted in S2fB0^ with all the
deafness of Elze^r, and adorned v^ith rather fahcifel en-*
gratings. These- <^ Pia DeMderia^' are in Latin, and coin
sist of three books, the ^ubjeets of which are thus arranged.
B. r. ^Gemiins Anitnm penitentis.'' 2. ^ Vota aniiiies
sanctse/' 8. ^^ M^piria animo^ amantia.'^ They consist df
lemg p^aphmses'iti: 'elegiac verse, on various passages of
scripture. His Vev^ifiidikion is bsiially good^ 'but be want»
^iaiplicity • and sub)»nliity ; ' yet he is eometii^es p oeti^at, •
tbi^ugh his muse isriot'litce that ef David J
HUGO (ChaIiles LoiirfS), a voiuminous author in La-*
ti«f dnd i^reneh, whbse works, frotn their subjects, are Httle
known herd, Wa^ a •canon- ^ of the PremonstratensiaYi order,
a4oe«o)? of divinity,' &bb& of Etiva!, and titular bis^hop oif
Ptotemais. He died M^afrt advanced a^e, in 17S5. HiS'
worics are, h "♦* Annaie^ PreeiiAonstr&tensium,*' a history i>f
bis own order, and a vei^y laborious work, iii two volumes,
folio ; illustrated with plans of the monasteries, and other
curious particltlars ; but accused' of some remarkable ^r-'
rorsi a, ** Vie d^ St. Nofbert ffondateurdes Premontr^s,*^'
1704, 4to. 3. «Sacr8B antiquitatts monumenta historica,'
dogmatica, dipicimatica/^ 1725, 2 vols, folio. 4.^*Triiit6
historique et critique de la Maison die Lorraine,^* 1711^*
Svo. This being a work of some boldness, not 6n)y the
name of tlie author, but that of the -place where it wits'
printed, wis c4>Ticealed : the former beihg prbfessedly Bal-
cicdurt^ the latter Berlin, instead of Naftci. Yet the au-
thor was traced otit, and fell under the censure of the par-
liament, in 1712. In 1715, be published another work, 5.
entitled ^^ Reflexions sur les deux Ouvrages concernant
la Maison de Lorraine,^* where he defends his former
publication.*
HULDRICH (John James), a protestant divine, of a
considerable family, was born at Zurich in 1683, and was
educated partfly at home, and partly at Bremen, devoting
his chief attention to the study of the Hebrew language
and the writings of the Rabbins. From Bremen he went
to Holland, where he published at Leyden a very curious
bodk, not in 4to, as Moreri says, but in 8vo, entitled
" Sepher Toledot Jescho," or the history of Jesus Christ,
written by a Jew, full of atrocioiis calumnies, which Hul-
1 Moreri.—Dict. Hist. t IhjA.
300 H U L B S I: C li.
drich refutes in his notes. Tim work is io Hebrew and
Latin. On his return to Zurieh in 1706, he was made
chaplain of the house of orphans, and four years after pi^o*
fiessor of Christian morals, in the lesser college, to which
was afterwards added the professorship of the law of nature.
This led him to write a commentary on Puffendorff <* on
the duties of men and citizens.** His other works are the
^ Miscellanea Tigurina,". 3 vols. 8vo, and some sermons in
German. He died May 25, 173 i« Zimmerman, who wrote
his life, publbhed also a Sermon of bis on the last words
of St. Stephen. He was a man of considerable leamii^,
and of great piety, sincerity, and humility.^
HULL (Thomas), a late dramatic and misceUaneous
writer, and an actor, was bom in the Strand, London^ in
1728, where his father was in considerable practice as aa
apothecary. He was educated at the Cbarter*house, with
a view to the church, but afterwards embraced his father*s
profession, which, however, he was obliged to relinquish
after an unsuccessful trial. What induced him to go on
the stage we know not, as' nature. had npt been very boun*
tiful to him in essential requisites* He performed, how*
ever, for some time in the provincial theatres, and in 1759
obt^ned an engagement at Covent-garden theatre, which
he never quitted, unless for summer engagements, tn
one of these he became aequainted with Shenstone th^
poet, who, observing his irreproachable moral conduct, so
different from that of bis brethren on the stage, patronized
him as far as he was able, and assisted him in writing his
tragedy of " Henry H." and ** Rosamunjl.^' It was in-
deed Mr. Hull's moral character whicb did every thing for
him. No man could speak seriously of him as an actor,
but all spoke affectionately of his amiable manners and un-
deviating integrity. He was also a man of some«iearning,
critically skilled in the dramatic art, and the correspondent
of ^ome of the more eminent literary men of his time* His
poetical talents were often employed, and always in the
cause of humanity and virtue, but he seldom soared above
the level of easy and correct versification. In prose^ per-
haps, he is entitled to higher praise, but none of his works-
have bad more than temporary success. He died at his
house at Westminster, April 22, 1808. For the stage he
altered, or wrote entirely, nineteen pieces, of which a list
> Bib). GermaQique, voK XXIV.
H t L L. 301
may be seen in ouraudicMty. His other works were, 1^
*' The History of sir William Harrington,'' a novel, 1771,
4 vols. 2. '^.Genuine Letters from a gentleman to a young
lady his pupil,'' 1772, 2 vols. 3. ^< Richard Plantagenet,'*
a, legendary tale, 1774, 4to. 4. ^ Select Letters betweeii
the late duchess of Somerset, lady Luxborough,; miss Dol-
man, Mr. Whistler, Mr. Dodsley, Shenstone, and others,**
1778, 2 vols. This is now the most interesting, of bis pubr
lications, and contains many curious particulars of literary
history and opinions. The letters were given to him by
Shenstone. 5. " Moral Tales in verse," 1797, 2 vols. 8vo.'
HULME (Nathaniel), an English physician, was born
at Holme Torp in Yorkshire, June 17, 17829 and was
taught the rudiments of medical science by his brother,
Br. Joseph Hulme, an eminent physician at Halifax, and
afterwards was a pupil at Guy's hospital. In 1755, h^
served in the capacity of surgeon in the navy, and being
stationed at Leith after the peace of 1 763, he embraced t^e
favourable opportunity of prosecuting his medical studies
at Edinburgh, where he took bis degree of doctor in 1765.
His inaugural thesis was entitled '^ Dissertatio Medica
Ihauguralis de Scprbuto." Soon after his graduation; he
'settled in London as a physician, intending to devote his
attention particularly to the practice of midwifery. This^
however, he soon relinquished: and, on the establishment
of the general dispensary (the 6rst institution of the kind
in London), be was appointed its first physician. He was
also some time physician to the City of London Lying-i^
hospital. About .1774, he was, through the influence of
lord Sandwich, then first lord of the admiralty, elected
physician to the Charter-house. His other of&cial situa-^
tions he resigned many years before bis death, and with-
drew himself at the same time in a great measure from the
active exercise of his profession ; but continued in the
Charter-house during the remainder of his life. In March
1807, he was bruised by a fall, of which he died on the
28th of that month, and was buried at his own desire in
the pensioners* buriaUground, followed by twenty-four
physicians '^d surgeons, who highly respected his cha-
racter.
Dr. Hulme was the author of several dissertations; viz.
a republication of his thesis, with additions, 1768. ^^ A
^ Biog. Dram.— Greaves's RecoHectioas of Shenstone. — Preface to the
•* Select Letters.'*
80i2 H U L M E.
treatise on Puferperal Fever/' 1772. Art oriitiDh **.De Re
'Medica e<ignoscendi et fjronioveiida,"^ delivered at the an-
Hiv^ersary of the fneditat society in 1*777, to which a smatl
tract was annexed, entitled " Via tnta et jucuntitl Cafeulum
solvendi in vesica urinaria ifihaerfentem.'* Ah enlarged
i^dition of this trftct, in English, appeared in the following
year, tinder tlie title c>f ^* A safe and easy Remedy for the
relief of the Storie and Gravel, the Scurvy, Gout, &c.';
and for the destruction of Worms in the humaii body^
illu^tmt^ by cases ; together with an extemporaneous
Bfietiiod of impregnating water and other liquids with fixed
air, by simple' mixture only, &c." 1778. In 17B7^ he Was
presented with a gold medal by the royal society of mtedi-
cine at Paris, for his treatise on the following prize ques-
tion, "Rechercher qudles sont les causes de rendurcissier-
ifient de tissu celiulaire auquel plusieurs enfans nouTfeaur-
ii6s sont sujets." In 1800, Dr. Hulme instituted a series
of experiments " on the light spontaneously emitted frbm
various bodieis,'' an account of which was published iti thh
Philosophical Transactions of that and the following year.
He had been chosen a fellow of that society id 1794, and
of the society of antiquaries in 1795. To the Archaeolo^ia
ht coutrrbuted an account of a brick brought ffoito the sitfe
of ancient Babylon. Dr. Hulme was also one of the edi-
tors of the " London Practice of Physic." — In 17^1, a Mr.
ObaDiah HuLme died in Charter-house square, author df
an ** Historical Essay on the English Constitution/' ^hd
other tracts, probably a relation of Dr. Hulme.'
HUME (David), a celebrated philosopher and histo-
rian, was descended from a good fanlily'in Scotland, and
born at Edinburgh April 26, 1711. His fathei* was a de-
scendant of the family of the earl of Hume or Home, and
his mother, whose name was Falconer, was descended frbm
that of lord Halkerton, whose title came by succession to
her brother. This double alliance with nobility was a
source of great self-complacency to Hume, v^ho was a phi-
losopher only in his writings. In his infancy he does not
appear to have been impressed with those sentiments of
religion, which parents so generally, ^^e may almost add
universally, at the time of his birth, thought it their duty
to inculcate. He once owned that he had never read the
New Testament with attention. However this nlay be, a's
» Atlirnxuni, vol. II.— Rees'sCycloi^xdia.— Gci»t, Maj:. vol, tXI. and LXXVII.
HUME. zm
be was a yoanger brother with a very slender patrihionj,
aod of a studious, sober^ industrioas tnrn^ he veas desdned
by his family tQ the law: but^ being seiaed with an e4rly.
passion for letters^ he found an insurmountdbleaverstoti
to any thing else ; and,, as he relates,^ while they fanoied
him to be poring upon Voet and Vinnius, he was occu^
pied with Cicero and Virgil* His fortune, however, beiug
very small, and his health a little broken by ardent appli*
4:ation to books, be was tempted, or rather foinced, to make
a fedble trial at business; and^ in 1734, went to Bristol,
with recommendatious to some eminent mercfaanis : but, iii
a few months, found that scene totally unfit for him. He
seems, alsp, to hav6 conbeived somb personial disgust against
the men of business in that place : for, though he was by
no means addicted to satire, yet we can scarcely interpret
him otherwise than ironically, When, speaking in bis Hbr
tory. (antio i660) of James Naylor's entrance iiitoBrisrtol
upon a horse, in imitation of Christ, he presumes it tb bci
^^ from the difficulty in that place of finding an ass !*'
Immediately on leaving Bristol, he went over to France,
with a view of prosecuting his studies in privacy ; and prad-
tised a very rigid frugi)lity, for the sake of maintaining his
independency unimpaired. During his retreat thei^ firsi
at Rheims, but chiefly at La Fleche, in Anjou, he composed
his ^f Treatise of Human Nature;'* and, eomitig over to
London in 1737, he published it the year after. This
work, he informs us^ he meditated even while at the uni-
versity; a circumstance which, it has been observed^ proved
the self-sufficiency of Hume in a very striking manner. For
a youth, in the full tide of blood and generous syAipathy^
to meditate the diffusion of a system of universal scepticism^
in which it is endeavoured to prove, not only that all the
speculations of the philosopher or the divine, but every
virtuous feeling of the heart, every endearing tie by which
^an is bound to man, are no better than ridiculous pveju*
dices and empty dreams, is the most singular deviation from
the natural and laudable propensities of a mind unhacknied
in the ways of the world, that has yet octtrrred in the ano-
malous history of man. The scepticism and i^religion of
Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau, "grew with their growth,
and strengthened with their strength," but Hume started
as if from the nursery, a perfect and full-grown infidel.
Never, however, according to the avowal of the author
himself, was any literary attempt 'more unsuccessful. " It
304 HUME:
felly" be says, <^ dead ham from the press, without reach-*
ing such distinction as even to excite a munnur among the
zediots.'' He adds, however, that << being naturally of a
cheerful and sanguine temper, he soon recovered the
blow.'' But this .equanimity, we shall afterwj^rds find was
mere affectation, nor was the work quite unnoticed. It
was criticised with great ability in the only review of that
period, " The Works of the Learned ;" and from a peru-
sal of the article, we have no hesitation in ascribing it to
Warburton. Whether it be true, that Hume called on
Jacob Robinson, the publisher, and demanded satisfaction^
we will not affirm. One remark of the Reviewer seems
somewhat singular, and it may be thought prophetic.
*^ This work abounds throughout with egotisms. The au-
thor would scarcely use that form of speech more f re- \
quently, if he had written "his c/wn memmrsJ**
In 1742, he- printed, with more success, the first part of
bis ^'Essays.'' In 1745, he lived with the marquis of
Annandale, the state of that nobleman's mind and health
requiring such an attendant : the emoluments of the aitua-
tion must have been his motive for undertaking such a
charge. He then received an invitation from general St.
Clair, to attend him as a secretary to his expedition ; which
was at first meant against Canada, but ended in an incur-^
sion upon the coast of France. Next Jrear, 1747, he at-
tended the general in th<rsame station, in his military em-
bassy to the courts of Vienna and Turin : he then wore "
the uniform of an officer, and was introduced to these
courts as aid-de-camp to the general. These two years
were i^ost the only interruptions which his studies re-
ceived during the bourse of his life: his appointments^
however, had made him in his own opniion «< independent;
for he was now master of near 1000/.^'
Having always imagined, that his Want of success,' in*
publishing tb« *' Treatise of Human Nature," proceeded "
more from the manner than the matter, he cast the fir^
part of that work anew, in the *^ Inquiry concerning Hu-
man Understanding,'' which was published while he was at
Turin; but with little more success. He perceived, how-,
ever, some symptoms of a rising reputation : bis books ^
grew more and more the subject of conversation ; and ^I
found," says he, "by Dr» Warburton's 'railing, diat they :
were beginning to be esteemed in good company/* ' In
1752> w^re published at Edinburgh, where he then lived/
HUME* lOf
hk ^< jPoUUcal IKjieQttfBes ;'' and tbe same year, at London^
his '< loquiiy coDeerning the Principles of Morals/' Of
the former be says, ** that it was tbe only work of his
which was successful on the first publication, being well
received abroad and at home:'' and he pronounces the
latter to be, *^ in his own opinion, of all his writings, buh
torical, philosophical, or literary, incomparably tbe best ;
althojugb it came unnoticed and unobserred into the world***
In 1 754, he published the first volume, in 4to, of '^ A
Portion of Engush History, from the Accession of James L
to the Bevolution/' He strongly promised himself sue-
odss from this work, thinking himself the first English his-*
torian -that was free from bias in his principles : but he says,
** that he was herein miserably disappointed ; and that, in«
stead of pleasing all parties, he had made himsdf obnoxious
to all.'' He was, as he relates, ** so discouraged with this,
that, had not the war at that time been breaking out be«
tween France and England, he had certainly retired to'
soiue provincial town of the former kingdom, changed bis
name, and never more have returned to bis native country."
The '< cheerful and sanguine temper'' of which he formerly
boasted, had now forsaken him, and the philosopher bad
dwixkdied to a mere irritable author. He recovered him«
sd[^ iiowevers so far, as to publish, in 1756, his second to«
lump of the same history; and this was better received*
*' It not only rose itself," he says, ** but helped to buoy
up its unfortunate brother," Between these publications
came out, along with some other small pieces, . his ** Natu*^
ra| History of Religion :" which, though but indifferently
received, was in the end the cause of some consolation to
him ; because, as be expresses himself, *^ Dr. Hurd wrote
a pamphlet against it, with all the illiberal petulfti>ce, arro*
gance, and scurrility, which distinguish tbe WarburtonlaH
school ;" so well aware was he, that, to an author, atuek of
any kind is much more favourable than neglect. Dr. Hurd,
hoffever, was only the ostensible author ; he has since de«
dared expressly, that it proceeded from Warburton him**
self« hf 1759, be published bis << History of the House of
Tudor;" and, in 1761, the more early part of the English
History : each in 2 vols. 4to« The -clamour against tfab
fbmier of these was almost equal to that against the history
of the two first Stuarts} and the latter was attended with
but tolerable success : but he was now, he tells us, grown
ciulous against the impressions of public censure. He had>
VouXVlIL X
io6 a U M K
indeed) what he vroxAd think goo4 reason t^hesa; fi^r tbe
copy-money given by the booksellers for his histary, exi-
ceptionable as it was deemedy had made him not only in*
dependent, but opulent.
Being now about fifty, he retired to Scotland, deter-
mined never more to set his foot out of it; and carried
with him ^' the satbfaction of never having preferred a
request to one great man, or even making advances of
friendship to any of them/' But, while meditating to
spend the rest of his life in a philosophical manner, he
received, in 1763, an invitation from the earl of Hertford
to attend him on his embassy to Paris ; which at length be
accepted, and was left thepe charg6 d'affaires in the som-
. mer of 1765. Tn Paris, vyhere his peculiar philosophical
opinions were then the mode, he met with the most flatter-
ing and unbounded attentions. He was panegyrised by
the literati, courted by the ladies, and complimented by
grandees, and even princes of the bh)od. In the beg^n-
ning of 1766 he quitted Paris; and in the summer of that
year weiit to. Edinburgh, with the same view as before, of
burying himself in a philosophical retreat; -but, in 1767,
he received from Mr. Conway a new invitation to be
under-secretary of state, which, like the former, he did
not think it expedient to decline. He returned to Editi-
burgh in 1769, " very opulent," he says, ** for he pos-
sessed a revenue of 1000^ a year, healthy, and, though
somewhat stricken in years, with the prospect of enjoying
long his ease«" In the spring of 1775, be was struck with
a disorder in his bowels ; which, though it gave him no
alarm at first, proved incurable, and at length mortal. It
appears, however^ that it was not painful, nor even trouble-
some or fatiguing : for be declares, that <^ notwithstanding
the great decline of his person,, be bad never suffered ^
moment's abatement of bis spirits ; that he possessed tbi&
same ardour as ever in. study, and the same gaiety in coob>
pany : insomuch," says he, *^ that, were I to name a pe-
riod of my life which I should most choose to pass over
^gain, I might be tempted to point to this latter period..^'
He died August 25, 1776 ; and bis account of his own life,
from which we have borrowed many of the above particu'^
lacs, is dated only four months p4*evious tx> hisdecaaRse.
As the author was then aware of the impossibility of a- re^-
covery, this may be considered as the testiipony of aTdyiiig
man respecting bis own character and conduct. But vb
H U M K. 4#r
lisaplKiiiited those who^xpected to find iniit sdtfife a^ixkr^
ledgment of error, and some reiiKn^e <oji;' r«f)^cftih^-ott*
the many whom he had led astray by his wrki^. H'ume,
however, was not the man from whom- this was to tte^ex''
pected. He had no religious principles Which he had vio^
lated, and which his consdience mi^ht now recath He
had none of the stamina of repentance; From a mere fond^
ness for speculation, or a love of philtf^ophicsd applause,
the least harmful motives we can attribute to Hume, it was
the business of bis life, not only to extirpate from the
human mind all* that the good and wise among mankind
have concurred in venerating, the authority and obligations
of revealed religion ; biit he treats that authority and the
believers in, and defenders of revealed religion, with a
contempt bordering on abhorrence; or, as has been said'
of another modern infidel, ** as if he had been revenging a
personal injury.'' Hume early imbibed the principles of a
gloomy philosophy, the direct tendency of which was to
distract tile mind with doubts on subjects the most serious
and important, and, in fact, to undermine the best in<«
torests, and dissolve the strongest ties of society. Such is
ttie character of Hume's philosophy, by one who knew him
as intiihat^ly as Dr. Smith ^, who respected his talents and
his manners, but would haVe disdained to instilt wisdom
and- Virtue by bestowing the perfection of them on the
studies, the conversation, and the correspondence that were
constantly employed in ridiculing religion. An6ther rea-
son, perhaps, why Hume died in the s»tne i^tate of mind
in which be had lived, gibing and jesting, as Dr. Smith
infertiH us, with the prospect of eternity, may be this,
that he was -at the last surrounded by men who, being of
nearly the same way of thinking, contemplated his end
with a degree of satisfaction ; or as the triumph of pbilp-
sophy over what he and they deemed superstition. Even
his clerical friends, the Blairs and Robertsons, who pro-
leased to know, to feel, and to teach what Christianity is,
appear to have withheld the solemn duties of their office,
and by their silence at least, acquiesced in his obduracy.
Bis social qualities, his wit, his acuteness, and we may
*t^s Sniith'^ absurd language 19, '* I perftctif wise and virtnons mail *•
liave always eoDsidered him both in his perhaps the naiare gf hinnan frailtf
Hfe-time, and since his death, as ap- will permit."
pffMohinf . M nc«rly to the idea of a
X 2
/
R U M R
a44y hi* ^fuii99 .preserved to km tbe regavd of hds lemeA
<;Q|iHjtf|»i|i0mi i^Hp foBg^ the iiifidd in tbi» hUtoiiaft. (
, it^iuH ir^^fti^ .Its »p MstorHMH M peib»|>s ocdtfliffMUy M
ap9lkic»l writ^fr, tbAt..Haine.wiU4)rab9My be lie«t Isttownl
to poft^rUy; md i>. is iti thf»e capaeui^^ Uuit he tuk be
r^ wUb the gr^test pbniiMi^ tod. adVaotage by ihe
frijopds pf MHind ii)oniU and religion* Yet even aa aQ.hi
toriap, bi^ has many fauHa;.he does not serupk to di
gvUe ^acts from party leouves^ and be never loses an opr
pcH-jtunity of throwing. oui bis eool iKiepucal siie«r at.Gliiis^
tiaoiiy» under the names of ianatieism .and supemiiliaer
** When. Mr. Hume rears the standard, ef infidelity/' saya
Gilpipt^^' be acts openly andboni^stly; bat wbenbescatteia
bis c^rel^s insinuations, as be tsaverses^ the paths of his^
tory, we chamcterize bim as a dank^ iosidioua enemy«" ^
HUMPHREY (LauR£NCB>, alefiroed Gngbsb writer^ was.
born at Newport PagneU in Buekiogbaeishire, about li^S7i
and bad bis school education at Cambridge ; after which
be became first a demy, then a fellow, of Magdalen*college
in Oxford. He took the degree of M. A. in I552| and
about that time was made Greek reader of bis college, aed
entered into orders. In June 1555 be bad leave from bis
college to travel into foreign countries ; > be wentto ^ttctcb^;
apd associated himself with the Ebglish there, wibo bad
fled from their country on account of their religion. After,
the death of queen Mary he returned to England, and waa
restored to bis feUowsbip in Magdalen college^ firom iriiiob
be had been expelled )>ecause he did not return within tbe
space of a year, which was one condition on 'wUcb he was
permitted to travd; another was, that he should refrain^
from all heretical company. In 1560 he was appointed*
the queen's professor of divinity at Oxford ; and the year,
after elected president of his college. In 1562 he took
both the degrees in divinity; and, in 1570f was madet
dean of Gloucester. In 1580 he was removed to the.
deanery of Winchester ; and had probably been promoted^
to a bishopric if he had not been disaffected to the cburob:
of England. For Wood tells us, that from the city of^
Zurich, where the preaching of Zuingiius had fashioned
I Life by bimielf, prefixed to hn History, stid Dr. SmiUi'f Letter onvMs
deatb*?— Ritcliie't Life of Hniiie.—- Botwell*t Life of JohnsoD, end Toor.— i
Beattie's Disiertations, 4to, p. 37.-rLeIand>s Detstfcal Writ^i.— >Forbes't Life of
Bevttie.— Tytler't Life ef Kames.— WarbiMrtoa*8 Letters to Hardi^-Briti C»iti% •
vol. JCKXIV.— W«ri(« of the LcWMd for 1739» kc Ice. \
/ t
HUMPH R E t. 3f<>^
plioplif 8 iicMons, and fi'om tbie cbifrespbnAebi^ bc( H&d «rt
Oenevia, he* brought b^ck With him s6 niueli df the GaK
Tkiist both in doctrine and discipline, thatr the best ^h!bb
ctaldfsfe ^aid of him was, th^ he uras sL moderate and con^
seientious noncotiformnt. This was at leaist tbe opinion
of several divines, who used to call. him and Dr. Euike of
CambHdge, standard-bearers among die nofftsOnforMfsts ;
though othein thdnght they ^rew more cofnformkl^te ii!^ the
ehd. Be this as it will/ « sure it is,'» says Wodd, that
^ Htimphrey was a great and genetul schblar, an able^
Imgnist, a deep divine ; and for his exceliency of style^'
exactness of niethod, a(nd silbstance of matter id' his writ-'
itigs, wenft beyond most of our theologists ♦.** He died in
Feb. 1590, N. S. leaving a wife, by whom he bad twelve*
cfaildiren. His writings are, 1. * Epistola d^Gra^cis Uteris^
et Honaeti ^ectione et imitatione ;** printed before ii book'
oTHadrian Junius, entitled <^ Cornucopias," at Baisil, 1556;
2;^ De Religionis (donservatione et reformatione, dequ^^
pYimiatu regum, Bas; 1:559.** S. *VDe ratione interpre-^
taiidi aiictores, Bas. 1559.** 4. "Optimattes: sive de nd-/
bititate, ^usqtie antiqtia Origine, &c.** Bas. 1560. 5.
^^Jbannis Juelli Angli, Episcopi Sarisburierisis, vita et^
mbrs, ejusque verfe doctrinae defensio, &e. Lbnd.1573."'
6i '^'Twa Latin orations spoken before queen Eii2abetli ; 1
one in 1572, another in 1575.** 7. "Sermons;*' and 8.
'^Some Latin pieces against the Papists, Campian in par-
ticular.** Wood quotes Tobias Matthew, an eminent ar<5hi '
bishop, who knew him welt, as declaring, that ** Dt/
Humphrey had read more fathers than Campian the Jesuit;
ever saw ; devoured more than he ever tasted ; and taiigbt
more in the university of Oxford, than he had either'
Jeafned or heard.." '
HUNAULD (Francis Joseph), an eminent anatomist
and physician, was born at Chateau -Briant, in February'
1701. His father was a physician, and practised at St.
Malo. He studied first at Rennes, and afterwards at An-
gers and Paris, and received the degree of M . D. at Rheims
in 1722. On His return to Paris he studied anatomy and
* Warton saya that about the year - Christ Cfaureb» who were capable of
1563, there were only two divines, and preaching the puMic^sermont befinre
those or higher rank, the President of the University of Oxford. -*>Hi8tory of
Magdaten eoltese, and the Dean of Poetry, vol. II. p. 460.
\ Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Faller's Abel Redivivos.— Strype's Cjranmer» p. e|S4, 35S,
393.— Strype'i Parker, pi 11^, 162—165, IS*, 217.
*!0 H UN A U L D.
surgery mthgrpa^ as»tdqity» under the celebrated teacb^s
Winiiloif and'Oq Vi^ra^y, ^pd w^s sjidniitted into the aca«
dea^ of ^penc^s ip 1724. Having been boooqred wijtb
the appoiptineQit of pfiytfician .to |:he.du^e of JlicbeUeu, be
appompi^nijeK) tt^^t nojbleri>ai:> in his f^mbassy to tbecQ^^^of
the emper^CharlesVL. at Vienna, and ever aftervmrds
retained bia ^tire confidence, and bad apartmentn in bis
house. Qn .tt)f9^4^ath of Qu Verney, ip |.7$0, ]H[unauld
waa appoipfe^ bis- siiccessor, as prqfessor of apatqiny in
the )^ij9g's gard^n^ .^here be soon acquired a^ reput^ion
littl^^hort of . A^ of bis predecessor, and found tb§ ^pa-
ciaifs tbes^tjre.overflowipg with pupils. Having beeii |Ld-
n^tted ^ ,{]iember of the faculty of medicine of Paris, be
piractised with great success, and attracted the notice of
the court He took a journfiy iqto HolUnd, where he
became acquainted with the c^lebrat^d Boerhaave, with
wbon^ he ever afterwards maintained ^friendly correspond-
ence; and, in n35, be visited London, where he was
elected a member of the royal society, at one of the meet-
ings of which be read some ^ Reflections on the operation
for Fistula Lacrymalis,*' which were printed in the Trans-
actions.. He^ ^^9 cut off in the vigour of life by a p9«
trid fipver, in December 1742, being in bis forty -second
year^ The greater part of his writings consist of papers,
wbicb were published in various volumes of the memoirs
of. the academy of sciences, between 1729 and 1742 in-
clusive. Osteology was a favourite subject of bis enquiry,
aq^ some of the most curious of his observations relate to
tbie .fofrn)atio|i aqd growth of the bones of the skull. He
likewise traced with great accuracy the lymphatics of the
"lungs to the thoracic puct, and the progress of some of (be
nerves of the thoracic viscera. He published anonyipou&ly,
in 1726, a critique, in the form of a letter, on the book pf
Petit, relative to the diseases of the bones, which occa^
sioned some coutrqversy, and received the formal disap-
proval pf the academy. H^nauld had collected a consi-
derable anatomical museum, whjph ^yas especially rich in
preparations illustrative of osteplogy and the diseases of
the bones, and which came into the possession of the aca-
demy after bis death. *
HUNIADES (John Corvinus), waiwode of Transyl-
▼ania, and general of the armies of Ladislas, king of HuQ-
»
* Diet. IIiit.-*Itee8'8 Cyclopadiii.
/
*.
HUNIADES. »n
l^y^ wts ^m€ 6f tbfe jgreatest comtnanders 6f bis tioie. He
fought against the Turks like a herd, and, in 1442 and
1443, gained important battles against the generals of
Aoittrath ; and obliged that prince to retire from Belgrade,
after besieging it seven months. In the battle of Varnes,
sofs^ lo the Christian caasre, and in which Ladislas fell,
Corvinus was not less distinguished than in his more for^^
tunater contests; and, being appointed governor of Hun-
gary, became proverbially formidable to the Turks, In
1 448, however, - he suflfered a defeat from them. He was
more fortunate afterwards, and in 1456, obliged Ma*
h^ntee 11. alto to relinquish the siege of Belgrade; and died
Uie iOAi of September in the same year. Mahomet,
though an enemy, had generosity enough to lament the
' death ef so great a man ; and pride enough to allege as
one c4use for his regret, that the world did nc^t now con-^
tain «L man against whom he could deign to turn his arms,
' or from whom he could regain the glory he bad so lately
}o6t before Belgrade. The pope is 6aid to have shed tears
on the news of his death ; and Christians in general la-'
mented Huniades as their best defender against the infidels. ^
\ HUNNIUS (Gli^Es), a celebrated Lutheran divine, was
born at Winende, a village in the duchy of Wirtemburg,
in 1550. He was educated at the schools in that vitinicy,
an<l took his degree tn arts at Tubingen, in 1567C Me
then applied himself earnestly to the study of theology,
and was so remarkable for bis progress in it, that in 1576
he was made professor of divinity at Marpurg. About the
same period be married. He was particularly zealous
against the Calvinists, and not long after this time began
to write against them, by which he gained so much repu-
tation, that in 1592 he was sent for into Saxony to reform
that electorate, was made divinity -professor at Wittemburg,
and a member of the ecclesiastical consistory. In these
offices he proved very vigilant in discovering those who
had departed from the Lutheran communion ; and, from
the accounts of the severities practised against those who
would not eonform to that rule, it appears that nothing less
tlnwi a strong persecution was carried on by him and his
colleagues. In 1595 he was appointed pastor of the church
at Wittemburg, and in the same year published his most
celebrated polemical work, entitled ^' Calvious Judaizans,'*
1 MorerL— Universal History.
nt HUNI^LU s,.
in ivebicb ke job^go* that reformer wkb ^1 ppmUe^b^^re^lcMU
At tbe sume time be carried on a coatroversy witb Hul^ei9M|
about predestination and election. Against CaLvip be
wrute with tbe most intemperate acrimony. HunoftiiAiwM
bresent at tbe conference at Ratisbon in ISOl, bj^ween
the I^utberans and Roman catbolics. He died of an. icK
flammation broi]^bt on by tbe stone^ in April 16103^ His
wprkf bave been coUeoted in five volumes s and contain^
funeral orations, . a calechism, prayers, colloquies^ notes
on some of the evangelists, &c. &c. HU acrimony in
writing went beyond bis judgment, ^
HUNT (J£HBMIAH), a dissenting divine, was born ia
London in 167S, and was the son of Benjamin f Hunt,, a
member of the. mercers' company in London. He was
educated voder Mn Tbomas Rowe,and after he bad fioisbed
his. course with him, be went first to Edinburgh, and then
to L^yden ; at the latter place be applied himself most
diligently to tbe study of the Hebrew lakigui^e and the
Jewish antiquities* In Holland he preached to a small
English congregation, and upon his return Jae. officiated
some time at Tunstead, in Norfolk,* from whence he re-
moved to London about 1710, and was apfK>inted |Mstor of
the congregation at Pinners* hall. In 1729 the university
of Edinbu^rgh conferred on him the deforce of O. D. He
died in 1744. He was author of several single sermons;
ajid likewise of ^^ An Essay towards explaining the History;
and Revelations, of Scripture in their several periods; to
which is annexed a dissertation on the Fall of Maa*" After
his death four volumes of bis *^ Sermons," with tracts,
were published, to which was prefixed Dr. LardneeS Fu<«.
neral Sermon for him.'
HUNT (Stephen), of Canterbury, the son of Mr. Ni.
cholas Hunt of that city (an intimate and worthy friend of
Arch. Tillotson, and to whom, whilst labouring under a.
cancer, be addressed that most excellent letter of consola*
tion, printed in bis life by Birch, p« 133), was admitted a
scholar of C. C. C. Cambridge, Jan. 29, 1693. Aft«r ;taki-^
ing the degree pf M. B. in 169^, he practised physic at
Canterbury, and became a collector of Eoman coin% ves?*'
sels, and utensils, particularly of those about Recolver and .
Ricbborougb, afber the manner of archdeacon Batteley, in.
• Geo. Diet — Melchior Adam.— -Freheri Tbeatrum.— -Saxii Onomatt.
* Lardner's Funeral Sermon.— Kijypia's Life of Lar^ner, p, 11^ 33.— Prote9«
tant Dissenters' Magazme, vol. If.
B U NT. 31S
Ms ^ AMiquitates Ratopinv;** all whicb, togetherr wMk
his book« and maiiusoriptSy be bequeathed to the library of
that cathedral. He was eateemed a learned avitiquaiy.
The time of his death is uncertain ^
'HUNT (Thomas), a learned Hebraist, and Regius pro*
feasor of Hebitew, Oxford, was born in l#96, but where
or of what parents we have noi been able to learn, or in*-
deed to recover any particulars of his early life. He was
educated at Hart-hall, Oxford^ where he proceeded M. A;
in Oct. 26, 1721) and was one of the first four senior fel-
lows or tntorS) when the society was made a body corporate
and politic* under the name of Hertford college; and he
took hki degree of B. D. in (743, and that of D, D. in
1744. His first literary publication, which indicates the
betit'Of his studies, was ** A Fragment of Hippolytus,
taken out of two Arabic MSS. in the Bodleian library,'*
printed in the fourth volume of *^ Parker's Btbliotheca
BibHca^'* 1728, 4to. In 1738: he was elected Laudian
pTofiassor of Arabic, which he r^ained the whole of his
life, and was succeeded by the late Dr. Joseph White.
In tbe following year be delivered in the schools, a Latin
speech ** De antiquitate, elegantia, utilitate. Linguae Ara«*
bicse," published the same* year ; and another *^De usu
Dialectorum Orientalium, ac prsBcipue Arabics, in He-
braicocodioe interpretando,*' which waspublished in 1748.
In 1746 he issued proposals for printing '< Abdollatiphi
Historise ^gypti compendium," with a full account of that
worky which, however, he never published. The sub-^
scribers were recompensed by receiving in lieu of it his
posthumous *^ Observations on tbe Book of Proverb^,^*
edited by Dr. Kenni6ott after his death.
In 1747, Dr. Hunt was appointed regius professor of
Hebrew, and consequently canon of the sixth stall in Christ
church. He had in 1740 been elected a fellow of the royal
society, and was also a fellow of that of antiquaries. In
J 757, as we have noticed in tbe life of bishop Hooper, he
puMtshed the works of that prelate, in the preface to which
he represents himself as ^* one who had received many ob-
ligstioiis from his lordship, was acquainted with bis fa;nily,
atid had been fbrmerly intrnsted by him with the care of
publishing one of his learned works," viz. ^^ De Benedic-
tione patriarchal Jacobi, conjecturae,*' Oxon. 1728^ 4to;
> Muiere's Hist, of Corpui Chritti Coliege, Cambridgtw
S14 HUN T.
by the preface to which it appears that biibop Hoopei^ was
one of his early patrons. Of this only 100 copies were
printed as presents to friends^ but it, is included in the
bishop's works. . '
. Dr. Hunt's epistolary correspondence both at home and
abroad, was considerable. Some of his letters are to be
found in << Doddridge's Letters," published by StedmaQ.
He frequently mentions his <^ Egyptian History i^' and his
** attendance on Abdoliatiph/' as engrossing much of his
time. He also highly praises Dr. Doddridge's ^' Rise and
Progress of Religion," and his ^^ Life of colonel Gardiner/*
In 1759 Dr. Kennicott dedicated his secoad volume on the
** State of the printed Hebrew text of the Old Testament^*
to his much respected friend Dr. Hunt, to whom he stood
** indebted for bis knowledge of the very elements of the
Hebrew language." Aniquetil du Perron, the French orien*
talist, having made some unhandsome reflections on Dr.
Hunt, the celebrated sir William Jones, then a student at
Oxford, repelled these by a shrewd pamphlet, publiiheid
iq 177 1, entited ^^ Lettre a monsieur A[nquetil du P(erron)
4ans laquelle est compris I'examen de sa traduction dea
livres attribues a Zoroastre."
Among Dr. Hunt's intimate friends was Dr. Gregoiy
Sbarpe, who sought his acquaintance and highly prized it,
and their correspondence was frequent and affectionate.
Dr. Hunt not only promoted Dr. Sharpe's election into the
royal society, but was a liberal and able assistant to him in
bis literary undertakings. When, however. Dr. Sbarpe
published his edition of Dr. Hyde's Dissertations in 176.7,
no notice was taken of these obligations ; and the reason
assigned is Dr. Hunt's having declined a very unreasonable
request made by Dr. Sharpe, to translate into Latin a long
English detail of introductory matter. Such treatment
Dr. Hunt is said to have mentioned ^ to his friends, with
as much resentment as his genuine good-nature would* per*
mit." This very learned scholar, who had long been
afflicted with the graVel, died Oct. 31, 1774, aged seventy*
eight, and was buried in the north ailejoining to the body
of the cathedral of Chrisr-cburch, with an inscription ex«>
pressing only his name, offices, and time of his death.
His library was sold the following year by honest Daniel
Prince of Oxford.. In that same year Dr. Kennicott pub*
lished a valuable posthumous work of his friend, entitled
*^ Observations on several passages in the Book of Proverbs,
with two Sec mpnt. • By Tbpnaas Hutu," &c, 4lo. A con*-
siderable part of jthis , work was printed before bis death ;
4od the only i^eason^iy^a.wby he bim^f did not finish it,
was, that he wa^.r^niAK-Jiably ti[n,or9^, and distrustful of
his own judgment;; ^nd tjiat^ in his declining yeacs, he
grew more and i^opvp fearful of the severity of public criti-
cism, for whicji he.cei^taiiily had littk cause, bad this been
his only publicatiof).. His. character, i^. an Orientalist, had
been fully estabKshed 4>y,his fprmer works ; and be justly
retained it to the^ clof e of his- . lite, leaving tbe learned
world only to regret that be did not engage in some grand
and critical work, or that he did not complete an edition
of Job which he had long intended.'
HUNTER (Christopher), an eminent physician and
antiquary of Durham, was the son of Thomas Hunter,
gent, of Medomsley, in tbe county of Durham, where he
was born in 1675 : he was educated at the free-school of
Houghton- le-Spring, founded by tbe celebrated Bernard
Gilpin, and was admitted of St. John's college, Cambridge,
where he continued until he had taken bis^ bachelor's degree
in 1698.. In 1701 be received a faculty orJicence from
Dr. John Brookbank, spiritual chanc<E;llor at Durham, to
practice physic through^ the whole diocese of Durham.
After some years he removed to the city of Durbam ; and
though he pubhshed little, was always ready to assist in any
literary undertaking. He is acknowledged by Mr. Horsley
and Mr. Gordon to be very exact and masterly in the know-
ledge o( antiquities. Dr. Wilkins mentions him with re-
spect in the preface to the first volume of bis *^ Councils,"
to which he furnished some materials; and Mr. Bourne was
much indebted, to him in compiling his ** History of New<-
castle'' He published, a new edition of <^ The Ancient
Hites and Monuments of tb^ chiirch of Durbam," 1733,
without his name ; and a xurious, and now very scarce'
work, entitled '* An Illustration of Mr. Daniel Neale's
History of tbe Puritans, in tbe article of Peter Smart, M. A.
from original papers, with remarks." 1736, 8vo. In April
1743, be published proposals for printing by subscription,
in .:; vols. 4to. ^' Antiquitates Parochiales Dioc. Dunelm.
hucusque ineditse,*' but no further progress appears to have
been made. Perhaps this might be owing to an unfortu-
1 Gent. Mag. LXXI. — Doddridge's Letter^ .--^Nichols*! Bowyer.<^MS eor-
respondence with Dr. Sharpe, in the possession of the Editor.
3^16 H U l^T'E IL
> »
Date accidMt he met wiA, hi ^estrehing tte arehireii x^ tihe!
ciLtbedml, where b6 spilt ft bottlifc of ink ait 'the eelebmed
copy of Magna Charta, ami was ftdvet afterivsfdft jNinntttJeU
to come there. In 1757 be retired ftom^Dufl^ain) with
bis family^ to Untbank, an estate belonging to his \i^ife^ iti^
Shotley parish, Nonhaniberland, where be died Jiilfy IS;
of that year, and was buried in iSfaotley church.'
HUNTER (Henry), a popular preacher and writer, was^
born at Culross, in Perthshire, in 174t. 'Re hdd the best'
education that the circumstances of his parents would per-
mit, and at the age of thirteen was sent to the uniVerBity
of Edinburgh, where, by his taints and profidencjr, he
attracted the notice of the professors, and when he left
Edinburgh he accepted the office of tutor to lord Dtm«
donald's sons at Culross abbey. In \764 he was lic6tk^d
to preach, having passed the several trials with great ap*
plause : and very quickly became muth followed on ac- '
count of his popular talents. He was ordained in 1766,
and was appointed minister of South Leith. On a visit to
London in 1769, he preached in most of the iScotch meet-
ing-houses with great acceptance, and soon alter his re-
turn he received an invitation to become pastor of the Scotch
church in Swallow-iftreet, which he declined; but in 1771
he removed to London, and undertook the pastoral office
in the Scotch church at London-wall. He appeared first
as an author id 1783, by the commencement of his <' Sa-
cred Biography,** which was at length extended to seven
volumes octavo. While this work was in the course of pub- *
Iication,he engaged in the translation' of Lavater*s ''Essays
on Physiognomy,^' and in order to render his work as com-
plete as possible, be took a journey into Swisserland> for '
the purpose of procuring information from Lavater himself.
He attained, in some measure, his object, though the au-
thor did not receive him with the cordiality which he ex-
pected, suspecting that the English version must injure the
sale of the French translation. The first number of this
w<Mrk was published in 1789, and it watf finished in a style
worthy the improved state of the arts. From diis period
Dr. Hunter sp^nt much of his time in translating different
works from the French language. In 1790 he was elected
secretary to the corresponding board of the '^^ Society for
propagating Christian Knowledge in the Highlands ana
' Nicbola's Bowyor.
B ir N T B ft
Sif
Uimi^ qI, Scc^VkiHl.'* Hftn^ likairiae cbsijdaiii Vfk i^
<< ;SifoM^ QjoirppratmA;'* m4 )botb ulieiie. iDpiUiaiQiyi nrone
omqb bw^&ted )>7 . Us sfalaus ;emKftUHM «» their behalft
ta Ii79<s;y bei.publiib^ iwaivs^liHMs of fSe^^^ md ia
1799 be g^vfe tb« ivoffld 4ighl ^' lieefturoftion tbe. &ridMcfi$
of |CbKi«ti«<^il]r»V b#iog tib# oQwpiisti0n4il a p\m begun by
Air; fi'fBll. Tb^ wbol^ (PQot»i^ a poi^liHr < ao4 U9efi>l qIik^^
dikf;MH>:.of tbf prw&.ia famur of ibe CbriMian jreligion^
mmg «^Kn i^ iDjtermd evidence^ it% beiiefifii«Ji iniaenoe^
ajlid tbe eiiqfifdpr.i^iie of tb^ infonnfitian wbicb it ooDviejfi
yiilk f^9fi^i%Q itmAty* During die latter years of Ub
Uff^ Qr» ilivMer^Ji ^eooslifeaitiQii jNiflfared t]fte jeverest abecks
kgm 4i? Wv Aif tJuree ehitdrent nvbiGb^ wUb other eauifiv^
cootrifrttlfd to. reader bim uoable to nrithstaiid.tbe aAtacka
of,4W^Me^ He died at tbe Hot^^Welk, Bristol^ on thd
27tb of Qetober> )902> in tbe'<>i3d y»ar. of 1»m age. Br;
limiter .waa a^nan of iearoiag : bia .vittngs are doquenty
ai»d :^w boMf well he bad studied huuian nature. In the
pu)pi(. bia flaaaner waa unaffected, aolemn» and impresatro;
He indulged bis liberal and frieedly he;^rt in the exercise
of bospitali^, ^barity> and tbe pleasoresof scicial intet'4
oomae^ b«t tbe latter freqiieatly beyond tbe liiaits wbicb a
regard to prudeece and economy should have prescribed^
He was tbe translator of ^^ Letters of Eiiler to a Geipnian
Priecess,;Qn diffiereot subjects in Physic^ and Philosophy;''
'' The Studies of Nature by St Pierre;'* <' Saurin's Ser-»
mens;'' <* Sonaioi's Tra;rds." Miscellaneous pieces and
sermona of bis own have been published since his deaths to
which are prefixed memoira: from the» the foregoing par*>
tiqiuUurs bo^ve been taken. Dr. Hunter^ about 1196 or 7»!
bi^an ** A History of luoitdon and its Environs," whieh^
came. out in parts, but did little credit to him,, as he evi-
dently had no taleiits or reseajrob for a work of this de-^
scriptioa.*
HUNTER (WiLliUM> M. D.)» an eminent anatomist and:
physician, was bora May 23, 1718, at Kilbride in the-
county of Lanark. He was the seventh of ten ebildren e
* Gent. Mag. vol. LXXII.— Reel's Cyclopedia.
^ These were, John, Elizabeth, An- to London in 1743, with an. inteatioii
drew, Janet, James, Agnes, William, to study anatomy under bis brother
0on>thea, Isabella, and John. Of the William, but was prevented from pur-
sons, John the eldest, and Andrew* died soing thi« plan by ill bealtb, which in-
young; James, horn in 1715, was a duced him to return to Long Cald^r*
writer to the signet at Edinburgh, who, wood« where he died soon ^fter, aged
dislikingthe profession ofthe law, came 28 years; John, the yoiingeft» is tha
/
318 11 tl JJ f B
bf Jdhn and Agnes Hunter^ whd resided on a small es^e
in that parish, called Long Oatderwood, which had long^
been in the posseswion of his family. His grreat grand^^
father, byfais fiither^s side, was a younger son of r Hunter
of Hunterston, chief of the family of that name. Atth^
age of fourteen, his father sent him to the c<dlege of Qhats^^
gow ; where he passed five years, and by bis prudent be«-
haviour and diligence acquired the esteem of the profesaors^'
and the reputation of being a good scholar. Kh HAer
had designed him for the church, -but «be necessity of sub-
scribing to articles of &ith was to him a strong objection.
In this state of mind he happened to become acquainted'
with Dr. Cullen, who was then just established in practice
at Hamilton, nnder the patronage of the duke of Hamilton:
By the conversation of Dr. Culi^n,- he was soon determined
to devote himself to tlie profession of physic. His father's^
consent having been previously obtained, he went, in 17S7.
to reside with Dr. GuUen. In the &mily of this excellent
friend and preceptor he passed nearly three years, and
these, as he has been often heard ^to acknowledge, were
the happiest years of his life. It was then agreed, that be
•hould prosecute his medical studies at Edinburgh and
London, and afterwards return to settle at Hamilton, in
partnership with Dr. Cullen.
Mr. Hunter set out for Edinburgli in N6v. -1740, and
continued there till the following spring, attending the
lectures of the medical professors, and amongst Others thos6
of the late Dr. Alexander Monro. Hearrivedin London iif
the summer of 1741, and took* op his • residenci^ at Mr.
(afterwards Dr.) Smellie's, who was at that time an apothe^^
cary in Pall-mall. He brought wiA him a letter of recorn-^
mendation to his countryman Dr. James Douglas, from Mr.
Fotdis, printer at Glasgow,, who had Ueen useful to the
doctor in collecting for him different editions of Horace.
Dr. Douglas was then- intent on a great anatomical work* on
the bones, which he did not live to complete, and was
looking out for a young man of abilities and industry whom
he might employ as a dissecter. This induced him to pay
particular attention to Mi:. Hunter; and finding him acute
subject of the ensuing article. — Of the James Baillie, D. D. professor ofdlrU
daughters, Elizabeth, Agnes, and Isa- niiy in the university of Glasgow, l^y
bdia, died young; Janet married Mr. whom she had a son Matthew Baitlie,
Buchanan of Glasgow, and died in now a very eminent physician, ati4
1749; Dorothea married the late ver. two daujjhtrrs.
H U N T £ IL 9t#
md sensible^ he after a short time iitvited htm itito his h^*
mily, to assist in his dissections, and to superintend the
education of bis son. Mr. Hunter barring commnaiGaited
this offer to his father and Dr. CuUen, the latter nsltdily
and heartily gave bis concurrence to^^it^ but his father,
who was very old and infirm, and expected his return with
impatience, consented with reluctance. His father did ndl
long survive, dying Oct. 30 following, aged 7S.>
' ' Mr. Hunter,, having accepted ^ Dr. Douglas's invitatioO|
was by hisfriendly assistance enabled to enter himself asa
surgeon^s pupil at St. George's hospital under Mr. James
Wilkie, and as a dissecting- pupil under Dr. Frank- Nichols,
who at that time taught anatomy with considerable reputa*
tkm. He likewise attended a course of lectures on expe«
rimental philosophy by Dr. Desaguliers. Of these* means
of improvement he did not fail to make a proper use. He
soon became expert in disseetton, and Dr. Douglas was at
tbe ex pence of having several of his preparations engraved.
But before many months had elapsed, he bad the hiisfor*
tune to lose this excellent friend. Dr.. Douglas died April
1, \74Qf in his 67th year, leaving a widow and two chiU
dren. The death of Dr. Douglas, however, made no
^ange in his situation. He continued (o reside with the
doctor's family, and to pursue his studies with the same
diligence as before. In 1743 he communkwced to the
royal society << An Essay on the StructcHre and Diseases of
articulating Cartilages." This ingenious paper, on a sub^
ject which till then had: not been sufficiently investigated^
affords a striking .testimony of . the rapid progress he had
made in his anatomical inquiries. As he had it in contem-*
plation to teach anatomy, his attention was directed prin<
cipally to this object ;- and it deserves to be mentioned as
an additional mark of his prudence, that he did not pre-
cipitately engage in this attempt, biit passed several years
in acquiring such a degree of knowledge, and such a col-
lection of preparations, as might insure himsuccess* After
waiting some time for a favourable opening, he succeeded
Mr. Samuel Sharpe as lecturer to a private society of sur«
geons in Covent-garden, began his lectures in their rooms,
and soon extended his plan from surgery to anatomy. This
undertaking commenced in the winter of 1746. He is said
to have experienced much solicitude when he began to
speak in public, but applause soon inspired him with cou-
rage ; and by degrees he became so fond of teaching, that
«*•
H y If T £ R«
£or many y^Ars \mfyre bis dfntb he was nevscr h^j^pmr tbM
wiien employed in deliYeriag a lecture.
The .pro&ta of bis two firtt cotHTses were considerables
but by contributing to the wants of different friends, be
found himself at the return of the next season^ 9Uiged.to
d^r his lectures for a fortnight, merely because he had
not money to ddray the necesaaiy espenoe of advertisi^
ments. This circumstance taught turn to be moi)e «eaenred
in this respect In 1747 he was admitted, a mraiber. of
the corporation of surgeons, and in the spciug (tf the Uk^
lowinfg year, soon after the close of his leotures, he set
out in company with his pupil, Mr* James Douglas, on- a
tour through Holland to Paris. His lectures sufiered no
interruption by thk journey, as he returned to England
soon enough to prepajre for his winter course, whidi began,
about the usual time. At first he practised both surgery
and midwifery, but the former he always disliked ; and,
being elected one of the surg^on-men-midwiYes first to the
Middlesex, and aoon afterwards to the British lying-in
hoapital, and recommended by se?eral of the most emi-^
neot ftttcgeoos of that time, his line was. thus determined.
Over his countryman, Dr. SaseUie, notwithstanding his
great experience, and the reputation he had jostly ac*
quired, he had a great advantage in person and address.
The most lucrative part of the practice of midwifery was
at that time in the hands of sir Rachard Manningham and
Dr. Sandys. The fi>rmer of these died, and the latter re«
tired into the country a few years after Mr. Hunter began
to be known in midwifery. AUboUgb by these incidents
he was established in the practice of OMdwiferyy . it is well
known that in proportion as his reputation increased, his
ofiinion was eagerly sought in all cases where any light
concerning the seat or nature of any disease, could be ex*
pected from an intimate knowledge of anatomy. In 17^0
he obtained the degree of M. D. from the university of
Glasgow, and began to practise as a physician. About
* Mr. Wation, F. R. S. who was
one of Mr. Hanter't earliMt pupils,
a^ponptnied him boiiM after hit ia-
trodoctory lacture. Mr. Uuoter» who
bad receired about seventy (uinead
from hit pupils, and bad got tbe nO-
ney ii| a bag under bia cloak* obterved
to Mr. Walton* tbat it was a latger
«um Uian be had ever been master of
before. Dr. Pulteoef , m.bi< ** Life ot
Linoaui," baa not tbougbt it. supeiw
flttous to reooid the slander begioninf
ftom which that graalaataralist rote tt
ease and aSioeoce in life. " Exivi
patria triginti sex nummis aiireisdives»"
are • Linn«us's own words. Anecdotea
of this sort deserTe to bo ffooorded» m
an encouragemeat to young men, who,
«ith great merit, happen to possesA
but tilde advantages (2 fortune.
HUNTER. iai
•
Ak lime he quitted the family of Mrs, Douglas, and went
to reside in Jermyn-street. In the summer of 1751 he
revisited his native country, for which he always retained
a cordial affection. His mother was still living at Long
Oalderwood> which was now become his property by the
doath of bis brother James. Dr. CuUen, for whoni he always
entertained a sincere regard, wais'then established at Glasgow.
During this visit, he shewed his attachment to his little
piateroal inheritance, by giving many instructions for re-*
pairiDg and improving it, and for purchasing any adjoining
laada thatmight be oflered for sale. As he and Dr. Cullen
were riding one day in a low part of the country, the lat-
ter poiYiting out to him Long Calderwood at a considerable "
cfistatdce, reoiarked how conspicuous it appeared. ^'Weli,'''
fakl he, with some degree of energy, ^* if I live, I shall
make it still more conspicuous.*' After his journey to
Scotland, * to which he devoted only a few weeks, he was
never absent from London, unless his professional en4
gagements, as sometimes happened, required his attend*
ance at a distance from the capitaL
In 1762 we find him warmly engaged in controversy^
supporting his claim to different anatomical discoveries, in
a work entitled *< Medical Commentaries,'* the style of
whieh it corr^t and spirited*. As an excuse 'for the tar-
diness with which he. brought forth this work, be observes
in his introduction, that it requited a good dealof time.'
* In hit **llediearCoiDiiieii(8riefy' ^ Mr. Mbgnezi in the iBeimd tditioo of
to which 8 *' Sappl«meotV was after- a work.entitled ** L'Ana^inie du Corpi
wanlfl added, he ;iapported the pr\or\tf der I'Homme eh abr^f ^,^* printed at
of hii diacoterjet: over thoie of > Or* Patia. Who may have first sncceeded
ifimvo, jon. proifeaior of anatomy at in a lacky iDJection» wen^ a niatter
£dinhorgh, in respect to the duets of scarcely worthy of contest; bat Dr.
the Inebrymal- s)ands» i^jectiops of the Hunter was extremely tenacious of any
taaMe, the erigtn and use o^tbe ly m- elaima of this kindt and would not anf»
phatic Tessela* and absorption by veins, fer the interference eren of his own
There is, however, sOme difficulty in brother. Some papers; in which a
adjintiag the claims of contemporary claim of Mr^ John Hunter, relative to
anatondists. The great doctrine of the tbe connection between the placenta,
absorbent action of the lymphatic sys* and nterus, was dfsputed by ihe doc*
tern, which is now fully received, at tor in 1*780, are preserved in the ar*
least by the anatomists of Oreat Bri-> 'chtves of the royal society, la the
taittf was taught and illnitrated at the *' Commentaries" there are alsO some
same time in' the fthools of London observations on the in»ensibi!ity of the
and'offSdinborgh, and'exeveijiedthein* dura mater, periosienm/ tendons, and
genolty of Hunter, > Monro, Hewson, ligaments, ar taught with some slight
Cmikshaakr and other anatomists. ' difference by ' Ualler ; and ijikewise
But Dr« SiiiSmOna baa shewn, that the «< Observations on the Sfat^ of the 1*estfs
prinoipal points of tHiis s]|i|^ni had inthePtetni, and on the Hernia Con-
heen itated no long ago as tT^, by genita, by Mr. John Hunter.'*
vou xvni. . Y
9^ h^ h^4 UttU lo 9par»e ; that tb# sul]|^t wis unpies*
fi^t, aqd theref^e be wa^ very 9iiJdQni in tii»e buiooar
^> uli^ it iup. In 17«29 ffrhea Q«f preseoi e^^^lent ^em
became p^egnaQjt, Dr. Hunter was cojoi^uliisAt And Iwo
year$ after be bad the bai>ptNr U9 be appointed {ri^yaiciao*
extraordinary to ber q^ajesty. Abput tbia tiioe bis aFQcta-
tiQQs were so t^um^PW, tbat be becwie desiooiM of lea**
p^niqg bis fadgue^ «iid baTiog noticed tbe ingenuity and
asaidwu;^ appTicaliofi ^f ^ Is^e Mr» WilUam Kewa^iii;
F. K. S. who was tbeo one of bi« pupils, be engaged hiiOy
fir^t. a_9 ain a$ai3ta]94t, and afteniards as a partner in bis lee*
t^^s. This eoAne<Qtioii continued tiH 1770, wbeosooie
disputes happened) wbi^b termiaated in a separation^ (See
Hewson]. Mr« ^ewaoo was succeeded in the partnei^p
by Mr. Ci'pikahank, whoee anatomical abilities were de-
aervedly respeicted.
Ap^l 30) 17^7, Dr. Hunter was elected F. R« S. and the
year folio wifig Goa)Knupicated to that leaned body ^ ^^ Ohr
aervationsom tbe Bones commonly supposed to be Ele^
phants' bpneS) which hare been found near the river Ohio
in AmerM^a^i^' This was not the only subject of natural
history on whicb Dr. Hunter employed his pen ; for in a
aubs^qiient froluipe of the ^^ Philosophical Transactions)^
we find bi^A offering his ^* Remarks on isome Bones foiamd
m the BocfL of Gibraltar,'' which he proves to have be-
longed to some quadruped. In the same work| likewise^
he published an account of the NyUghau, an Indian ani-
mal not described before, and which, from its strength
and swiftness, promised, he thought, to be an useful ac-
quUition to this country.
In 1768, Dr. Hunter became F« S. A. and the sam^
year, at the institution of. a royal academy of arts,, he was
appointed by bis majesty to the office of professor of ana-
tomy. This appointmeat opened a new field for his abl-
lities ; and he engaged in it, as he did in every other pur-
suit of his life, with unabating zeal. He now adapted his
anatomical knowledge to the objects of painting and sculp-
ture; and the novelty and justness of hi^s observations
proved at once the readiness and tb^ extegil of his genius.
In January 1781, be was unani&ously elected to sue*
ceed the late J^r. John Fothergill as president of tbe so-
cietjr of physicians of London. ^^ He was one of those,'*
says Dr. 8immons» ^ to #hom we are indebted for iis^
H U N T E |L 319
-^aUitboieiiti «nd our gral^fM 4<»fcnow)<^gmeBlf wm dfae
lobittfor bU zealous en^eay^^urs to ffromote the Viberpl
views of tUfl institution, hy^rend^rtng it a source of matuaV
inproveiiaidntjy and thus making it ultimately useful to tbe
jpiiblie.** As bis came and t^ilents were knovm and re-
peeled ia eirery part of Europe, so the honours conferred
etf fain were not limited to his own country. In 1790 tbe
fc^fal m^Kcal society at Paris elected him one. of their fb-
weiga asseeiates; and in 1782 he received a similar mark
of distinction from the royal academy of sciences in itbat
eiigr« We coose now to the most splendid of Dr. Hunter^s
'iMdksal publications, ^^ The Anatomy of tbe Human Gra-
Vid Uterus.'^ The appearance of/ this work, which bad
been begun so early as 1751 (at which time ten of the
thirty*four plates it contains were completed), was re-
tarded till 1775, only by the autlior's desire of sending it
into the world with fewer imperfections. This greli^ work
ii dedicated to the king. In his preface to it we find the
antbor very candidly acknowledging, that in most of tbe
dissections be had been assisted by his brothet, Mr. John'
Hunter. This anatomical description of tbe gravid nterns,
wes not the only work which Dr. Hunter had in contem-
pktton te give to tbe public. He had long been em*
l^egred in oellecting and arranging materials for a biS"
tery ei the rarions ooneretions that are formed in tbe hu^
mta body^ He seems to have advanced no further in tbe
execution of this design, than to have nearly completed
that |»art of it which relates to urinary and biliary concre-
jddna. Among Dr. Hunter's papers have likewise been
fbund two introductory lectures, which are written out so
lUrly, and with soch accuracy, that he probably intended
no further correction of tbem> before they should be
^en to tbe world. In. these lectures Dr. Hunter traces
the history of anatomy from the earliest to the present
limes, along with the general progress of science and the
artSb He eonsiders the great utility of anatomy in the
practice of pfaj^ic and surgery ; gives the ancient divisions
of tbe different substances composing the human body,
iwbich for a long time prevailed in anatomy ; points on|
the most advantageous mode of cultivating this branch of
natural knowledge; and concludes with explaining^ the
particular plan of his own lectures. Besides these MSS,. he
bis also left behind hkn a considerable number of cases- of
Y 2
SW HUNTER.
dbseotiolor^. *rbe same year in which th« tablet 1 of tb^
gravid uterus made their appearance/ Dr. Hunter coannti*
nicated to the royal society << An essay on the Origin of
the Venereal Disease.'* After this paper had been read
to the royal society, Dr. Hunter^ in a conversation with
the late Dr. Musgrave, was convinced that the testimony
on which he placed his chief dependence was of less
weight than he had at first imagined ; he therefore ^ery
properly lud aside his intention of giving his essay to the
public.
In 1777, Dr. Hunter joined with Mr. Watson in prei^
sentiug to the royal society << A short account of the latiqj
Dr. Maty's iUness, and of the appearances on dissection ;'*
and the year following be published his ** Reflections on
^e Section of the Symphysis Pubis.''
' We must now go back a little in the order of time, to
descrihe the origin and progress of Dn Hunter's Museum,
without some account of which these memoirs would b»
very incomplete. When be began to practise midwifery,
he was desirous of acquiring a fortune sufficient to place
him in easy -and independent circumstances. Before many
years had elapsed, he found himself in possession of a sum
adequate to his wishes in this respect ; and this he set apart
as a resource of which he might avail himself whenever-
age -or infirmities should oblige him to retire from business.
' He has been heard to say, that he once took a considerable
sum from this fond for the purposes of his museum, bjit
thiit he did not fed himself perfectly at «ase till he had
restored it again. After he had obtained this competency»^
as his wealth continued to accumulate, he .formed a laud*
able design of engaging in some scheme of public utility,*
and at first had it in contemplation to found an anatomical
school in this metropolis. For this purpose, about 1765.
during the administration of Mr. Grenville, he presented'
& memorial to that -minister, in which he requested the
grant of a piece of ground in the Mews for the site of an
anatomical theatre. Dr. Hunter undertook to expend 7000/.
on the building, and to endow a professorship of anatomy in
perpetuity. This schenie did not meet with the reception
«
* The work on the Gravid Utcrni tended to supply thif defect. It it eii»
• vai pnbliihed without a descriplire ac- titled ** Ad Aoatomical Description of
ceuqt. lu 1795, Dr. Bail lie publiBbed the Human Gravid Uterus, and its Con- «
from Dr. {lunter'a. pftpera, improved tenti. By theJate W. Htto]beri.M*D.^
by his own obfervationfy « book in« k,Ok and forms a Chin 4to.
M U N T E H. 325
{( deserved. In a conversation on this subject soon after-
wards with the earl of Shelburne^ his lordship expressed a.
wish that the plan might be carried into execution by sub«
scription, and very generously requested to have bis name .
set down for 1 000 guineas. Dr. Hunter's delicacy would
not allow him to adopt this proposal. He chose rather to
execute it at his own expence, and accordingly purchased
•8 spot of ground in Great Windmill-street, where he erected
a spacious house, to which he removed from Jermyn-street
in 1770. In this building, besides a handsome amphi-
theatre and other convenient apartments for his lectures
itod dissections, there was. one magnificent room, fitted up
with great elegance and propriety as a museum.
.Of the magnitude and value of bis anatomical collection,
some idea may be formed, when we consider the grea^
length of years he employed in making anatomical prepa-.
nations, and in the dissection of morbid bodies ; added to
the eagerness with which he procured additions, from the
Qollections that were at different times offered for sale in
London. His specimens of rare diseases ,were likewise,
frequently increased by presents from his medical friends
and pupils, who, when any thing of this sort occurred to.
them, very justly thought they could not dispose of it
more properly than by placing it in Dr. Hunter's museum.
Before his removal to Windmill-street, he had confined.
bis collection chiefly to speci(nens of human and ppmpa-
rative anatomy, and of diseases ; but now h^ extended his
views to fossils, and likewise to the branches of polite li-*
terature and erudition. In a short space of time he be-
came possessed of ^^ the most magnificent treasure of Greek
and Latin books that has been accumulated by any person
now living, since the days of Mead.'' A cabinet of an*
cient . medals contributed likewise greatly to the richness
of his museum. A description of part of the coins in this
cdllection, struck by the GTreek free cities, has been pub-
lished by the doctor's learned friend Mr. Combe, under the
title of " NuDnfmorum veterum populorum & urbium qui
in museo Gulielmi Hunter asservantur descriptio figuris
illustrata. Opera & studio Caroli Combe, S. R. ^ S. A.
8oc. Londini," 1783, 4to. In a classical dedication of
this elegant volume to .the queen, Dr. Hunter acknpw«
ledges his obligations to her majesty. In the preface,
some account is given of the progress of the collection,
which bad been brought together since 1 770, with sin«
5M HUNTER.
gukr taste^ and at the expence of upwards of SO^o6o/t^'
In 1761, the museum received a valuable addition of shells^
corals, and other curious subjects of natural bistorj, which
bad been collected, by the late Dr. Fothergiil, who gave
directions by his will, that his collection should be ap*
praised after his death, and that Dr. Hunter should have
the refusal of it at 500/. under the valuation. This wM
accordingly done,- and Dr. Hunter purchased it for the
sunsi of 1200/.
Dr* Hunter, at the head of his profession, honoured with
the esteem of his sovereign, and in the possession of every
thing that his reputation and wealth could confer, seemed
now to have attained the i^ummit of his wishes. But these
sc^urces of gratification were embittered by a diq>08ition
to thq gout, which harassed him frequently during the
latter p^rt of his life, notwithstanding his very abstemious
manner of Jiving. About ten years before his death his
health was so much impaired, that, fearing he might soon
become unfit for the fatigues of his profession, he began
to think of retiring to Scotland. With this view he re-
quested his friends Dr. CuUen and Dr. Baillie, to look out
for a pleasant estate for him. A considerable one, and
such as they thought would be agreeable to him, was of<*
fered for sale about that time in the neighbourhood of
Alloa. A description of it was sent to him, and met with
his approbation : the price was agreed on, and the bargain
supposed to be concluded. But when the title-deeds of
the estate came to 'be examined by Dr. Hunter's counsel
Jn London, they were found defective, and he was advised
not to complete the purchase. After this he found the
expences of his museum increase so fast, that he laid aside
ail thoughts of retiring from practice.
This alteration in his plan did not tend to improve his
health. In the course of a few years the returns of his
gout became by degrees more frequent, sometimiss af«
fecting his limbs, and sometimes his stomach, but seldoin
remaining many hours in one part. Notwithstanding this
valetudinary state, his ardour seemed to be unabated. In
the last year of his life he was as eager to acquire new
credit, and to secure the advantage of what he had before
gained, as he could have been at the most enterprising
part of his life. At length, on Saturday, March 15, 17S3,
after having for several days experienced a return of wwx^
derlng gout, he complained df great l^d-ache and naused«
HUNTER. S$t
Iii'diis 8tMe be went to bed, and for sereral days fUt more
p&in than usual, bdfh in his flt^ommch and limbs. On xM
Thursday foUov^ing he found himself so much recon^red,
that he determined to give the introductory lecture to th#
operations of surgery. It was to no purpose that his
friends urged to . him the imprbpriety of such aw ^ttempt^
He was determined to make the experiment, and accord*
ingly delivered the lecture; but towards the condosiort, his
strength was so eashausted that he fainted away^ and was
obliged to be carried to bed by two servants. The fo}*
lowing night and day his symptoms were such' as indicated
danger ; and on Saturday morning Mr. Combe, who ittadiik
bim an early visit, was alarmed on being told by Br. Hun-
ter himself, that during the night he had certainly had il
^uraly tic stroke. As neither his speech nor his pulse were
affected, and he was able to. raise himself in bed, Mr;
Combe encouraged him to hope that he was mi^takem
But the event proved the doctor's idea of his Qdmplmnt to
be but too well founded ; for from that time till his death,
which happened on Sunday March 30, he voided no urine
without the assistance of the catheter, which was occa-
sionally introduced by his brother ; and purgative medi-
cines were administered repeatedly, without procuring a
passage by stool. These circumstances, and the absence
of pain, seemed \o shew that the intestines and bladder
had lost their sensibility and power of co'ntractton ; aYld it
was reasonable to presume, that a partial palsy had affected
the nerves distributed to those parts. The tatter moment!^
of his life exhibited a remarkabm instance of calniness and
fortitude. Turning to his friend Mr. Coihbe, ^' If I had
streiigth enough to hold a pen,*' said he, ^' I would write
how easy and pleasant a thing it is to die.''
By bis will, the use of his museum, utider the direction
of trustees^ devolved to his nephew Matthew Baillie, and
in case of his death, to Mr. Cruikshank, for the term of
thirty years, at the end of which period the whole collec-
tion was bequeathed to the university of Glasgow, but Dr.
Baillie removed it to its destination some years before the
completion of that term. The sum of BOOO/. steriiog was
left as a fund for the support and augmentation of the col-
lection. The trustees were. Dr. George Fbrdyce, Dr. Da-
tid Pitcairne, and Mr. Charles (since Dr.) Combe, to each
of whom Dr. Hunter bequeathed an annuity of 30/. for
thirty years, that is, during the period in which they
SS8 HUNTER.
would be executing the purposes of the will. Dr« Hmit^
likewise bequeathed an annuity of 100/. to bis sister Mrs^
Baillie, during her life, and the sum of 2000/L to each of
her two daughters. The residue of his estate and effects
went to his nephew. On Saturday April 5, his remaius
were interred in the rector's vault of St^ James's church,
Westminster.
Of the person of Dr. Hunter it may be observed that he
was regularly shaped, but of a slender make, and rather
below a middle stature. There are several good portraits
of him extant. One of these is an unfinished paiiitiog by
Zoifany, who has represented him in the attitude of giving
a lecture on the muscles at the royal academy, surrounded
by a groupe of academigiaiis. His manner of living was
extremely simple and frugal, and the quantity of his food
was small as well as plain. He was an early riser, and
when business was over, was constantly engaged in his
anatomical pursuits, or in his museum. There was some-v
thing very engaging in his manner and address, and he ha4
such an appearance of attention to bis patients when he
was making his inquiries, as could hardly fail to conciliate.,
their confidence and esteem. In consultation with his me?
dical brethren, he delivered his opinions with diffidenee
and candour. In familiar conversation he was chearful and
noassumiogt All who knew him allowed that he possessed
an excellent understandingf, great readiness of perception,
a good memory, and a sound judgment. To these intel-
lectual powers be united uncommon assiduity and preci-
sioD, so that he was admirably fitted for anatoniical inve^*
tigation. As a teacher of anatomy, he was long and- de-
servedly celebrated. He was a good orator, and iiaving %
clear and accurate conception of what he taught, he knew
how to place in distinct and intelligible points of view
the. most abstruse subjects of anatomy and physiology.
How much he contributed to the improvement of medical
science in general, may be collected from the concise view
we have taken of his writings. The munificence he dis«
played in the cause of science has likewise a claim to our
applause. Dr. Hunter sacrificed no part of his time or his
fortune to voluptuousness, to idle pomp, or to any of the
common objects of vanity that influence the' pursuits of
mankind in general. He seems to have been imimated
with a desire of distinguishing himself in those things which
u^G in their nature laudable ; and being a bachelor^ s^qd
HUNTER. $2^
withodt views of establishiag a family , he was at liberty to
indulge his ioclioation. Let us, therefore, not withhold
the praise that is due to him ; and undoubtedly his tem-
perance, his prudence, his perscTering and eager pur*
suit of knowledge, constitute an example which we may^
with advantage to ourselves and to society, endeavour to
imitate.'
HUNT£R (JOHK), younger brother of Dr. Hunter, one
of the most profound anatomists, sagacious and expert
surgeon^, and acute observers of nature, that any age has
produced, was born at Long Calderwood, before-meu-
tioned, July 14, 1728. At the age of ten years he lost
his ftLthkr, and being the youngest of ten children, was
sufiered to employ himself in amusement rather than study,
though sent occasionally to a grammar-school. He had
reached the age of twenty before he felt a wish for more
active employment ; and bearing of the reputation his bro-
ther William had acquired in London as a teacher of ana*
tomy, made a proposal 'to go up to him as an assistant.
His proposal was kindly accepted, and in September 174S
•he arrived in London. It was not long before his dispo«
sition to extei in anatomical pursuits was fully evinced,
and his determination to proceed in that line confirmed
and approved. In the summer of 1749 he attended Mn
Cheselden at Chelsea-hospital, and there acquired the rqh*
diments of surgery. In the subsequent winter he was so
fat: advanced in the knowledge of anatomy, as to instruct
his brother's pupils . in dissection ; and from the constant
occupation of the doctor in- business, this- task in future
devolved almost totally upon him. In the summer oi n^O
he again attended at Chelsea, and in 1751 became a pupil
at St. Bartholomew's, where he constantly attended when
any extraordinary operation was to be performed. After
having paid a visit to Scotland, he entered as a gentleman
commoner in Oxford, at St Mary-hall, though with what
particular view does not appear. His professional studies,
however, were uot interrupted, for in 1754 he became a
pupil at St George's hospital, where in 1756 he was ap*
pointed house-surgeon. In the winter of 1755, Dr. Hunter
admitted him to a partnership in his lectures. /
The management of anatomical preparations was at this
time a new art, and very little known ; every preparation,
t Life of Dr. Huoter, by tbt late S. F. Simmons, M. D. F. R. S. published in
no H U N T E B.
thereftiey that was skyfally vrndcy iMcaiM aa» object of
admiration ; many were wantrng for the use of the leotuYea^
and Dr. Hunter having himself an entbusiasmt for the aitv
his brother had every advantage in die proseoation oi duR
pursuit towards which his own disposition pointed- so
strongly ; and of which he left so noble a monument in
his Museum of Comparative Anatomy. Mr. Hunter par*
sued the study of anatomy with an ardpat and perseveranpe
of which few examples can be found. By this dose appli*
eation for ten years> he made himself master of all that
was already known, and struck out some additions to that
knowledge. He traced the ramifications of the oUaetoirf
nerves upon the membranes of the nose, and discovered
the coarse of some of the branches of the fifth pair of
nerves. In the gravid uterus, he traced the Arteries of
she uterus to their termination in the placenta. He
also' discovered the existence of the lymphatic vessels ie
birds. In comparative anatomy, which he cultivated with
indefatigable industry, his grand object was, by examining
various organizations formed for similar functions, undeir
different circumstances, to trace out the general principlei
of animal life. With; this object in view, the commonest
animals were often of considerable importance to him ; but
be also took every opportunity of purchasing those that
were rare,^ or encouraged their owners to sell the bodies
to him when they happened to die.
By excessive attention to these pursuits, his health was
so much impaired, that he was threatened with consump*^
tive symptoms, and being advised, to go abroad, obtained
the appointment of a surgeon on the staff, and went with
the army to Belieisle, leaving Mr. Hewson to assist his
brotjh^. He continued in this service till the close of the
war in 176S, and thus acquired his knowledge of the na-
ture and treatment of gun-shot wotinds. On his return ^to
London, to his emoluments from private practice, and his
balf'^pay, he added those which arose from teaching prac*'
tical anatomy and operative surgery ; and that he might
be more enabled to carry on his inquiries in comparative
anstomy, he purchased some la^nd at EarPs-court, near
Brompton, where he built a house. Here also he kept
such animals alive as he purchased, or were presented to
him ; studied their habits and Instincts, and cultivated an
intimacy with them, which with the 6ercer kinds was not
always supported Without personal risk. It is recorded by
BUNTKR. m
bin biogra|iiier^ tbat, on finding tma l«opardi loose, Mi
Iftoly to escape or be killed, he went oot, aivd seiimig^
tbem with his own hands, cairried them back to^ their deiib
The horror he felt afterwards at the danger he bad mn,
would noty probably, hare prevented btsi from making- si
similar effort, bad a like occasion arisen.
On the 5tb of February, 1767, Mr. Hunter was elected
Si fellow of tbe royal society ; and in order to make that
situation as productive of knowledge as possible, be pre-
vailed on Dr. George Fordyce, and Mr. Gumming (the
celebrated watch-maker) to form a kind of subsequent
meeting at a coffee-house, for the purpose of philosophical
discussion, and inquiry into discoveries and improvements*
To this meeting some of the first philosophers of the age
very speedily acceded, among whom none can be morn
conspicuous than sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Solander, Dn
Maskelyne, sir Geo. Shuckburgb, sir Hairry Englefield, sir
Charles Blagden, Dr. Nootbe, Mr. Ramsden, and Mr.
Watt of Birmingham. About the same time, the accident
of breaking his terido AchUlis^ led him to some very sue*
cessful researches into the mode in which tendidns are re*
united ; so completely does a true philosopher turn every
accident to the advantage of science. In 1768, Dr. Hun-
ter having finished his house m Windmill-street^ gave up
to his brother that which he had occupied iii Jermyn-streei;
and in the same year, by tbe interest of the doctor, Mr. .
Hunter was elected one of the surgeons to St. George's
hospital. In 1771 he married Miss Home, the eldest
'daughter of Mr. Home, surgeon to Burgoyne's regiment
of light^horse, by whom he had two sons and two daugh-
ters. In 177S he undertook the professional education of
his brother-in-law Mr. Everard Home, then leaving West-
minster-school, who has assidoonsly pursued bis steps,
ably recorded his merits, and successfully emulates bis re*
putation.
As tbe family of Mr. Hunter increased, his practice and
character also advanced; but the expence of his collec*^
tion absorbed a very considerable part of bis proBts. The
best rooms in his bouse were filled with his prepara-
tions ; and his mornings, from sun -rise to eight o'clock,
«rere constantly employed in anatomical and philosophical
pursuits. The knowledge which he thus obtained, he ap«>
plied most successfully to the improvement of the art of
snidery ; was particularly studious to examine morbid
S32 HUNTER.
bodies, .and te investigate the caiise of failure when ppera^
tions bad not been productiv:e of their due effect. It. was
thus that he perfected the mode. of operation for the h]r-
droceie, and made several other improvements of different
kinds. At the same time the volumes of the Philosophical
Transactions bear testimony to his success in comparative
anatomyi which was his favourite, and may be called al-
most his principal pursuit When he met with natural
appearances which could not be preserved in actual pre*
patations, he employed able draughtsmen to represent
them on paper; and for several years he even kept one in
his family expressly for this purpose. In Jan. 1776, Mr.
Hunter was appointed surgeon-extraordinary to his ma-
jesty. In the autumn of the same year, he bad an illness
of so severe a nfiture, as to turn his mind to the care of a
provision for his family in case of his decease ; when, con-^
sidering that the chief part of his property was vested in
his collection, he determined immediately to put it into
such a state of arrangement as might make it capable of
being disposed of to advantage at his death. In this he
happily lived to succeed in a great measure, and finally
left his museum so classed as to be fit for a public si-
tuation.
Mir. Hunter in 1781 was elected into the royal society of
sciences and belles lettres at Gottenburg; and in 1783,
into the royal society of medicine, and the. royal academy
of surgery at Paris^ In the same year he removed from
Jermyn-street to a larger bouse in L^eicester^square, and,
with more spirit than consideration, expended a very great
sum in buildings adapted to the objects of his pursuits.
He was in 1785 at the height of his career as a surgeon,
and performed some opeifations with v complete success,
which were thought by the profession to be beyond the
reach of any skill. His faculties were now in their fullest
vigour, and his body su£Scientiy so to keep pace with
the activity of his mind. H<e was engaged in a very
extensive practice, he was surgeon to St. .George's hos-
pital, be gave a very long course of lecture^ in the*
winter, had a school of practical anatomy in his house,
was continually engaged in experiments concerning th^
animal oeconodiy, and was from time to time producing
very important publications; At ihe s^me time he in-
stituted a medical society called <^ Lyceum Medicum
Xondinense,'* which met at his lecture-rooms, apd soon
J
a U N T E R. SSS
xbse' to considerable reputation; Qh thel death of Mr.
Middteton,' surgeon-general, in 1786, Mr. Hunter obtained
the appointment of deputy surgeon-general to the army ;
but in the spring of the year he had a violent attack of ill-
Qiess, which left him for the rest of his life subject to pe-
culiar and violent spasmodic adections of the heart. In
July 1787, he was chosen a member of the American phi«
losophical society. In 1790, finding that his lectures oc-
cupied too much of his time, he relinquished them to hit
brother-in-law Mr. Home ; and in this year, on the death
of Mr* Adair, he was appointed inspector -general of hps*
. pitals, and surgeon-general of the army. He was also
elected a member of the royal college of surgeons in
Ireland.
.. The death of Mr. Hunter was perfectly sudden, and the
consequence of one of those spasmodic seizures in the
heart to which he had now for several years been subject.
It happened on the 16th of October, 1793. Irritation of
mind had long been foundto bring on this complaint ; and
on that day, meeting with some vexatious circumstances at
St. George's hospital, he put a degree- of constraint upon
himself to suppress bis sentiments, and in.that state went
into another room ; where, in turning round to a physician
who was present, he fell, and dnstantly expired without a
groan. Of the disorder which produced this effect, Mr.
Home has given a clear and circumstantial account, of a
very interesting nature to professional readers. Mr. Hun-
ter was short in stature, but uncommonly strong, active,
and capable of great bodily exertion* The prints of him
by. Sharp, froni a picture by sir Joshua Reynolds, give a
forcible and accurate idea of his countenance. His tem-
per vras warm and impatient ; but his disposition was can-
did and free from reserve, even to a fault. He was super
rior to every kind, of artifice, detested it in others, and In
er^er to iavoid it, expressed bis exact sentiments, sometimes
too openly and too abruptly. His mind was uncommonly
active ; it was naturally formed for investigation, and so
attached to truth and fact, that he despised all unfounded
speculation, and proceeded always with caution upon the
•olid ground of experiment. At the same time his acute-
ness in observing the result of those experioQents, his inge-
nuity in contriving, and his adroitness in conducting them,
enabled him to deduce from them advantages which others
weuld not have derired. It has been supposed, very
4$4 H U N T E 1*
falsely, that he was fond of hypothesM ; on iW oonteftfff if
be was defective in any talent, it was in tbat of imq^a-
tion ; he pursued truth on all oocasiOins with malheioatieid
precision, but he made no fanciful exeursiMs. Coiivnr-''
sation in a mixed company, where no smbyect could lie
connectedly pursued, fatigued instead of amuaifig him ;
particularly towards the latter part of hia lUe. He ilept
little ; seldom more than four hoiurs in the ni^it, and
^bout an hour after dinner. But his occupations, laboriotiii
as they would have been to others, were far from being
fatiguing to him, being so perfectly congenial to his mitidL
He spoke freely and sometimes harshly of his contemfM^
raries ; but he considered surgery as in its itifaacy, md,
being very anxious for its advancement, thought meanly df
those professors whose exertions to promote it were imeqaal
to his own. Money he valued no otherwise tiMUi «9 k
enabled him to pursue his researches; and in his&sesl; to
bene6t mankind, he attended too little to the interesis of
bis own family. Altogether he was a man such as few agos
produce, and by his great contributions to the stores <if
knowledge, will ever deserve the gratituda and veneratioii
of posterity.
The contributions of Mr. Hunter to the TransacttoMi &£
the Royal Society cannot easily be enumerated : his other
works appeared in the following order. 1. A treatise o^
^* the Natural History of the Human Teeth," 177 1, 4to; a
second part to which was added in 1778. 2. ^^ A treatt^
on the Venereal Disease,*' 1786, 4to. 3. ^^ObservatiMie
on certain Parts of the Animal CEconomy,'' 1786, 4co.
4.^^ A treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Giin«^
shot Wounds,'' 4to. This was a posthumous work,. oa!t
appearing till the year 1794 ; but it had been sent to the
press in the preceding year, before bis death. Thei» ^«
also some papers by Mr. Hunter in the ^^ Transactiims of
the Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chinir*
gical Knowledge," which were . published in, 1793. Tb^
collection of comparative anatomy which Mr. Hunter left
behind him, must be considered as a proof of talents^
assiduity, and labour, which cannot be. qpntem plated witi^'«>
out surprize and admiration. His attempt in this qoHeciion
has been to exhibit the gradations of nature, from tha
most simple $tate in which life is fou'nd to exist, up tp the
most perfect and complex of the animal creation, to oaaii
hioi^elf. By his art and care^ be has been able so ti^
BVVTEIL tM
txpote and preserve in a diied state, or la spvnu^ the
corresponding parts of animal bodies, that the Tarioos links
« JH the chain of perfectoess may be leadily followed and
dearly understood. They are classed in the followiiigr
order: first,, the parts constructed fiur motion; seoeodly,
the parts essential to animals as respecting their own
ieteroal economy ; thirdly, parts superadded for purposes
eoncemed with externsl objects ; fourthly, parts designed
for the prepsgation of the species, aud the maintenance
and preservation of die young. To go finrther into diese
particttliMrs, would lead us to a detail inconsistent with die
nature of this work ; but they are of the most curious
hind, end may be &uiul described in a manner at once
elear atid iestructive, io the <^ Lile of John Hunter,*' from
whieb we have taken this account By his will, Mr. Hihi^
ter directed that this museum should be offered to the
pujfchaae of government ; and, after some negociation, it
was bought for the public use for the sum of 15,000/. and
gime to the Ccdlege of Surgeons, on condition of exposing
it to public view on certain days in the week, and giving a
set of annual lectures ezplanauory of its contents. A large
building for its reception has been completed in Portugal-
street, (Connected with the College of Surgeons, in Lin-
eoln's-inn fields; and in the spring of the year 1810 the.
first course of lectures was delivered by Mr. Home and sir
William Blizard.'
HUNTER (Robert, esq.), author of the celebrated
*' Letter on Enthusiasm/' and, if Coxeter be right in his
MS conjecture in his title-page of the only copy extant,
ef a farce called *^ Androboros.*' He was appointed lieu-
tenant-governor of Virginia in 1708, but was taken by the .
French in his voyage thither. Two excellent letters, ad«
dressed to colonel Hunter while a prisoner at Paris, which
reflect equal honour on Hunter and Swift, are printed in
the 12th volume of ^the Dean's, works, by one of which it
appears, tliat the" ^' Letter on Enthusiasm" had been
ascribed to Swift, as it has still more commonly been to
the earl of Shaftesbury. In 17 10 he was appointed gover-'
QOr of New York, and sent with 2700 Palatines to settle
there. From Mr. Cough's ** History of Croy land Abbey,"
we learn, that Mr. Hunter was a major-general, and th^t,
during-his government of New^York, he was directed- by
V Life by Bf j^rard Home.
we HUNTER.
her majesty to provide subsistence for about 3000 Pdstinei'
(the number stated in the alienating act) sent from Great
Britain to be employed in raising and manufacturing navaK^
stores; and by an account stated in 1734, it appears that
the governor had disbursed 20,000/. and upwards in that
undertaking, no part of which was ever repaid. He 're-
turned to Engrland in 1719; and on the accession of
George II. was continued governor of New York and the
Jerseys. On account of his health he obtained the ^o-
vernmeQt of Jamaica, where he arrived in February 1728 ;
died March 31, 1734 ; and was buried in that island.'
HUNTINGTON (Henry of), an ancient English his-
torian, was the son of one Nicholas, a married priest, and
was born about the beginning of the twelfth century^ or
and of the eleventh, for he infornis us that he was made
an archdeacon by Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, who
died in lli23. He was educated by Albinus of Anjou, a
learned canon of the church of Lincoln, and in his youth
discovered a great taste for poetry, by wjiting eight books
of epigrams, as many of love verses, with three long
didactic poems, one of herbs, another of spices, and a
third of precious stones. In his more advanced years he
applied to the study of history; and at the request of
Alexander bishop of Lincoln, who was his great friend
and patron, he composed a general History of England, '
from the earliest accounts to the death of king Stephen,
1154, in eight books, published by sir Henry Siavile. In
the dedication of this work to bishop Alexander, be tells,
us, that in the ancient part of his history he had followed
the venerable Bede, adding a few things from some other
writers : that he had compiled the sequel from several
chronicles he had found in different libraries, and from
what he had heard and seen. Towards the conclusion he
very honestly acknowledges that it was only an abridgment,
and that to compose a complejte history of England, many^
Inore books were necessary than he could procure. Mr.
Wharton has published a long letter of this author to his
friend Walter, abbot of Ramsay, on the contempt of the
world, which contains many curious anecdotes of the kings,
nobles, prelates, and other great men who were his. con-
temporaries. In the Bodleian library Is a MS Latin poem
by Henry, on the death of king Stephen, and the arrival
* Nichob's Bowyer.-^Biog. Drata.— Smfl's Works,
HUNTfiR. S37
of Henry II. in England, whi^h is by no means contemp-^
tible, and in Trinity college library, Oxford, is a fine MS.
of his book. " De imagine mundi." When he died is
uncertain.^
HUNTINGTON (Robert), a learned English divine^
W43 born; at Deorhyrst in Gloucestershire, where his father
was minister, in 1636. Having been educated in school
learning at Bristol, he was sent to Merton-coUege, Oxford,
of .which in due time he was choseh fellow. He went
through the usual course of arts and sciences with great'
applause^ and then applied himself most diligently to
divinity and the Oriental languages. 'The latter became
afterwards' of infinite service to him, .lor he was chosen
chaplain to thef English- factory at Aleppo, and sailed from
England in Sept 1670; During his eleven years* residence
in this plape, be applied himself particularly to search out
and procure manuscripts ; and for this purpose maintained
a correspondence with the learned and eminent of every
profession and degree, which his knowledgte in the Eastern
languages, and especially the Arabic, enabled him to do.
He travelled also for his diversion and improvement, not
only into the adjacent, but even into distant places ; and
after having carefully visited almost all Galilee and Samaria,
he went to Jerusalem. In 1677 he went into Cyprus; and
the year after undertook a journey of 150 miles, for the
sake of beholding the venerable ruins of the once noble
and glorious city of Palmyra ; but, instead of having an
opportunity of viewing the place, he and they that were
with him were very near being destroyed by two Arabian
princes, who had tdken possession of those parts. He had
better success in a journey to Egypt in 1680, where he
met with several curiosities and manuscripts, and had the
pleasure of conversing with John Lascaris, archbishop of
mount Sinai.
Id 1682 he embarked, and landed in Italy ; and having
visited Rome, Naples, and other places^ taking Paris in his
Way, where he stayed a few weeks, he arrived, after many
dangers^and difficulties, safe in his own country. He retired
immediately to his fellowship at Mi^rton college ) and in
1683 took the degrees in divinity. About the same time,
through the recommendation of bishop Fell, he was ap-
1 Nicolson's English Hist. Libra rj*.— Henry's Hist of Britain —Wharton's
Inglia Sacfa.— WaHoQ's Hkit. of Poetry.— Rery in Aogl. Scriptores dt Savile.
Vol. XVIII. Z
»»» HUNTINGTON.
poioted matter of Trinity G<rfleg^ in Dablin, and went
over thither, though agaiast his will ; bot the troables that'
iiappened in Ireland at the Revolution forced him baek f&t
a time into England; and though he returned after the'
recaption of that luDgdom^ yet be resigned his mastership
in 1 69 1^ and came home, with an intention to quit it na
pore. In the mean time be sold for 700/. his fine coHee^
tipn dl MSS. to the cuiators of the Bodleian libraiy ;
haTing before mad<e «, present of thirty* five* lo 1692 he
WAS pcesent^ by ^ir Edvfard Turnor to the rectory of
preat ]^llingbury in Essex, and the same year he married.
He was offered al^out that time the bishopric of Kilmore
io Ireland^ J>ut refiised it ; in ITOl^ however, he accepted
that of RapboiSy and was coiraecrated io Christ*chuicbt
Dublin, Aug. 2^0. He survived his consecration but twelve
days, fpx be died Sept. 2, in his 66th year, and was
buried m Trinity college chapel.
AU that he published himself was, '' An Account of die
Porphyry Pillars io Egypt,'' in the *^ Philosophical Trans*
actions. No. 161.** Some of his ^< Observations " are
printed in ^^ A Collection of curious Travels and Voyages,"
in two vols. 8vo, by Mr. J. Ray ; and thirty*nine of his
letters, chiefly written while he was abroad, were published
by Pr. T. Smith, at die eud of his life.^
HURD (Rxchaed), an eminent and accomplished pre-
late, was born at Copgreve, in the parish of Penkricb, ia
Staffordshire, Jan. 13, 1720. He was the second of three
children, all sops, of John and Hannah Kurd, whom he
describes as '^ plain, bonest, apd good people, farmers, but
of a turn of mind that might have hondUred any rank and
any education ;'' and they appear to have been solicitous
to give this son the best and most liberal education. They
vented a considerable farm at Congreve, but soon after
removed to a larger at Peuford, about half-way between.
Brewood and Wdverhampton in the same county. There
being a good grammax-school at Brewood, Mr. Hurd was
educated there under the rev. Mr. HUman, aud upon hia
death under his successor the rev. Mr. Budworth, wbona
memory our author affectionately honoured in a-dedar.aiion»
in 1757, to sir Edward Littleton, who had also been edu-f
i»ited at Brewood school. He continued under ibis ropi— ?e
care until 1733, when he was admitted of Emanuel college,
I iifo hj Dr. SoAiltb in Latin, Load. 1704, Sr«.»-«ios«
H'U R IX ii%
Canbridgje, but did not go to reside there till a yeacor two
ajterwarda.
lo this •college he bad the bftpptuess of beiog encouiagi^d
by, and hearing the lectures of, that excelleot tutor» Mr«
Henry Hubbard, although he had been admitted under
another person. He took the degree of B. A. in 1739,
proceeded M« A* and was elected fellow in 1742. In June,
of that yfsaf he was ordained deacon in St. Paul's cathedra^'
London, by Dr. Joseph Butler, bishop of Bristol and deaa-
Cff St. Paul's, on letters diniissory from Dr. Gooch, bishop,
of Norwicli; and;was ordained priest May 20, 1744, in the
chapel of Gonvile and Caius college, Cambridge, by the.
same Dr. Gooch.
. Mr, Hurd's first literary performance, as far as can .be.
ascertained, wots *^ Remarks on a late book entitled ^ An.
Enquiry intatfae rejection of the Christian miracles by the:
Heathens, by William Weslpn^ B.D.'" 1746. On the
peace of Aix<*la»Chapelle, in 1748, he contributed some
verses to the university collection of 1749. In the same
y^ear he took the degi:ee. of B. D. and published his ^* Com-
meatary on Horace?s Ars Poetica^,'' in the preface to
which he took 'Occasion to compliment Mr. Warburton in a
mapner which procured him the acquaintance of that au«
thor, who soon after returned the eulogium, in his edition
of Pope^s works, in which he speaks of Mr. Hurd-s Com-
mentary in terms of the highest approbation. Hence
acose an intimacy which remained unbroken during , the
DKbole of their lives, and is supposed to -have had a con-
siderabl/e' effect on the opinions of Mr. Hurd, who was
long considered as the first scholar in what has been called
the Warburtonian school. His Commentary was reprinted •
i^ 1757, .with the addition of two Dissertations, one on
the Province of the Drama, the other on Poetical Imitation^
a^d a letter, to Mr. Mason, on the *^ Marks of Imitation."
A fourth edition,, corrected and enlarged, was published in
3 vols. 8iiro. in 1765, with the addition of another Disser-*
'* This Commentary endeaTours to compliments to Colman, and thank him
«ftoblishy^ thai' Horace wfitei, in his for the handsome manner in which he
*< Alt of Poell^itf'' wiUi systematic or* has treated.me, ai|4 tell him thai^ I think
der and the strictest method ; an idea he is right." Drs. Warton and Beatiie
which has l>een combated by sereral ^were of the same opinion. Yet we
eritifli. Colnpan^ method of aeconnt* know not whether ali this much ilimi-
iii|^/or this epistle* published in 1783j nishes the Talue of Dr. Hurd*s perform^
is l&>nght preferable.. On that occa- ance as a piece of miscellaneous cri*
tioa Dr. Hard said to Dr. Douglas, the . ticism.
lite Visbop of SftGibury, " Give nqr
2 2
S40 H U R D.
tatioii on the idea of univers.al Poeti'y ; and the whole werr
ag^in reprinted in 1776. It is needless to add that they
fully established Mr. Hurd's character as au elegant, acute^
and judicious critic.
In May 1750, by Warburton^s recommendation to
Dn Sherlock, bisbop of London, Mr. Hurd was appointed
one of the Whitehall pfeachers. At this period the uni-
versity of Cambridge was distui'bed by internal divisions,
occasioned by an exercise of discipline against some of its
ihembers, who had been wanting in respect to those who
vrere entrusted with its authority. A punishment hav-
ing been inflicted on some delinquents, they refused
to submit to it, and appealed from the vice-chancellor's
jurisdiction. The right of the university, and those to
whom their power was delegated, becoming by this means
the subject of debate, several pamphlets appeared, and
among others who signalised themselves upon this occasion,
Mr. Hurd was generally supposed to have written ^^ The
Academic,, or, a disputation on the state of the university
of Cambridge, and the propriety of the regulations made
in it on the 1 1th day of May and the 26th day of June
1750, 8vo ;'' but this was, as we have already remarked, the
production of Dr. Green : Mr. Hurd, however, wrote
** The opinion of an eminent lawyer (the eari of Hardwicke)
concerning the right of appeal from the vice-chancellor of
Cambridge to the senate ; supported by a short historical
account of the jurisdiction of the university ; in answer
to a late pamphlet, intituled ^An Inquiry into the right
of appeal from the vice-chancellor, &c.' By a fellow of a
college,^' 1751, 8vo. This passed through three editions;
and being answered, was defended in '^ A Letter to the
Author of a Further Inquiry," 1752, 8vo. It is also pre»
served in the bishop's works.
In 1751, he published the '' Commentary chi the Epis«
tie to Augustus ;'' and a new edition of both Comments^
with a dedication to Mr. Warburton, in 1753. In 1752
and 1753, he published two occasional sermons, the one
at the assizes at Norwich, on '^ The Mischiefs of Entbu-^
siasm and Bigotry," and the other, for the charity schools
at Cambridge, neither of which has been retained in his
works. The friendship which had already taken place be-
tween Warburton and Mr. Hurd had from its commence-
ment continued- to increase by the aid of mutual good
offices } and in 1755 an opportunity offer^ for the latter
. H U R D, 541
to sheve the warmth of his attachment, which he did per*
liaps with too close an imitation of bis friend's manner.
Dr. Jortin having, in his ^^ Dissertations/' spoken of War*
burton with less deference and submission than the claims
«f an overbearing and confident superiority seemed to de-
mand, Mr. Hurd wrote a keen satire, entitled '^ The Deli-
•cacy of Friendship, a seventh dissertation ; addressed to
the author of the sixth," 1T55, 8vo. It has been said, that
iipon reflection, he was so little satisfied with the warmth
of zeal he had displayed pn this occasion, that he took
great pains to suppress this pamphlet. If so, it is difficult
to account for the eagerness with which it was brought for-
ward again in a new edition in 1788, by an eminent living
scholar, in a volume entitled ^* Tracts by Warburton and
a Warburtonian." It was this obtrusion, however, for
which it would not be easy to assign the most liberal mo*
tives, that probably induced the author in his latter days,
not only to acknowledge the tract, but to include it among
those which he wished to form his collected works.
Although Mr. Hurd's reputation as a polite scholar and
critic had been now fully established, bis merit had not
attracted the notice of the great. He still continued to
reside at Cambridge, in learned and unostentatious retire-
ment, till, in Dec. 1756, he became, on the death of Dr.
Arhald, entitled to the rectory of Thurcastdn, as senior
fellow of Emanuel college, and was instituted Feb. 16, 1757.
At this place he accordingly entered into residence, and,
perfectly satisfied with his situation, continued his studies,
which were still principally employed on subjects of polite
literature. It was in this year that he published* ^^ A Let-
ter to Mr. Mason on the Marks of Imitation," one of his
most agreeable pieces of this class, which was afterwards
added to the third edition of the " Epistles of Horace.'^
This obtained for him the return of an elegy inscribed to
bim by the poet, in 1759, in which Mason terms him ^' the
friend of his youth," and speaks of him aa seated in " low
Thurcaston's sequester'd bower, distant from ^promotion's
view." The same year appeared Mr. Hurd's ^* Remarks
on Hume's Essay on the Natural History of Religion.'*
Warburton appears to have been so much concerned in
this tract, that we find it republished by Hurd in the quarto
edition of that prelate's works, apd enumerated by him in
his list of his own works. It appears to have given Hume
some uneasiness, and he notices it in bis account of his
life with much acrimony.
«42 HUB'D.
In 175d, he published a volume of '^ Daalogiieft on nii-
eerity, retirement, the golden age of Elizabebb, and the
constitution of the Enghsh government,*' in 8vo, without
bis name. In this work be was thought to nnt among those
- writers who, in party language, are called conatitutional;
but it is^said that he made considerable' alterations in the
subsequent editions*. This was followed by his very en-
tertaining " Letters on Chivalry and Romance/' which with
his yet more useful ^* Dialogues on foreign Travel" <were
republished in 1765, with the author's name, and an escu-
lent preface on the manner of writing dialogue, under the
general title of *' Dialogues moral and polidcal." In the
year preceding, he wrote another of those. zealous tracts ia
• vindication of Warburton, which, with the highest respect
for Mr. Hurd's talents^ we may be permitted to say, ha^e
-added least %o his fame, as a liberal and courteous po-
lemic. This was entitled '* A Letter to the fiev.: Dr. Tho-
. mas Leiand, in which bis late ^ Dissertation on the prtn-
ciples of Human Eloquence' is criticized, and the iHshop
of Gloucester's idea of the nature and character of an in-
- spired language, as delivered in his lordship's Doctrine ef
Grace, is vindicated from all the objections of the learned
- author of the dissertation." This, with Mr. Kurd's other
controversial tracts, is republished in vol. VIII. of the late
* authorized edition of his works, with the following iineSy
by way of advertisement, written not long before his death
« «— ^' The controversial tracts, which make up this vokmaey
. were written and published by the author at different times,
as opportunity invited, or occasion required. Some sharp-
ness of style may be objected to them ; in regard to which
he apologizes for himself in the words of the poet :
— Me quoque pectoris
Tentavit in dulci juventa
Fervor —
— nunc ego mitibus
Mutare qusro tiistia.*'
With this apology, we return to his well-eaarned promo-
> tions. In 1762, he had the sine-cure rectory of Folktoo,
near Bridlington, Yorkshire, given him by the lord cban-
' ceUor (earl of Nortbington), on the recommendation of
* " Dr. Johnson, howeyer, wu vn- being archbiibop of Canterbury, Jobn-
villing to allow bim full credit Ibr big son said, ■ I am glad he did not go to
- political conversion. I nenioMher when Laabetb; for after all, I fear be ii a
.M iord^ 4e<;liii^'tht bo^onr of wbiginbisbesctV 9otveU*i JobMoa.
^*4»M
KURD. 3«
Mr. Allen of Prior-Park ; and in 1765, on the recommeh-'
4ation of bishop Warburtxin and Mr. Charles ¥orke, he
was chosen preacher of Lincoln's-inn ; and was collated to'
the archdeaconry of Gloucester, on the death of Dr.
Geekie, by bishop Warburton, in August 1767. On* Com-
mencement Sunday, July 5, 1768, he was admitted' D. I>.
at Cambridge ; and on the same . day was appointed to'
open the lecture founded by his friend bishop Warburton^
for the illustration of the prophecies, in which he exhibited
a model worthy of the imitation of his successors, flis
^^Tweive Discourses^' on that occasion, which had been,
delivered before the most polite and crowded audiences^
that ever frequented the chapel, were published in 1772^
imder the title of ^' An Introduction to the Study of thej
Prophecies concerning the Christian Church, and in parti-
cular concerning the Church of Papal Rome ;'' and raised^^
his character as a divinOi learned and ingenious, to an emi-
nence aknost equal to that which he possessed as a man of
letters ; but his notion of a double sense in prophecy, whicfa^
he in general supposes, has not passed witliout animadter-
aion. This volume produced a private letter tb the author
from Gibbon the historian, under a fietitious name, re-'
speeting the book of Daniel, which Dr. Ifurd answered ;'
md the editor of Gibbon's Miscellaneous Works having,
printed the answer. Dr. Hurd thought proper to include
bodi in the edition of bis works published siftce Ms- death'
(in 1811)« It was not, however, until, the appefeinince of
Gibbon's <^ Miscellaneous Works,'* that he dbcovereVl liie*
real name of his correspondent.
In 1769, Dr. Hurd published <<The Select Works of Mr.
Abraham Cowley," with a preface and notes^in l^vols. 8vo.
This has not been thought the most judicious of Dr. Hurd^ir
attempts, yet it was too fastidiously objected to^ as inter*
fering with the totality of Cowley's vfrork^. Dr. Hurd' had
no intention to sink the old editions; he only selected!
what he thought most valuable.
In 1775, by the recommendation of lord Mansfield, who'
had for some time cultivated his acquaintance, and badf ar
high esteem for his talents, he was promoted to the'
bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry, and consecrated^ Feb.
12, of that year. On this occasion he received, an el^gant^
and affectionate letter of congratuUtion from the memberti
of Emanuel college, to which he returned an equrfly ele«
gant and respectful letter of thanks. In this year he^edit^
S44 KURD.
a republication of bishop Jeremy Taylot^9 '^ Moral Demon-i^
strat'ion of the Truth of the Christian Religion/' 8vo ; and
. ^arly in 1776, published a volume of " Sermons preached
at Lincoln^s-inn/* which was followed afterwards by a se<*
cond and third. These added very greatly to the reputa-
tion he had derived from his sermons* on prophecy, and are
equally distiogpished by elegant simplicity of style^ per-
spicuity of method, and acuteness of elucidation. On June
5th of this year, he was appointed preceptor to their royal
highnesses the priuce of Wales, and prince Frederick, bow
4uke of York. Very soon after entering inta the episco-
pal office, appeared an excellent ^^ Charge delivered to the
» clergy of the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, at the
bishop's primary visitation in 1775 and 1776," and soon
after, his " Fast Sermon" for the •*' American rebellion,"
preached before the House of Lords. In; 1781 he. was
elected a member, of. the royal society .of Gottingen. It is
somewhat . rpm^rkable that he. did not belong to that of
ItOndon.
^ . On th^ death of the bishop of Winchester, Dr. Thomas,
in M^y 1781, bishop Hurd. received a gracious messi^e
from his majesty, with the offer of the see of Worcester
(vacant by the promotion of bishop Nprth to Winchester),
^ncl of the cler)(ship of the closet, in the room of Dr.
Thomas, both which he accepted. On his arrival at Har-
tlqbury castle, one of the episcopal seats of Worcester, he
resolved to. put the castle into complete order, and to
build a libriary, which was much wanted. 7'be library was
accordingly finished in 1782, and furnished with a co]lec-<
tion of books, the property of his lately deceased fri^d
bis^ipp Warburtqn, which, he purchased. To these he af-^
terwards ipade several considerable additions, and be«
quipatjied th^ whole of bis own collection. On the death of
Pr. CornwalH^, archbishop of Canterbury, in 1783, bishop
!l^ur4 had th^ o^er pf the archbishopric from his majesty,
with many* gracious expressions, and was pressed to accept
it : but be humbly bagged leave to decline it, ^^ as a charge
not suited to his temper and talents, and much too heavy
for hini to sustain, especially in these times," alluding to
the political distractions arising from a violent conflict be*
tween Mr. Pitt and Mr. Fox, and their respective sup*
porters. The king was pleased not to take offence at this
#^reedom^ and then to enter with Dn Hurd into some con*
^d^nti^l CQiiversatioa on the subject. ^^ I took the liberty,"
KURD. 345
said the good bishpp to Mr. Nichols, when relating this
afFairi ^^ of teiliDg bis majesty/ that several much greater
men than myself had been contented to die bishops of
Worcester ; and that I wished for no higher preferment.'*
In the end of February 1788, was published in 7 vols.
4to, a complete edition of the Works of bish(}p Warburton,
prepared by our prelate, but who did not publish the
*^ Life'' until 1795. In March 1788, a fine gold medal was
given to him by his majesty at the queen's house; the
king's head on one side ; the reverse was taken from the
bishop's seal (a cross with the initials on a label, I. N. R. I.
9,' glory above, and the motto below m m^lm)i which his
majesty chaqced to see and approved. The die was cut
by Mr. Buirch, and the medal designed for the annual
prize-dissertation on theological subjects, in the univer^
sity of Gottingen. In the summer^ of thp same year he
was honoured with a visit from their majesties at Hartle*
bury castle.
In 1795 the life of bishop Warburton appeared under
the title of ^^ A Discourse, by way of general preface to
the quarto edition of bishop Warburton's works ; contain*
' ingf some account of the life, writings, and character of
the author." Of this work, which excited no common
portion of curiosity, the style is pecpliarly elegant and
pure, but the whole is too uniform in panegyric not to
render the author liable to the suspicion of long-confirmed
prejudices. Even the admirers both of Warburton and
Hurd would have been content with less effort to magnify
the fpcmerat the expence of all his contemporaries; and
conscious that imperfection is the lot of all, expected that
age and reflection would have abated, if not wholly extin*
gui^bed, the unscholarlike animosities of former times.
But in this all were disappointed ; and it was with regret
they saw the worst characteristics of Warburton, his inve-
terate dislikes, bis strong contempt, and sneering rancour,
still employed to perpetuate his personal antipathies ; and
employed, too, against such n\en as Lowth and Seeker. If
these were the feelings of the friends who venerated War«
burton, and who loved Hurd, others who never had much
attachment to Warburton, or his school, found little difiB-
culty in accumulating charges of gross partiality, and illi-
beral language, against his biographer. This much may be
sufficient in noticing this life as the production of Dr. Hurd.
It will come hereafter to be more particularly tioticed as
^regarding Warburton.
V
84G H U K D.
The remainder of bi^op Hurd's life appeanr to iMfe
been spent in the discharge of liis episcopal dudes, asiar
as his increasing infirmities would permit ; in studious re-
tirement ; and often in iamentifig the loss of oM and tried
friends. So late as the first Sunday in February before his
death, though then declining in health and strength, he
tisas able to attend his parish church, and to feceive die
sacrament. Free from any painful or acute disorder, he
gradually became weaker, but his faculties continued per«
feet. After a few days' confinement to his bed, he ex-
pired in his sleep, on Saturday morning, May 28, ISaS^
Iiaving completed four months beyond his eighty-eighth
yean He was buried in Hartlebury church-yard, accord-
ing to his own directions.-^As a writer, Dr. Hurd's taste,
learning, and genius, have been universally acknowledged^
and although a full acquiescence has not been given in all
bis opinions, he must be allowed to be every where shrewd,
ingenious, and original. Even in his sermons and charges,
while hd is sound in the doctrines of the church, his argu-
ments and elucidations have many features of not elty, and
are conveyed in that simple, yet elegant style, which ren-
ders them easily intelligible to common capacities. Dn
Hurd's private character was in all respects amiable.
With his friends and connexions he obtained <?he best eulo-
gium, their constant and warm attachment ; and with the
world in general, a kind of veneration, which could neither
be acquired nor preserved, but by the exercise of great
virtues. One of his last employments was to draw up a.
series of the dates of his progress through life. It b to be
lamented he did not fill up this sketch. Few men were
more deeply acquainted with the literary history of his
time, or could have furnished a more interesting narra**
tive. Much of him, however, may be seen in his Life of
Warburton, and perhaps more in the collection of War-
burton's <' Letters'' to himself, which he ordered to be
f published after his death, for the benefit of the Worcester
nfirmary. Of this only 250 copies were printed, to cor-
respond with the 4to edition of Warburton's works, but it
has since been reprinted in 8vo.
Dr. Hurd was early an admirer of Addison, and akhoogh
afterwards seduced into the love of a style more flighty and
energetic, maturer judgment led him back to the favourite
of his youth. << His taste is so pure," Dr. Hurd says in a
letter to Mason, <'and his Virgilian prose (as Dr. Young
H U R D. ^€3
«lyl«6 it) 80 (exquisite, that I have but now found out, at
«the dose of a critical life, the full value of his writifi]gpB«**
This lettaer is dated 1770; and the author, whose life wm
.then for 'from, its eloae, employed his leisure hours tn pee*
iparing an edition of Addison^s works, which he left quite
•ready for the press. It. was published accordingly in tic
jbtsidsoine vohimes, 8vo^ with philological notes. These
are aceouuted for in a very short address prefixed in the»
words: << Mr. Addiaonis generally allowed to be the laoat
ASBnect and eiegantof all our writers ; yet some inaccunu-
loies of style have escaped hioi, which it is the clmf design
-of the fdllowiiig notes to point out A work of this sort,
(well easeeuted, would be of use to foreigners who study
!Our language ; and even to such of our countrymen as
:wirii to write it in perfect purity/' This is followed by an
jelegant Latin inscription to Addison, written in 18.05, by
<which we learn that he intended this edition as a mouu-
ment to Addison — *^ Hoc monumentum sacrum esto.'' In
/the same year^ 1810, a new edition of the works of bishop
:Warburton appeared, according to Dr. Hurd's ^directions ;
;8nd, for the first time, an edition of his own works, in 8
vols. 8vQ, consisting of his critical works, moral and poli-
tical dialogues, his sermons, and controversial tracts.'
HUKDIS (James),' an ingenious poet, and very amiable
man, the son of James Hurdis, gent was born at Bbhop-'
stone in Sussex in 1763. His father dying, and leaving
bis mqther in no affluent circumstances, with seven children^
seems tO:bave laid the foundation of diat extreme tender-
ness and liberality of brotherly affection which formed the
most striking feature in the character of Mr. Hurdis. He
iwas educated at Chichester school, where being of a delw
.eate. constitution, he seldom partook in the juvenile sporls
of his school companions, but generally employed his hours
.of leisure in reading. His inclination to poetry soon ap-"
.peared in various juvenile cpmpositions, and he contracted
at the same time a fondness for the sister art, music, which
ended.in his being a very considerable performer on several
: instruments* Before he left school, be nearly completed
the building of <in otgan, an instrument he preferred to all
others.
In 1780 be was entered a commoner of St. Mary*hall,
0;sfofd; and at the election in 1782, was chosen a demy
^ Mii)ttt«8 of his Life prefixed to bis Works.— Nichols's Bowyer«
348 H U R D I S.
of St Mary Magdalen college. Here his studies, wbiek
were close and uninterrupted, were encouraged, and his
amiable character highly respected, by Dr. -Home, presi-
<lent of Magdalen, and his successor Dr. Rooth, by Dr.
Sheppard, Dr. Rathbone, and others. About 1784 he weat
to Stantner in Sussex, where he resided for some consider*
able time as tutor to the late earl of Cbichester^s youngest
son, the hon. George Pelham, now bishop of £xeter. In
May 1785, having taken his bachelor's degree, be retired
to the curacy of Burwash in Sussex, which he held for six
years, but in the interiip, in 1786, was elected probationer
fellow of' Magdalen, and the following year took his mas-
ter's degree. Finding himself now sufficiently enabled to
assist his mother in the support of her family, he hired a
nnall house, and took three of his sisters to reside with
him. In 1788, he first appeared before the public as a
poet, in <^ The Village Curate," the reception of which
&r exceeded bis expectations, a second edition being
called for the following year. This poena, although per-
haps not highly finished, contained so many passages of
genuine poetry, and evinced so* much elegance, taste, and
sense, as to pass through the ordeal of criticism with great
applause, and to be considered as the earnest of future
and superior excellence. Such encouragen>ent induced
' the author to publish in 1790, his ^^ Adriano, or the first of
June," which was followed in a short time by his/^Panthea/*
^^ Elmer and Ophelia," and the '^ Orphan Twins," all which
were allowed to confirm the expectations of the public,
and place the author in an enviable rank among living
poets. These were followed by two publications, connect-
ed with his profession ; ^^ A short critical Disquisition on
the true Meaning of the word td'^l'^^Jly found in Gen. i. 21,
1790," and " Select critical Remarks upon the English
version of the first ten^chapters of Genesis." In 1791,
through the interest of the earl of Chichester, he was ap-
pointed to. the living of Bishopstone; and about the same
time wrote his tragedy of " Sir Thomas More," a poem of
considerable merit, but not intended for the stage. In
1792, he was deprived by death of his favourite sister Ca-
therine, whose jelegant mind he frequently pourtrayed in
his works, under the different appellations of Margaret and
Isabel. On this affliction he quitted his curacy, and re-
turned with his two sisters to Bishopstone. Here the
trouble of his mind was considerably alleviated by an affec«-
H U R D I S. S4^
Uonate invitation from his much- esteemed friend Mr. Hay*
ley to visit Eartham^wliere iie had the pleasing satisfaction
of- becoming personally known to Cowper, the celebrated
poet, with whom he had ' maintained a confidential corre*
spondence for some years.
In 1792, he published his '^ Cursory Remarks upon the
arrangement of the plays of Shakspeare, occasioned by
reading Mr. Malone's Essay on the chronological order of
those celebrated pieces ;" which showed that, he had be-» ,
stowed much attention on this curious subject In April
1^93, he w^nt to Oxford, and with two of his sisters, re«
8\cied in a small house at Temple Cowley. In November
of the same year, he was elected professor of poetry in that
university, and in the year following took the degree of
B, D. On being elected professor, he published a speci-
men of some intended lectures on. English poetry, and
meant to have published the lectures themselves, a few of
which he printed at a private press, but the scheme was
dr4^ped for want of encouragement. In 1797 he took his
degree of D.D. and in 1799, ni;arried Harriet, daughter of
Hughes Minet, esq. of Fulham, Middlesex. In 1800 be
published his ^^ Favourite Village," and the same year his
^'.Twelve Dissertations oi). the Nature and Occasion of Psalm
and Prophecy," 8vo, in which he displays much ingenvitj
and acumen, as in all his publications, but has in some in-
sUnces yielded too much to the hypotheses which arise
from a fertile in)agination, and are repugnant to the genius
of the Hebrew criticism, and the rules of Hebrew gram-
mar. Dr. Hurdis's fame seems indeed more solidly esta*
blished on his poetical than his critical works.
Dr. Hurdisdied Dec. 23, 1801, afterayery short illness,
in his thirty-eighth year, leaving a widow and two. sons,
and a posthumous daughter. He was buried, by his own
desire, at Bishopstone. As few men bore so excellent a
character in every station and duty of life, few have been
more generally lamented. In 1808, a correct and elegant
edition of his *^ Poems," in 3 vols, was printed at the uni-
versity-press, Oxford, encouraged by a very large list of
sabscribers. They have since been partly reprinted, and
are likely to retain their popularity.'
HURE (Charles), a French divine 6f some eminence,
was born at Champigny*sur-Youne, in 1639, the son of'a
1 Life prefixed by Miss Hurdis to the Oxford editfoa ofliis Poems.— Hay ley's
Life of Cowper.— 'Monthly Review, &.c.
ua H u R E;.
kinmren H« made it hift object to know eveiy thing: thalt
could throw any light upon theology ; and with tius iiioivvi
lie stodied^ the oriental laoguages* He was a member at
the learned -society of Port- Roy at, where, he imbibed al^
OQce bis* zeal for religion and for letters^ He was. afters,
wards professor of the learned Jangaages in the QRiversky
ci Parts, and principal of the college of Boncourt He^
died in 1717. There are exta^ by himi 1. A DictioDary <
of the Bible, 2 vob. folio^ less fiill,,and less complete^ tbaau
that of Calmety pLblisbed in 1715. 2. An edition of*the>'
Latii^ Testament, with notes, which are much esteemed^
2 vols. L2inow 3. ^^ A French translation of the former^
with the not^ from the Latin augmented, 17051, 4^1s#'
12mo. 4. << A Sacred Grammar,*' with rules for uoderf^
standing the literal sense of the Scripture. He was coa«
ddered as a Jansenist ; aad.by some.'said to be only Ques«'
nel a little moderated.*
HUS& (John), aoelebratedidivineiiDd martyr, was hmu*
at: a town in Bohemia, oaUed Huasemtz^ about 1376,. aiKt.
liberally educated in the university of Prague* Heare. her.
took the degree of B. A. iu 13931, and< tbattof master iiii
1^95 ; and we find him^ in 1400, in orders, and a minister
of a church in that city. About this time the writings of"
our countryinaii WicUiffe had spread themselves among
the Bohemians, which was owing to the foUowing cirettm*
stence : Queen Anrte, the wife of Riohar^ II* of England,
was daughter to the emperor Gbades IV. and sister to
Wenceslaus king of Bohemia, and Sigismund emperor of&
Germany. She was a princess of great piety, virtue, audi
knowledge, nor could she endure the implicit service andt
devotion of the Rpmish chureh. Her death happened in
1394, and her -funeral was attended by all tbe nobility of
England; She had patronized Wicklifie^ and after hev/
death, several of WicklifFe's books were carried by her at*
tendants jnto Bohemia, and were the means of promoting
the reformation there. They had also been carried into
the same country by Peter Payne, an Englishman, one of
his disciples, and principal of £dmund*ball. Fox mM«
tions another person, a young nobleman of Bohemia, wto
had studied some time at Oxford, and carried home with
htm several of Wickliffe's tracts. They were particulady
read by tbe students at Prague, among the chief ol whooi^
I Morcri.— Dkt. HisU
K
H U S S< ISt
Wis Huss; #)io, being much taken with Widkliffe^a hcn
lions, began to preach and write with great zeal a^^nat.
the superstitions and errors of the church of Rome. H^
succeeded so far,, that the sale of indulgences gradually
decreased among the Bohemians 5 and the pope's party 4^
claredy that there would soon be an end of religion, i£
measures were not taken to oppose the restless endeavours .
of the Hussites. With a view, therefore, of preventing ibis
danger* Subinco, the archbishop of Prague, issued forth,
two mandates in 1408 ; one, addressed to the members qC
the university, by which they were ordered to bring toge*-
ther all WicklifFe's writings, that such as were found to^.
contain any thing erroneous or heretical might be burnt ;
lihe other, to all curates and ministers, commanding themi
to teach the people, that, after the consecration of the.
elements in the holy Sacrament, there remained, nothing,
but the real body and blood of Christ, under the appeaiw<
mce of bread and wine* Huss, whose credit and authority
kt the university were very great, as well for bis piety and
learnings as on account of considerable services be bad
done, found no difficulty in persuading many of its mem<«
bers of the unreasonableness and absurdity of these man**
4ates: the first being, as he said, a pl^in encroachment
upon the liberties and privileges of the university, whose
members had an indisputable right to possess, and to read
all sorts of books ; the second, inculcating a most abomiop
able error* Upon this foundation they appealed to Gre«-
gpry XIL and the archbishop Subinco was summoned to
$,ome* But, on acquainting the pope that the heretical.
notions of Wickliffe were gaining ground apace in Bohe*
mia, through the zeal of some preachers who had read bis
bp.oks^ a bull was granted liim for the suppression of all
such notions, in hb province. By virtue of this bull, Su-
binco. condemned the writings of Wickliffe, and proceeded
aipsiust four doctors, who had not complied with his man.-*
dale in bringing in their copies. Huss and others,, who
were involved in this sentence, protested against thi^i pro-
cedure of the archbisbop, and appealed from him a second
time, in June 1410. The matter was then brought before
John XXIU. who ordered Huss, accused of many errons
and heresies, to appear in person at the court of Rome^
and gave a special commission to* cardinal Colonn^ to cite,
him. Huss, however, under the protection and counte-
nance of Wenceslaus king of Bohemia^ did not appear, but
352 * . H U S S.
sent three deputies to excuse his absence, and to aiisvr^f
all which should be alledged against him. Colonna paid
no regard to the deputies, nor to any defence they could
make ; but declared Huss guilty of contumacy to the court
of Rome, and excommunicated him for it. Upon this the
deputies appealed from the cardinal to the pope, who com-
missioned four other cardinals to examine into the affair.
These commissaries not only confirmed all that Colonna
bad done, but extended the excommunication, which was
limited to Huss, to his friends and followers : they also
declared him an Heresiarch; and pronounced an interdict
against him.
All this time, utterly regardless of what was doing at
Rome, Huss continued to preach and write with great zeal
ffgainst the errors and superstitions of that church, and in
defence of WicklifFe and his doctrines. His discourses
were pointed directly against the pope, the cardinals, and
* the clergy of that party ;. and at the same time he published
writings, to shew the lawfulness of exposing'the vices^ <rf
ecclesiastics. ' In 1413, the religious tumults and sedi«
tions were become so violent, that Subinco applied to
Wenceslaus to appease them. Wenceslaus banished Huss
from Prague; but still the disorders continued. Then the
archbishop had recourse to the emperor Sigismond, who
promised him to come into Bohemia, and assist in settling
the affairs of the church ; but, before Sigismond could be
prepared for the journey, Subinco died in Hungary. About
this time bulls were published by John XXHI. at Prague
against Ladisjaus king of Naples; in which a crusade wasf
proclaimed against that prince, and indulgences promised
to all who would go to the war. This furnished Huss^
who had returned to Prague upon the death of Subinco^
with a favourable occasion of preaching against indul-
gences and crusades, and of refuting these bulls: and
the people were so affected and inflamed with his
preaching, that they declared pope John to be Anti-
christ. Upon this, some of the ringleaders among the
Hussites were seized and imprisoned ; which, however,
was not consented to by the people, who were prepared
lo resist, till the magistrate had promised that no barm
should happen to the prisoners ; but the Hussites disco-
vering that these persons had been executed in prison^ took
up arms, rescued their bodies, and interred them bo-
nourably, as martyrs, in the church of Bethlehem^ which
H U S S. SA
Wis Huss's church. Huss, says Mr. Gilpin, discovered on
this occasion a true Christian spirit The late riot had ^
given him great concern ; and be had now so much weight
with the people as to restrain them from attempting any
farther violence, whereas, at the sound of a bell, he could
have been surrounded with thousands, who might have
laughed at the police of the city.
Matters were in this state at Prague and in Bohemia, till
the council of Constance was called; where it was agreed
between the pope and the emperor, that Huss should ap«
pear and give an acconnt of himself and his doctrine. The
emperor promised him security against any danger, and
that nothing should be attempted against his person ; upon
which he set oiit, after declaring publicly, that he was
going to the council of Constance, to answer the accusa*
tions that were formed against him ; and challenging all
people who had any thing to except to his life and converr
sation, to do it without delay. He made the same decla-
ration in all the towns through which he passed, and ar-
rived at Constance, Nov. 3, 1414. Here he was accused
in form, and a list of his heretical tenets laid before the
pope and the prelates of the council. He was summoned
to appear the twenty-sixth day after bis arrival ; and de-
clared himself ready to be examined, and to be corrected
by them3 if he should be found to have taught any doc-
trine worthy of censure. . The cardinals soon after with-
drew to deliberate upon the most proper method of pro-
ceeding against Huss ; and the result of their deliberations
was; that he should be imprisoned. This accordingly was
done, notwithstanding the emperor's parole for his secu-
rity ; nor were all his prince's endeavours afterwards suf*
ficient to release him, though he exerted himself to the
utmost. Huss was removed from prison to prison for six
months, suffering great hardships from those who had the
care of him ; and at last was condemned of heresy by the
x;ouncil in his absence, and without a hearing, for main-
taining that the Eucharist ought to be administered to the
people in both kinds. The emperor, in the mean time,
complained heavily of the contempt that was. shewn to
himself, and of the usage that was employed towards Huss}
insisting, that Huss ought to be allowed a fair and public
hearing. In pretended compliance with this, he was on.
the 5th and 7th of June 1415, brought before the council,
and permitted to say what be could in behalf of himself
T/L)U XVIIL A A
^^4 h u s s.
and his doctrines ; bat every thing was carried on wiilr
noise and tumult, and Huss soon given to anderstand tha*:
they were not disposed to hear any thing from bimbut a
recantation of bis errors; which, however, he absolutely
refused, and was ordered back to prison. On July 6, he
was brought again before the council, where he was con-
demned of heresy, and ordered to be burnt. The cerc*-
mony of his execution was this : he was first stripped of his
sacerdotal vestments by bishops nominated for thafptir-
po0e ; next he was formally deprived of his university- de-
grees ; then he had a paper- crown pat upon his bead,
painted round with devils, and the word heresiarch in-
scribed in great letters ; then he was delivered over to the
magistrate, who bui-nt him alive, after having first burnt
his books at the door of the diurch. He died with great
firmness a!>d resolution ; and bis ashes were afterwards
gathered up and thrown into the Rhir>e. His writings^
vi^hich are very numerous and learned, were collected into
a body and publislied, }558, in two volumes folio, under
this title, " Joannis Hiissi Opera, qua? extant.'* To pre-
serve his memory, it is said that the 7th of July was, for
many years, held sacred among the Bohemians. In some
places large fires were lighted in tbe evening of that day
upon the mountains, to preserve the memory of his suf-
ferings; round which the country people woukl assemble
and sing hymns. Huss, u4though a martyr for tbe opinions
of WickliflPe, did not imbibe tbe whole of then). He was
in most points a strenuous Calvinist, if we may anticipate
the epithet, but neither he nor Jerora of Prague denied
the real presence in the eucharist, *and transubstantiation*
It is said that at his execution he asked tbe excutioner^
** Are you going to burn a gooseV' (the meaning of Huss m
the Bohemian language) '^ In one century you will have
a swan you can neither roast nor boil." This was after-*
wards interpreted to mean Luther, who had a swan for bis
arms. Much of Huss^s writings are in Fox^ Gilptn, and
other ecclesiastical writers. ^
HUSSEY (Giles), U distinguished artist, was the sixtb^
but only surviving son and heir of John Hussey of Mam-
bull, esq. descended from a very ancient family, ainl was
bora at Marnhull (in Dorsetshire), Feb. lO, 17 lO. At
> Gilpin's Life. — Cave. — Freberi TheatrooBy &c.-— See u eBgrafhug ef \im
wedal, Gent A4ag. ?ol. LIX. p^ 1002.
H U S S E Y. i5S
seven years of age be was sent by bis father, wbo 5vas ^
Roman catholic, to Doway for his education, where be
continued two years. He then was removed to St. Omer'a,
where be pursued bis studies for three years more. His
father^ though willing to afford him some education, yet
designed bitn for trade; to which, perbs^ps, be was the
more inclined, as a near relation, in the commercial worlds
offered to take him under bis protection and care. Though
from a sense of parental authority, and filial obedience^
Mr. Hussey did not at first openly oppose this design, yet
it was so repugnant to bis natural turn and bent, that
be found his mind greatly embarrassed and perplexed^
but after some opposition, his father very wisely yielded
to bis song's request, to be permitted to follow the di-
rection of bis genius; and for that end he placed him
under the care and tuition of Mr. Richardson, the painter;
with whom he continued scarcely a month; revolting at
the idea and proposal of being kept in the bondage of
apprenticeship for seven years. He then commenced pu-
pil at large under one Damini, a Venetian artist, esteemed
one of the best painters at that time in England, with
whom be continued nearly four years. During this timQ
he was principally employed in copying pictures, and
finishing those of his master, whom be assisted in painting
the ornaments of the cathedral of Lincoln, During their
work, on a scaffold nearly twenty feet high, as Mr. Hussey
was drawing back to see the effects of bis pencil, be would
have fallen, bad not his master saved him as ingeniously
as affectionately, and at some risque to himself. Mr.
Hussey entertained such a sense of his master^s humanity
and kindness, that he could not bear the thought of being
separated from him, and therefore requested permission
of his father for Damini to attend him whilst pursuing bis
studies in Italy. This be obtained; and under the care
and direction of the Venetian, our young and inexpe-
rienced pupil set out for the seat of science and genius;
bending first bis course for Bologna. But, soon after their
arrival, the poor unsuspecting pupil found that one act of
friendship is by no means a sure pledge of another ; Da-
mini having in a few days decamped, taking with him all
bis pupils money and the best of his apparel. Mr. Hus-
Sey was, however, kindly relieved from this state of dis-
tress by signor Gislonzoni, who had been ambassador froni
A A 2 V
U§ H U S S £ Y.
tbe Statfs of Venice to the court of London, and now be«
came bis friend an^ protector.
Mr. Httssey prosecuted bis studies ai Bologna for three
JeVrs and a half, and then removed to Rome, where b^
as received with tbe most obliging courtesy by a cele*
t>rated artist, Hercule J^elli, who, refusing any coinpen-
satiofT, imparted to him in the roost friendly manner alt
that be knew of the arc. This did not entirely satisfy Mn
Hussey, who seems to have aimed at establishing somc^
fixed and unerring principles : hence he was led into^
search after theory, which ended, although he Inew no-
thing of music, in his adopting the ancient hypothesis of
musical or harmonic proportions, as being the goreroin^
principle of beauty, in all forms produced by art, andeTen,
by nature. Delighted with this discovery, as he thought
it, he continued his studies at Rome with increasing plea^
aore and reputation. At length, in 1757, be returned tO'
bis friends in England, with whom be resided till 1742^
when he went to London, whete he submitted to the drud^i
gery (as he used to call it) of painting portraits for his
s^ubsistence.
Whilst thus employed, our artrst met with great oppo:
sition and very illiberal treatment from those to wbomy
in the simplicity of his heart, he communicated bis prin-r
ciples, as well as from those whose professional pride was-
piqued, and envy excited, by those masterly, elegant, and
graceful perfornmnces which were the result of these
principles^ The meek spirit of Hussey, as well as bis pride
of conscious superiority, could ill bear the treatment both
himself and his perfornjances met with from the envy of
those who depreciated their merit. This, as he often con»*
plained, affected him deeply ; and so depressed bis spirits^
and repressed his ardour, as to give him a disgust to the
world, and almost a dislike to his professioti, and bis tem-
per, though not rendered sour and morose, was certainly
exasperated. After conflicting" with this and other diffi-
culties and misfortunes, Mr. Hussey left London in thft
month of October 1765, and retired for three years into
,tbe country, to recover his health and spirits ; and baving-
at; lengthy by the death of his elder brother, Mr. Hussey^
in 1773, succeeded to possession of hi3 paternal estate at
Marnbull; he resided there in adluence, ease, and content^
and pursued his favourite studies, and amusenoents of gar-
dening, till the autumn of 1787 ^ when, from motives purely
H U S S'E Y.' 85^'
0f a religious nature (after having transferred and resigned
all his worldly possessions to a near relation) he retired to
Beastoji, nearAshbnrton^ in Devonshire ; at which place^
in the month of June 1788, as he was working in the gar«-
den in a very sultry day, he suddenly fel], and expired.
The great merit of Mr. Hussey's pencil drawings frpm
life was, that he has preserved the best characteristic like-
nesses of any artist whatever. And, with respect to those:
of mere fancy, no man ever equalled him in accuracy, ele-
gance, simplicity, and beauty. The academical drawings
lie left at Bologna, notwithstanding the school ba^ beea^
often purged, as it is called, by removing old drawings to*
make room for those of superior merit, are still shewn oa
account of their superior merit.
Mr. Barry, that ingenious and liberal artist, whose great;
work in the paintings which adorn the large room at the
^ciety of Arts in the Adelf^hi, together with bis descrip-,
tion of these paintings, do no less honour to himself thaa
to his country, has, among other illustrious characters^,
thought Mr. Hussey entitled to an eminent place in his,
£lysium, and thus notices him: ^^ Behind Phidias, I have,
introduced Giles Hussey, a name that, never occurs to m^
without fresh grief, shame, and horror, at the mean^.
wretehed cabal of mechanics, for they deserve not the
liame of artists; and their still meaner runners, and as<p
sistants, that could have co-operated to cheat such aq,
artist out of the exercise of abilities, that were so admirably
calculated to have raised this country to an immortal repu-
tation, and for the highest species of excellenqe. Why
will the great, who can have no interest but in the glory
of their country, why will they suffer any dirty, whimper*
iug medium to interfere between them and such characters^
as Mr. Hussey, who appears to have been no less amiabiq^
as a man, than he was admirable as ah artist ?
'^ The public are likely never to know the whole of what
they have lost in Mr* Hussey. The perfections that were
possible to him, but a very few artists can conceive ; and.
it would be time lost to attempt giving an adequate idea of
them in words*
. . » ■ . • ■ ' ••'
^' My attention was first turned to this great eharactifr .
by a conversation I had, very early in life, with Mr. Stuart^
better know^n by thie name of Ath^ian Stuart, an epithefc
richly metited bjrthe essential advantages Wt. Stuart had'
rendered the pttbUc> by his establishing just ideas^ and a
SS8 H U,S S E T.
true taste for the Grecian arts. The discourses of this
truly intelligent and very candid artist, and what I saw of
the works of Hussey, had altogether made such an impres-
sion on my mind, ^s may be conceived, but canfiot be
expressed. With fervour I went abroad, eager to retrace
all Hussey's steps, through the Greeks, through Rafaelle,
through dissected nature, and to add to what he had been
cruelly torn away from, by a laborious, intense #tudy and
iiivestigation of the Venetian school. In the hours of re-
laxation, I naturally endeavoured to recommend myself to
the acquaintance of such of Mr. Hussey's intimates as were
sttU living : they always spoke of him with delight. And
from the whole of what I could learn abroad, added to the
information I received from my very amiable and venerable
friend Mr. Moser since my return, Mr. Hussey must have
been one of the most amiable, friendly, and companionable
men, and the farthest removed from all spirit of strife ind
contention."
Mr. Edwards and' Mr. Fusdi have spoken less respect-
fully bf Hiissey. The latter says, that ** disdainiuig por-'
trakure, discountenanced in history, Hussey was reduced
to the solitary patronage of the then duke of Northumber-
land, who, says Edwards, * offered to receive him into his
fatnily, and to give him a handsome pension,' with the at-
tendance of a servant, upon condition that he should em-
ploy his talents chiefly,* though not exclusively, * for the
ckike.' This offer he rejected, because the duke did not
complywith the further request of keeping a priest for him
in the house.' Hussey, a bigot in religion, was attached
to the cr^ed of Rome; but had he not been so, commis-
sions and patronage, almost confined to drawing copies,
even from the antique, was certainly sufficiently proVoking
f©r a man of an original turn, to be rejected.*' It is not
slrictly true, however, that the duke of Northumberland
was his only patrort. Mr. Duane was another, who pos-
sessed many of his works. Mr. West bought some penciled
headsat Mr. Duane's sale, and said of one of them, that "he
•would venture to show it against any head, ancient or mo-
dern ; that it. was never exceeded, if ever equalled; and
that no man had ever imbibed the true Grecian charadter
aW art deeper than Giles Hussey.- ' *^ '
VftriJii>'e Su^j^kipent to Wa)poit;'6 A|iecdote(^« — riikioi^t^p, ^j Fus«)i.
H U T C H E S O N. S5f
HXrrCHESON (Dr. Francis), a philosoplier of the
Shaftesbury school, was the son of a dissenting miiiister iti
Ireland, and was born Aug. 8, 1694. He discovered early
a superior capacity, and ardent thirst after knowledge;
and when he had gone through bis school- education, was
s^nt to an academy to begin his course of philosophy. In
1710 he removed from the academy, and entered a student
in the ufiiversity of Glasgpw in Scotland. Here he renewed
fais study of the Latin and Greek languages, and applied
himself to all parts of literature, in which he made a pro-
gress suitable to his uncommon abilities. Afterwards lie
turned his thoughts to divinity, which he proposed to make
the peculiar study and profession of his life, and for the
prosecution of this he continued several years longer at
Glasgow.
He then returned to Ireland ; and, entering into the
ministry, was just about to be settled in a small congre-
gation of dissenters in the north of Ireland, when some
gentlemen about Dublin, who Icnew his great abilities and
virtues, invited him to set up a private academy in that
city, with which he complied, and met with much success.
He had been fixed but a short time in Dublin, when his
lingular merits and accomplishments made him generally
known ; and his acquaintance was sought by men of ail
ranks, who had any taste for literature, or any regard for-
learned men. Lord Molesworth is said to have taken great
pleasure in his conversation, and to have assisted him with
bis criticisms and observations upon bis '^ Enquiry into the
Ideas of Beauty and Virtue,^* before it came abroad. He
received the same favour from Dr. Synge, bishop of Elphin, .
with whom he also lived in great friendship. The first
edition of this performance came abroad without the author^s
Qame, but the merit of it, would not suffer him to be long
concealed. Such was the reputation of the work, and the
ideas it had raised of the author, that lord Granville, who
was then iord-Iieutenant of Ireland, sent his private secre-
tary to inquire at the bookseller's for.the author ; and when
he could not learn his name, he left a letter to be con-
veyed- to him : in consequence of which Mr. Hutchesoji
soon became acquainted with his excellency, and was
treated by him, all the time he continued in his govern-
ment, with distinguished marks of familiarity s^nd esteem.
From this time be began to be still more courted by men
^ distinctiojij either for rank or literature^ io Ireland^
S60 H U T C H E S O N.
Abp. King held him in great esteem ; and the friendship
of that prelate w^s of great use to him in screening him
from two attempts made^to prosecute him, for taking upon
I^im the education of youth, without having qualified him**
self by subscribing the ecclesiastical canons, and obtaining
a license from the bishop. He had also a large share in
the esteem of the primate Boulter, who, through his in«
fluence, made a donation to the university of Glasgow of a
?rearly fund for an exhibitioner, to be bred to any of the
earned professions. A few years after his Inquiry into the
Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, his " Treatise on the Passions"
was published : these works have been often reprinted^
and always admired both for the sentiment and language,
even by those who have not assenteil to the philosophy o£
them, nor allowed it to have any foundation in nature.
About this time he wrote some philosophical papers, ac-
counting for laughter in a different way from Hobbes, and
more honourable to human nature, which were published,
in^ the collection called *^ Hibei^nicus's Letters." Some
letters in the << London Journal," 1728, subscribed Phila-
retus, containing objections to some parts of the doctrine
in << The Enquiry," &c. occsisioned his giving answers to
them in those public papers. Both the letters and answers
were afterwards published in a separate pamphlet.
After he had taught in a private academy at Dublin tot
seven or eight years with great reputation and success, he
was called in 1729 to Scotland, to be professor of philoso*
phy at Glasgow. Several young gentlemen came along
with him from the academy, and his high reputation drew
sxiany more thither both from England and Ireland. After
his settlement in the college, the profession of moral phi-
losophy was the province assigned to him ; so that now he
liad full leisure to turn all his attention to his favourite
study, human nature. Here he spent the remainder of his
life in a manner highly honourable to himself, and orna-.
mental to the university of which he was a member. His
whole time was divided between hifl^ studies and the duties
of bis oflfice ; except what he allotted to friendship and so-
ciety. A firm constitution, and a pretty uniform state of
good health, except some few slight attacks of the gout,
seemed to promise a longer life ; yet he did not exceed
bis' 63d year, dying in 1747. He was married soon after
bis settlement in Dublin, to Mrs. Mary Wilson^ a gentle-
man's daughter in the. county of Longford > by ^om he
HUTCHES© N. irf
iett behind him one son, Francis Hutcheson, M. D. By
(his gentleman was published, from the original MS. of hiaf
fother, " A System of Moral Philosophy,** in three books,
Glasgow, 1755, 2 vols. 4to. To which is prefixed, ** Some
account of the Life, Writings, and Character of the Author,*'
by Dr. Leechman, professor of divinity in the same uni-r
versity. Dr. Hutcheson's system of morals is, in its founda-
^tion^ very nearly the same with that of lord Shaftesbury.
He agrees with the noble author in asserting a distinct
class of the human aflFections, which, while they have no
relation to our own interest, propose for their end the wel-
fare of others ; but he makes out his position rather more
clearly than Shaftesbury, who cannot exclude somewhat of
the selfish as the spring of our benevolent emotions. Hut-
cheson maintains, that the pleasure arising from the per-
formance of a benevolent action, is, not the ruling princi-
ple in prompting to such actions ; but that, independently
of the selfish enjoyment, which is allowed in part to exist,
there is in the human mind a calm desire of the happiness
of all rational beings, which is not only consistent with,
but of superior influence in regulating our conduct, to the
desire of our own happiness; insomuch that, whenever
these principles come into opposition, the moral sense de-
cides in favour of the former against the latter. Dr. Hut-
cheson deduced all moral ideas from what he calls a tnorat
sense^ implanted in our natures, or an instinct like that of
self-preservation, which, independently of any arguments
taken from the reasonableness and advantages of any ac-
tion, leads us to perform it ourselves, or to approve it
when performed by others ; and this moral sense he main-
tained to be the very foundation of virtue. His hypothe-
sis was new, but whether much better than other theories of
the same kind, may be questioned. His fame, in the opi-
nion of an eminent Author, rests now chiefly on the tradi«
tionary history of his academical lectures, which appear to
have contributed very powerfully to diffuse, in Scotland,
tiiat taste for analytical discussion, and that spirit of liberal
inquiry, to which the world is indebted for some of the
most valuable productions of the eighteenth century.**^
HUTCHINS (John), a topographical historian, the son
of the rev. Richard Hutchins, was born in the parish of
> Biogj ^rit. SnppkaoiU-^'ryiler's Life of ^iJBe».*-Sttvart^Jift af 0r.
362 H U T C H I N S.
Biadfofd PeTerel, Sept. 21, 1698. His fathei- wais rector
of All Saints in Dorchester, and curate of Bradford Peve-
reL His income was small, and bis son^s education vras
suited to the frugality of the statioa in which be was born.
He appears to have been sent early to the grammar-school
at Dorcliester, where his master was the rev. Mr. Thornton,
rector of West Stafford, whom he afterwards mentioned
•with gratitude, as behaving to him with the kindest atten-
tion, aud as a second parent. He was afterwards sent to
Oil for df where his residence was not long ; for he took his
master of arts degree at Cambridge, a proof that he had
Dot kept a statutable residence for that degree in his own
UDiversity, by applying to. another in which none is re-
quired ; and it is also a proof that he determined in Ox-
ford; for, unless that exercise be performed, a certificate
of a bachdor of arts degree is never granted. He was ma*
triculated in Easter term, J 7 18, from Hart-hall, now Hert*
ford college; but was afterwards removed by a beneMsces^
^ii to Baliol college; and, as it appears by their books,
he was admitted a member of that society in Easter term,
April 10, 171^, and was regularl}' admitted to the degree
of bachelor of arts in Lent term, Jan. 13, 1721-2: He was
a determining bachelor in the same term ; so that his whole
residence in the university did riot exceed four years ; yet
the friendships he contracted in both societies of which
he was a member, continued with life; of which Mr.
Charles Godwyn, fellow of Baliol college, was an instance
in one ; and his tutor, Mr. Davis, vice- principal of Hart-
hall, in the other ; and in what esteem he held both the one
and the other, different passages in bis ^' History" evince.
He was soon after admitted into holy orders, and be-
came curate and usher to the rev. George Marsh, rector of
Burleston, vicar of Milton Abbas, and master of the free
grammar school of Milton Abbas. I'his engagement at
Milton procured him the acquaintance of Jacob Bancks,
esq. then the possessor of that estate, by. whose interest he
obtained in 119,9 the rectory of Swyre, and in 1733 the
rectory x)f Melcom be Horsey. About this time he began
first to engage in the study of antiquities^ and having a
competent income, was enabled to pursue it with the less
ititerruption, as an incurable deafness prevented his en*
joying the pleasures of society. In 1744 he was presented
Ui the living of Wareham, ^hich was attended with a con-
siderable increase in his clerical duties; yet without ever
H U T C H I N S. 36S
relaxing in his attention to these, he continued to accuqiu-
fete materials for the history of his native county, and en-
tered into an extensive correspondence with gentlemen
most likely to assist his researches. He had many difficul-
ties, however, to encounter. He was himself rather a
man of diligence than of extraordinary genius; his cbJIec-
tions were many years making, and a great part of them
fell into his hands on the death of a prior collector.' The
book, however, which he did not live to see published,
was most liberally conducted through the press, by a very
handsome subscription of the gentlemen of the county, and
the kind patronage of Dr. Cuming and Mr. Gough, for the
benefit of the author^s widow and daughter. Several arti-
cles were added, relative to the antiquities and naitural
history ; and such a number of beautiful plates were con-
tributed by the gentlemen of the county, tjiat (only 600
copies having been printed, a number not quite sufficient
for the subscribers) the value of the book increased, im-
mediately aftec publication, to twice the original price^
which was only a guinea a volume. The title of it is,
f^ The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset,,
compiled from the best and most ancient historians, Ingui^
sitiones post mortem^ and other valuable Records and MSS.
in the public offices, libraries, and private hands ; with a
Copy of Domesday-book and the Inquisitio Gheldi for the
county : interspersed with some remarkable particulars of
Natural History, and adorned with a correct map of the
county, and views of antiquities, seats of the nobility and
gentry," Lond. 1774, 2 vols, folio.
In the decline of life, when he had a reasonable prospect
of seeing his " History" through the press, he was seized
with a paralytic stroke, which greatly debilitated him, and
hastened. his dissolution, which took place June 21, 1773,
He %vas buried in St. Mary's church at Warehara, in the
ancient chapel under the south aile of the church. He
married Anne, daughter of the rev. Thomas Stephens, for-
merly rector of Pimperne, by whom he had issue one
daughter, who was married to the late John Bellasis, esq.
major-general of artillery in the service of the East-India
company, who died at Bombay in 1808. The profit arising
from hifi^ ** JHEistoiy," was. the chief provision Mr, Hutchins
made for his family. A second edition was brought forwards,,
of which vol. L, was published in L796, and vol. IL in i803r,
und^r this aospices of geo, Bellstsis^ who^xpeod^d a larger
S€4 HUT C H ins:
sam to^ promote the undertaking, and with the assistance
^ of Mr. Gidugh and Mr. Nichols. The improvements in this
editiou were so many as to extend the work to four vo-
lumes, the third of which was nearly ready for publication
at the time when the unfortunate fire in Mr. Nichols*^
printihg-office and warehouses destroyed that and a vast
mass of other valuable literary property. Mr. Nichols has
•iai^ printed the third and fourth volumes, so essential to the
completion of the work, and we may add so indispensable to
c^eiy public library and private topographical collection.^
HUTCHINSON (John), an English author, whose writ-
itigs have been much discussed, and who is considered as
tbe founder of a party, if not of a sect, was born at Spen-
nytham in Yorkshire in 1674. His father was possessed of
about 40/L per ann. and determined to qualify his son for a
stewardship to some gentleman or nobleman. He had
S'veu hiiii such school-learning as the place afforded ; and
e remaining part of his education was finished by a gen-
tleman that boarded with his father. This friend is said to
Have instructed him, not only in such parts of the mathe-
matics as were more immediately connected with bis
destined employment, but in every branch of that science^
and at the same time to have furnished him with a compe-
tent knowledge of the writings of antiquity. At the age of
nineteen, he went to be steward to Mr. Bathurst of Skut*
terskelf in Yorkshire, and from thence to the earl of Scar*
borough, who would gladly have engaged him in his ser-
vice ; but his ambition to serve the duke of Somerset would
not suffer him to continue there, and accordingly he re-
moved soon after into this nobleman's service. About 1700
be was called to London, to manage a law-suit of conse-
quence between the duke and^ another nobleman ; and
during his attendance in town, contracted an acquaintance
with Dr. Woodward, who was physician to the duke his
master. Between 1702 and 1706, his business carried him
into several parts of England and Wales, where he made
many observations, which he published in a little pamphlet,
entitled, <^ Observations made by J. H. mostly in the year
1706.''
While he travelled from place to place^ he employed
hinaself in collecting fossils; and we are told, that the
> Life, hf Mr. Bingham, in ** Bibl. Topographtba Britanniea,*' No» TdSXVt*
H 0 T C B I N S O N. 8^^
krge and treble collection^ wbicb Woodward bfsqoeatbe^.
to the UDiTersity of Cambridge^ was actually formed by
l^im. Whether Woodward bad no notion of Hutcbinson'a
abilitiea in any other way than that of steward and minera^
bgtst^ or whether he did not suspect biin at that time aa
likely to commence author, is not certain: Hutcbinsoo^
bowever, complain^ in one of his books, that ^^ be was be-
reft, in a manner not to be mentioned, of those observa*
lions and those collections; nay, even of the credit of
being the collecior.'' He is said to have put bis coilectiopa
into Woodward's hands, with observations on them, wbicb^
Woodward was to digest and publish, with further obser*
vattons of bis own : but his putting him off with excuses^
when from time to time he solicited him about thi» work,
first suggested to Hutchinson unfavourable notions of his
intention. On this Hutchinson resolved to wait no longer, .
but to trust to bis own pen ; and that be wight be more a^
Insure to prosecute bis studies^ be begged leave of the
duke of Somerset to quit his service* The request at first ,
piqued the pride of that nobleman ; but when be was mad^
lo understand by Hutchinson, that be did not intend to
serve any other master, and was told what were the real
iQOtives of bis request, the duke.not only granted bis sni^
but Quide bim bis riding purveyor, being at thi^ time
master of the horse to George I. As there is a good bouse
in the Mews betonging to the office oi purveyor, a fixe4 *
^ary of 200/L per aon. and the place a kind of sioecnri^
Hutcbinson^s situation and circumstances w€Mre quite agree*
able to his mind ; and be gave himself op to a studious and
sedentary life. The duke also gave him tbe next presen-
tation of the livino; of Sutton in Sussex, which Hutchinson
bestowed on the rev« Julius Bate, a great fixvourite irith
bim, and a zealous promoter of his doctrines*
In 1724 he published the first part of bis *^ Moseses Prin*^
cipia ',^ in which be ridiculed Woodward^s ^ Natural His*
tory of the Eartb,^^ and his account of tbe settlement of
tbe several strata, shells, and nodules, by tbe laws of gra*
vity ; which, he tells bim, every olirty impertinent collier
could cx>ntradict and disprove by ocular demonstration.
Tbts work, in which gravitation is exploded, is evidently
opposed to Newton^s ^ Principia/* where that doctrine is
established. H ptchinson also threw out some faints concern*
ing what had passed between Woodward and bimsdf, andy
tbe doctor^s design of robbing bim of bis collection of
3€& H U T C H J N S ON.
Ibssib. From this time to bis deaths he continued fo pvih*
lisb a Tolume every year, or every other year ; which, with
the MSS. he left behind him, w^re collected in 174S,
aniounting to 12 vols. 8vo. An abstract of tbem was also
published in 1723, in 12mo. Hutchinson's followers look
ttpon the breach between Woodward and him, as a very
happy event ; because, say they, had the doctor fulfilled
bis engagements, Hutchinson might have slopped there,
and not have extended bis researches so far as he has done ;
in which case the world would have been deprived of writ-
ings deemed by them invaluable. Others are as violent
opposers and censurers of his writings and opinions ; and
the dispute has been carried on at various times with na
tmall degree of warmth. ^
In 1 727, Hutchinson published the second part of ^ Mo*
ses^s Prvicipia ;*' which contains the sum and substance, or
the principles of the Scripture* philosophy. As sir Isaac
Newton made a vacuum and gravity the principles of bis
philosophy, this ^author on the contrary asser'ts, that a ple-
num and the air are the principles of the Scriptuve-philo*
sophy. . In the introduction to this second part, he hintedi
that the idea of the Trinity was to be taken from the three
grand agents in the system of nature, fire, light, and spirit;
these three conditions of one and the same substance,
namely, air, answering wonderfully in a typical or sym-
bolical manner to the three Persons of one and the same
essence. This, we are told, so forcibly struck tbe cele-
brated Dr. Samuel Clarke, that he sent a gentleman to
Mr. Hutchinson with compliments upon the performance,
and desired a conference with him on that proposition in
particular : which, however, it is added, after repeated so-
licitations, Hutchinson thought fit to refuse. This doe-
trine a certain admirer of Hutchinson, particularly in his
opinions on natural philosophy, has lately attempted to re-
vive and illustrate, in a pamphlet entitled, *^ A short Way
to Truth, or the Christian doctrine of a Trinity in Unity,
illustrated and confirmed from an Analogy in the Natural
Creation." It was publi*»hed in 1793.
Some time in 1712, Hutchinson is said to have com-
pleted a machine of the watch-kind, for the discovery of
the longitude at sea, whicl^was approved by sir Isaac New«»
ton ; and Whiston, in bis <' Longitude and Latitude,'*
&c. has given a' testimony in favour of his mechanical
abilities. << I have also/' sa^ he^ ** very lately been shewn
HUTCHINSON. Z$t
by Mr, Hutdiinson, a very corioos and inquisitive person,
a copy of a MS map of tiie world, mside aboat eighty
years ago, taken by himself from the original : wherein
the variaiian is reduced to a theory, mnch like that which
Pr Halley has since proposed, and in general exactly^
agreeing to bis observations. — But with this advantage, that
therein the nortberit pole of the internal loadstone is mock
better stated than it is by Dr. Halley — its place then beings
accordi^Yg to this- unknown very euriotis and sagacious ati<^
thor, ahout the tneitdian, &c. which ancient and anthentic
dele mii nation of its place, I desire my reader pnrticolarly
to observe.**
Hutchinson bad been accustomed to mabe an excnrsioil
for a montii or so into the conntry for his health : but to
neglecting this in pursnie of his studies, he is soppCKsed
have brought himself into a bed babil of body, which pie«
pared the way for his death. The imiBediate cause is said
to have been an overflfowing of the gall, occssioued by the
irregnlar sallies of an high- kept unruly horse, and the snd*
den jerfts given to his body by them. On theMoiKlay be-
fore^ his death,. Dr. Mead was with him^ and urged hini to
be bled ; saying at the same time in a pleasant way, ^I
wit! soon send you to Moses.** Dr. Mead meant to
studies, two of his books being entitled ** Mose&^s
pia :*" but Hutchinson,, taking it in the other sense^ an«
*wered in a muttering tone, *'I believe, doctor^ yon will ;**
ar»d was so displeased with Mead, that he afterwards dis*,
missed him for another physician. He died August 2S^
1737, aged 63* He seclhs to have been in «umy respectal
a singular man. He certainty had eminent abilities^ witb
mucb knowleJge and learning; but many people have
thought it very questionable, whether he did not want
judtifment' Co apply them property, and many mofe have
inveighed against his principles without previously making
themselyes acquainted with them. They were, however^
in some measure, adopted by many pious and learned di«
vines of the last century, by Home, Parkhorst^ Romaine^
and the late Rev. William Jones^ who, of all others, bas-
exhibited the ablest anatysvs and defence of Mr. Hutcinn-.
son's sentiments, or what \s CiMei JhtfckiascmianisTny in the
^^ Preface to the second edition"* of bis tite of bishop
Borne.'
' FToyd's "Bibriotheca Bro^raphica^ rtx) of vol. III. an avirtle tonmumieaAfd
^y Robert- $pe«»rtn«i» e«q. vtho ir9» ctMfecetntJ wkkvte Ker. JtttmsBalfr is
tke {lablicaliott «f Ilatcb'tusott^s Woik&.
8«« H U T T E N.
HUTTEN (Ulric' de), a gentleman of Francoiria, of
uncommon parts and learning, was born in 1488 at Stec-
kenburg, the seat of his family; was sent to the abbey of
Fulde at eleven years bf age; and took th6 degree of
M. A. in 1 506 at Francfort on the Oder, being the first
promotion made in that newly-opened university^ In
1509, he was at the siege of Padua, in the emperor Maxi*
milian's army ; and be owned tbat it was want of money,
which forced him to make that campaign. His father, do(
having the least taste or esteem for polite literature,
thought it unworthy to be pursued by persons of exalted
birth ; and therefore would not afford his son the necessary
supplies for a life of study. He wished him to apply him-
self to the civil law, which might raise him in the world ;
but Hutten bad no inclination for that kind of study»
Finding, however, that there was no other way of bteing
ppou good terms with his father, he went to Paviain 1511,
where he stayed but a little time ; that city being besieged
and plundered by the Swiss, and himself taken prisoner.
He returned afterwards to Germany, and there, contrary
|o bis father's inclinations, began to apply himself again to
literature. Having a genius for poetry, he began bis ca*
reer as an author in that line, and published several com*
positions, which were much admired, and gained him ere-*
dit He travelled' to various places, among the rest to Bo*
hernia and Moravia; and waiting on the bishop of Olmuta
in a very poor condition, tbat prelate, who was a great Mas*
cenas, received bim graciously, presented him with a horse,
and gave him money to pursue bis journey. The corre-
spondence also be held with Erasmus was of great advantage
to him, and procured him respect from all the literati in
Italy, and especially at Venice.'
At his return to Germany in 1516, he was recommended
in such strong terms to the emperor, that he received from
hitti the poetical crown ; and from that time Hutten had
himself drawn in armour, with a crown of laurel on bis
bead, and took great delight in being so represented. He
was of a veiy military dispposition, and had given many
proofs of courage, as well in the wars as in private ren-
counters. Being once at Viterbo, where an ambassador
of France stopped, a general quarrel arose, in which Hut«'
ten, forsaken by his comrades, was attacked by five French-
men at once, and put them all to flight, after receiving
some ismall woundi^ He wrote an epigram on that
H U T T E N, S6S
occasion, ^^ in quinque Gallos It se profligates/' which may
be seen in Melcfaior Adam. He had a cousin John de
Hutten, who was courNmarshal to Uiric duke of Wirtem*
berg, and was murdered by that duke in 1515, fpr the sake
of his wi/e, whom tiie duke kept afterwards as a mistress.
The military poet, as soon as be heard of it, breathed no^
.thing but resentment ; and because he had no opportunity
of shewing it with his sword, took up his pen, and wrote
several pieces in the form of dialogues, orations, poems»
and letters. A collection of these was printed in the castle
of Steckelberg, 1519, 4to.
He was in France in 151&, whence he went ,to Mentz,
and engaged in the service of the elector Albert ; and at«
tended him a little after to the diet of Augsburg, where the
elector was honoured with a cardinal's hat. At this diet,
articles were exhibited against the duke of Wtrtemberg,
on which occasion the murder of John de Hutten, marshal
of his court, was not forgotten : and a league was after
formed against him, Uiric Hutten served in this war with
great pleasure ; yet was soon disgusted with a military life,
and longed earnestly for his studies and retirement. Thi»
we find by a letter of his to Frederic Piscator, dated May
21, 1519 : in which he discovers an inclination for matri*
mony, and expresses himself somewhat loosely on that
subject.- r
, JBelieving Luther's cause a very good one, he joined in it
with great warmth ; and published Leo the Xtii^s bull
against Luther in 152Q, with interlineary and marginal
glosses, in which that pope was made an object of the
strongest rjidicule. The freedom with which he wrote
against the irregularities and disorders of the .court of
Rome, exasperated Leo in the highest degree ; and induced
him to command the elector of Mentz to send him to
Rome bound hand and foot, but the elector suffered him
to depart in peace. Hutten then withdrew to Brabant, and
was at the court of the emperor Charles V. but did not
$tay long there, being told that his life would be in danger.
He then retired to Ebernberg, where he was protected by
Francis de Sickingen, Luther's great friend and guardian,
to whom the castle of Ebernberg belonged. There he
wrote in 1520 his complaint to the emperor, to the elec<-
tors of Mentz and Saxony, and to all the states of Ger-*
ipany,. against the attempts which the pope's emissaries
xnade against him, ' From tk^, same plac^ also he wi;ote |0l
Vol, XVIIL Bp
\
670 a u T T E n.
Luther in May 1521, and published severati pieces in fk^
vout of the Reformation. He did not declare openly foir
Luther, till after he had left the elector of Mentz^s court;
but be had written to him before from Mentz, and bis first
letter is dated June 1520. . While he was upon ^his jour^
ney to Ebernberg, he met with Hochstratus, and, drawings
bis swdrd, run up to him, and swore he would kill him,
for what he had done against Reucblin and Luther : but
Hochstratus, throwing himself at bis feet, conjured him so
earnestly to spare his life, that Hutten let him go, after
strikins: him several times with the flat sword. Such wa^
bis turbulent zeal, so disgraceful to the cause he espoused,
that Luther himself, warm as he was, blamed it. During
his stay at Ebernberg, however, he performed a very ge-^
nerous action in regard to bis family. Being the eldest
son, and succeeding to the whole estate, he gave it all up
to his brothers ; and even, to prevent their being involved
in the misfortunes and disgraced which he expected, by the
suspicions that might be entertained against him, he en-
joined them not to remit him any money, nor to hold the
least correspondence with him.
It was now that he devoted himself wholly to the Lutbeii
ran party, to advance which he laboured incessantly both
by bis writings and actions. We do not know the exact
time when he quitted the castle of Ebernberg ; but it ap-^
pears, that in January 1523, he left Basil, where he had
flattered himself with the hopes of finding an asjlum, and
bad only been exposed to great dangers. Erasmus, though
bis old acquaintance and friend, had here refused a visit
from him, for fear, as he pretended, of heightening the
suspicions which were entertained against faim : but bis'
true reason, as he afterwards declared, in a letter to Me-
tancthon, was, ** that he should then have been under a
necessity of taking into his house that proud boaster, op-*
pressed with poverty and disease, who only sought for al
nest to lay himself in, and to borrow money of every one
be met.^' This refusal of Erasmus provoked Hutten to at-^
tack him severely, and accordingly he published an ** Ex-'
postulatio^' in 1523, which Erasmus answered the same
year, in a very lively piece, entitled, " Spongia Erasmi
Adversus adspergines Hutteni." Hutten probably intended
to reply, had he not been snatched away by death ; but bef
died in>an island of the lake Zuricbi wher^ he had hid
himself for security, August I5i^ - * ^
jj U T T E % t^W
tie Wiis a man of little stature ; o( a weak and sickly
tonstitution ; extremely brave, but passionate : for he was
not satisfied with attacking the Roman Catholics with his
pen, be attacked them also with his sword. He acquainted
^qtber with the double war which he carried on againit
the clergy. ** I received a letter from Hutten,'' says Lu-
c tfaef, *^ filled with rage against the Roman pontiff, declar-
ing he would attack the tyranny of the clergy both with
.bis pen and sword : he being exasperated against the pope
for threatening him with daggers and poison, and com*
manding the bishop of Mentz to send him bound to Rome.'*
Camerarius says, that Hutten was impatient, that his air
•tod discourse shewed him to be of a cruel disposition ; and
applied to him what was said of Demosthenes, namely,
that *^ he would have turned the world upside down, bad
his power been equal to his will.*' His works are nume*
rousy though he died young. A collection of his '^ Latin
t^oems^' was published at Francfort in 1538, ISmo) all
which, except two poems, were reprinted in the third part
of the ^' DelicisB Poetarum Germanorum. ^' He was tlie^
author of a great many works, chiefly satirical, in the way
of dialogue ; and Thuanus has not scrupled to compare
him to Lucian, Of this cast were his Latin Dialogues on
Lutheranism^ published in 4to, in 1520, and now very
scarce. He had also a considerable share in the cele«
brated work called ^' Epistolae virorum obscurorum,''
^hich Meiners, in his ^< Lives of Illustrious Men," says,
was the joint work of Ulrick and Crotus Rubianus, ali^s
John Jaeger, of Dornheim in Thuringia. The produc-
itions of each, according to Meiners, may easily be dis*
tinguished. Wherever we are struck with the " peculiar
levity, rapidity, and force of the sty le~^ with a certain sol-
dier-like boldness and unclerical humour, in obscene jests
land pictures, and comical representations of saints, re-
liques, &c. — with no small degree of keenness in the rela^
tion of laughable anecdotes, -^with a knowledge of Italy^
to be obtained only by experience, — with a pleasant ex'^
planation and derivation of words in the style of the mon«
kish schools ; — in all these places, the hand of Ulrick Hut«
ten may be traced.'* That these betters were the work^of
different hands, says an acute critic, is not improbable;
but we are not certain that Crotus Rubianus had any share
in themi nor can we tell from what authority it is. sp
jSli H U T T E N,
afBrmed. Goethe/ who wrote his ** Tribute to the memoiy
of yirick af Hutten,'' translated into English by Antony
Aufrere, esq. 1789, and who wrote that, some years before
the appearance of Meiners' Biography, seems to have led
the latter into this opinion. With much more probabt'lily
might Reuchlin have been mentioned, who, indeed, by
some has been supposed the sole author. Upon the whole,
however, there is most reason to think them Hutteii^s. ^
HUTTEN (Jacob), a Silesian of the sixteenth century,
was the founder of the sect called the Bohemian or Moravian
brethren, a sect of Anabaptists. Hutten purchased a ter-
ritory of sotne extent in Moravia, and there established his
society. They are considered as descended from the befr*
ter sort of Hussites, and were distinguished by several re«
ligious institutions of a singular nature, but well adapted
to guard their ' community against the reigning vices of
the times. When they heard of Luther's attempts to re-
form the church, they sent a deputation to him, and he,
. examining their tenets, though he could not in every par-
ticular approve, looked upon them as worthy of toleratioii
and indulgence. Hutten brought persecution upon him-
self and his brethren by violent declamations agafnst the
magistrates, and the attempt to introduce a perfect equality
among men. It has been said that he wa$ burnt as a he-
retic at Inspruck, but this is by no means certain. By de-
grees these sectaries, banished from their own country,
entered into communion with the Swiss church ^ though,
for some time, with separate institutions. But in the sy-
oiods held at Astrog in 1620 and 1627, all dissensions were
jremoved, and the two congregations were formed into onief,
under the title of the Church of the United Brethren.
The sect of Herrenbutters or Moravians, formed by count
Zinzendorff in the beginning of the present century, pre-
tend to be descended from these brethren, and take the
'Same title of unitas Jratrum ; but Mosheim observes that
.^^ they may with more propriety be said to imitate tb^
4(^xample of that famous community, than to descend from
^tbose who composed it, since it is well known that there
l^re very few Bohemians and Moravians in the fraternity of
tlie Herrenbutters ; and it is extremely doubtful whether
t Gen. Diet — Moreri.— Goethe's " Tribute," by Aufrerc — Jortin's Erasmus.
— »Melchior Adam» — Niceron, vol. XV, and XX, ^^ MontUly RevieWi Tol. VU
•e
H U T T E N. 375
<9<en this^small number are to be considered as the pos-
terity of the ancient Bohemian brethren, who distinguished
themselves so early by their zeal for the reformation,'' '
HUTTER (EuAS), a Protestant divine, was born at
Ulm, in 1553, and died at Nuremberg after 1602. He
was deeply versed in languages, oriental and occidental ;
particularly Hebrew, which he seems to have taught at
Leipsic. He published, 1. " A Hebrew Bible," remark-
able for being printed with the radical letters in black, the
^servile in hollow type^^ and the quiescent or deficient; let-
ters in smaller characters above the line. At the end is
the I. 17th Psalm in thirty different languages. 2. <' Two
Polyglotts,'' one in four languages, printed at Hamburg in
1596 ; the other in six languages, at Nuremberg, iu 1599 ;
both in folio.'
HUTTER {Leonard), was also a native of Ulm, and
born in 1563. He studied at Strasbourg, and early ap-
plied himself with great diligence to theology ; he was af-
"Orwards at Leipsic, Heidelberg, Jena, and Wirtemburg,
and in the latter place was appointed one of the pubhc
professors of theology. He married a lady of illustrious
birth in 1599; and died of a fever in 1616, being then-
for the fourth time rector of the university. The opinion
held of his principles may be judged by five anagrams of
his names Leonardus Hutterus^ four of them implying that
he was another Luther.' They are formed, says the author
who gives them, ^^ per literarum baud vanam transposi*
tionem ;" thus, ** Redonatus Lutherus ;" " Leonhartus
Hutterus j" ** Ah tu noster Lutherus ;" " Notus arte Lu-
therus ;\' ** Tantus ero Lutherus." His works are very*
numerous ; a great part of tliem controversial, directed
gainst the church of Rome. Besides these, i. '^ Com-
pendium TheologisB^ cum Notis D. Gotofredi Cundisii."
2. "Explicatio Libri Concordiae Christianse,'-' 8vo. 3. •* Loci
Communes Theologici," folio. 4. " Porniula; concionandi/'
8vo. 5. ** Disputationes de verbo Dei scripto, ac traditioni-
bus non scriptis," in 4to. 6. ^^ Collegium Tkeologicum, sive
XI disputationes de articulis confessionis Augustanse," dvo.*
7. ** Libri Christians^ Concordiee," 8vo ; and several pieces in
defence of the Formulas ConcordisB, which in his time were
liigbly esteemed; besides many other tracts in Latin and ia
1 Mosbeiin's Hist: vol IV. p. 102, and V. p. 8*.
f Cbaufepie.— »More;i.— Saxii Onom^t»
JW* H U T T E Ri
Germany all of which are enumerated by Freher, but seear
too uninteresting at the present day to be transcribed.^
BUTTON (James), an ingenious philosopher of the-
sceptical class, was the son of Mr. William Hutton, mer-
chant in Edinburgh, and born in that city on the 3d of
June, 1726. He entered the university as a student of
humanity, in Nov. 1740. He studied afterwards unde^
the celebrated Maclaurin, but did not prosecute the m^«
thematical sciences to any great extent. The origin of bis
attachment to the study of chemistry is traced to the acci-
dental mention of a chemical fact by professor Stevenson,
in his prelections on logic. The fact was, that aqita regu^
is the only solvent of gold which requires the united action
of two acids, each of which singly is capable of dissolving
any of the baser metals: This important phenomenon-
drew him, »s if by a kind of electric attraction, to the study
of chemistry, with a force that could never afterwards^
be overcome. His philosophical career was however in-:
terrupted by his engaging, at the request of his friends, as
an apprentice to a writer to the sign^. But itistesid of
copying w'rits and deeds, or studying the forms of legal,
proceedings, it was found that his favourite object of pur-^
suit was the experiments of the crucible and retort. He
was accordingly released from his engagement as an apr
prentice, and permitted to direct his attention to studies
more congenial to his inclinations. He applied himself ta
t^e study of medicine as being the most closely connectetl
with chemistry, and after attending the lectures in the'
tiniversity for some years, repaired, as was then customary^,
to the continent, to finish his course of study. He took
the degree of M. D. at Leyden, in 1749.
After his return from the continent, he began to think
seriously of settling in the world. His views were first di-f
rected to the medical profession, but were soon abandoned'
for others that afforded better hopes of success. He rer
9olved to apply himself to the study and practice of agri-r
culture. With this view he fixed his residence for some-
time with a farmer in Norfolk, from whom he receiv^
practical lessons in husbandry. During his stay in Eng-
Hnd he made many journeys on foot into different parts of
the country, for the purpose of studying mineralogy on
geology. He afterwards visited Flanders with the view o^
I C!$n, Di^<-^reheri XheatrHm.— Saxii Qnoma^t.
\
BUTTON. (37?
iffomoting both hts mineralogical and agricultural studies.
'In 1754 he returned to Scotland, and fixed bis residence
*^n his own farm in Berwickshire, where he introduced the
Jiew husbandry which has since made such rapid advances
Jn that quarter. About 1768 he left Berwickshire, and
went to reside in Edinburgh, giving his undivided atteotioa
4o scientific pursuits. This gave him the advantage of
^njoyiug with less interruption,, the society of bis literary
iriends, among whom were Dr. Black, Mr. Russel, and
professor Adam Ferguson.
- Dr. Uuttoa's first publication was given to the world in
vl777, entitled .*' Considerations on the nature, quality,
and distinctions of Coal and Culm." It proves that culm
.ia the small or refuse of the infusible or stone-coal, but
jvery different in its properties from the small of the fusible
jcoaL A sketch of his great work, his *^ Theory of the
£arth/' the formation of which had been the object of
inany years of previous study, was communicated to the
voyal society of Edinburgh soon after its original institution.
Another paper, a ^^ Theory of Rain,^' appeared also ia
Xhe first volume of the Edinburgh Transactions. Thiii
theory, as is well known, met with a most vigorous and
4eter mined • opposition from M. de Luc, and became a
subject of controversy, which was conducted with perhaps
]:po much warmth. After the period of these two public
fcatioQf, Dr. Hutton made several excursions ipto different
parts of Scotland, with a view of comparing certain results
of his theory with actual observation ; and in these he
see^i^ to have been very successful. In 1792 he publistied
'' Dissertations on different subjects in Natural PhilosO«
phy,'* in which his theory for explaining the phenomena
of the material world, seems to coincide very closely ivith
ihat of Boscovich, though there is no reason to suppose
that the former was suggested by the latter. But Dr*
Hutton did npt confipe himself merely to physical specu-*'
lations ; be directed his attention also to the study of meta-^
jphysicsg the result of which was the publication of a work
entitled ^' An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge^
and of the Progress of Reason from Sense to Science and
Philosophy," 3 vols; 4to. The metaphysical opinions ad-
vanced in this work coincide for the most part mth those
af Dr. Berkeley^ and abound in sceptical boldness and phi-^
losophical infidelity. In J794 appeared his ** Dissertation
jupoQ the Tbilosophy of Light, Heat, ' and Fire," 8vo,
r
-87B H U T T O N.
which may be considered as a kind of supplement to ih0
two preceding works. In 1796 his *^ Theory of the Earth*'
was republished in 2 vols. 8vo, frbm &e Edinburgh Phi^
losophical Transactions, with large additions, and a new
minecalogical system. Many of his opinions here have
been ably combated by Kirwan and others.
In 1792 Dr. Hutton's health began to decline, and in
tbe summer of 1793 be was seized with a severe illnes%
which after some intervals of convalescence, terminated at
last in his death, March 26, 1797.*
HUXHAM (John), was a physician of considerable re«*
|3utation, who practised his profession at Plymouth, where
he died in 1768. It is remarkable that no biographical
memoirs of this able and learned practitioner are extant.
Mr. Polwhele informs us. only that he was the son of a
butcher at Halberton. Yet he possessed an innate geniui
;and a strong propensity for medical acquisitions. By these
lie was led to the university of Leyden, where he pursued
Jiis studies with indefatigable application, and todk his
doctor's degree in medicine. At length, settling at Ply-
mouth, by a successful Course of practice he acquired a
considerable fortune^ and by several admirable publications
gained universal fame. His ^^ Treatise on Fevers'' Mn
Polwhele notices, as the most eminent, and as it lead^ to
the subsequent anecdote. ^^ The queen of Portugal being
ill of a fever, and being reduced to the last extremity, not*
.withstanding the efforts of the physicians of the country ;
his majesty, hearing of the eminence of a physician lOf the
£nglish factory at Lisbon, sent for him, and giving him
the particulars of the queen's disorder, inquired whether
it was in his power to administer any assistance. The phy*
sician replied that he was not without, hope, but that he
could do nothing unless her msgesty was Jeft to his sole
care and direction. This being granted, the disorder soon
took a turn, and in a short time the queen was restored to
perfect health. The doctor being complimented by the
kiiig on his abilities and success, said he had no claim but
to the application ; for that the merit was due to Dr. Huxr
bam, an eminent physician at Plymouth, whose tract on
the management of fevers he had implicitly followed. Upon
vrbich, the king immediately procured the treatise, bad il
translated into the Portuguese language, printed it ixk
I Philpsopbical TtansacUops of Edinburgh, voUV,
H U X H A M. 87»
faanjsome 4to, and sent it richly bound to Dr. Huxham, as
^n acknowledgment of the sense be entertained of bis abi-
lities, and of his debt of gratitude on the recovery of the
queen;'*
Dr. Huxbam's writings display a most intimate acquaint*
ance with the writings of the ancients, and a great vene*-
ration for those of Hippocrates in particular ; and he quotes
the ancient languages, and writes the Latin, with great
fluency and familiarity. He appears to have spent his lif^
at Plymouth in the active exercise of bis profession ; foo
be kept a register of the state of health and reigning dis-
eases at that place, togeUier with an account of the variety
of the seasons, for nearly thirty years, (namely, from 1724
to 1752 inclusive); which were published in Latin, under
the title of" Observationes de Aere et Morbis Epidemicis,'*
4&C. in 3 vols. 8vo. The first of these volumes commences
with an account of the year 1728 ; but in the dedicatioa
to sir Hans Sloane, he refers to an account of the consti-
tution and diseases of the seasons from 1724 to 1727, al«
ready published. The third volume was edited in 1770^
after the death of the author, by his son J. Cor. Huxham,
A. M. F^ R. S. ; who, it is Ur be regretted, did not insert
anfy miemoirs of bis father^s life.
< Dr. Huxham was at an early period elected a member of
the royal society, and communicated several papers on
the subjects of pathology and morbid anatomy, which
tvere published in the Philosophical Transactions. But
the work, upon which his reputation principally rests, iv
bis " £ssay on Fevers," published about 1739, of which a
fifth edition appeared the year before his death, containing
also ^^ A Dissertation on the Malignant, Ulcerous Sore
Throat." His accuracy and acuteness, as an observer of
the phenomena of disease, were particularly exemplified
in his drscrimiBative history of the " Slow Nervous Fever,'*^
to which bis name is often annexed when this fever is
mentioned by succeeding authors. His theory was the a^«
cieut humoral pathology, which much influenced bis prac-
tice ; but that was the general fault of the age. He was
the author of some ^^ Observations on Antimony," 171^6^
4to ; and was elected a fellow of the royal college of phy-^
aicians at Edinburgh. He has gii'en few prescriptions in
his works ; for he observes, with Hippocrates, that the phy-«
sician who knows a disease, cannot be at a loss in respect
to. the ^rni of his remedy ; but, having mentioned a
nn H u X H A m;
favouritie formula for the preparation of a tincture of tb4
Peruvian bark, in bis Essay on Fevers, in which the bitter
is (Corrected by aromatics, his name has become attached
to the tincture of bark which is commonly prepared in the
shops according to his prescription, land is also adopted in
the Pbarmacopceia of the college of physicians/
. HUYGENS (Christian), a very celebrated mathema-p
lician and astronomer, was born at the Hague April 14^
1629, and was son of Constantine Huygens, lord of Zuy^
Uchem, who had served three successive princes of Orange
in the quality of secretary, and had spent his whole life in
cultivating the mathematics ; not in the speculative way
only, .but in nmiking them subservient to the uses of life^
From his infancy our author applied himself to this study^
land made a considerable progress in it, even at nine years
of age, as well as in music, arithmetic, and geography ; in
all which be was instructed by his father, who in the mean
time did not suffer him to neglect the belles lettres. At
thirteen be was initiated in the study of mechanics ; having
discovered a wonderful curiosity in examining machines
^nd other pieces of mechanism ; and two years after bad
the assistance of a master in mathematics, under whom he
made surprising progress. In 1645 he went to study laws
at Leyden, under Vinnius ; yet did not attach himself so
closely to that science, but that be found time to oontinue
his mathematics under the professor Schooten. He left
this university at the end of one year, and went to Breda^
where an university had just been founded, and placed
under the direction of bis father ; and here, for two or
^ree years, he made the law his chief study. In 1649 he
went to Holstein and Denmark, in the retinue of Hemy
count of Nassau ; and was extremely desirous of going tQ
Sweden to visit Des Cartes, who was then in that country
"tvith the queen Christina, but the count's short stay in
Denmark would not permit him. In 1651, he gave the
world a specimen of bis genius for mathematics, in a trea«
tise entitled ^^ Theoremata de quadratura Hyperboles^
Ellipsis, & Circuli, ex dato portionum gravitatis centro :'*
in v^hich he shewed very evidently what might be expected
from him afterwards.
; -In 1655 he travelled into France, and took the degree
ef doctor of laws at Anglers. In 165a he published his
i. \P<ilvyhel^'8 Hifitqry of PeTODshiie, voL I, p. 326,— Re^'s C^cIoi^KdUt^ .;
H u r G E N S* S1^
<f H6ro1ogtain oscillatorium, sive de rootu pendalorum/*
&Ci at the Hague* He had exhibited in a preceding work
entitled <* Brevis institutio de usu Horologiornixi ad inve«
niendas longitudines/' a model of a new invented pendu-^
lum ; but as some persons envious of his reputation were
labouring to deprive him of the honour of the invention^
he wrote this book to explain the construction of it^ and
to shew that it was very different from the pendulum of
astronomers invented by Galileo. In 1659 he published
his^^ Systema Saturninum, sive de causis mirandorum Sa«
tumi phaenomenon, & comite ejus planeta novo." Galileo
bad endeavoured to explain some of the surprising appears
^ces of the planet Saturn. He had at first perceived two
stars which attended it; and some time after was amazed
to find them disappear Huygens, desirous to account for
these changes, laboured with- his brother Constantine to
bring the telescopes to greater perfection ; and made \ixvd*
self glasses by which be could view objects at a greater
distance than any that had yet b^en contrived. With
t^hese he applied himself to -observe all the phases and ap<^
pearances of Saturn, and drew a journal of all th^ differeni
aspects of that planet. He discovered also one of the sau*
tellites belonging to that planet, which had hitherto es«
caped the eyes of astronomers ; and, after a long cdUris^
^ observations, perceived that the planet is surrounded
>^th a solid and permanent ring, which never changes its
situation. These discoveries gained him an high rauk
^unong the astronomers of his time.
r In 1660 he took a second journey into France, and the
year after passed over into England, where he communi-
cated his art of polishing glasses for telescopes, and was
Bnade a fellowof the royal society. About this time the
^ir-pump was invented, which received considerable im-
provements from him. This year also he discovered the
laws of the collision of elastic bodies : as did afterwards
(Dur own countrymen, the celebrated Wallis and Wren,
with whom he had a disputed about the honour of this dis«
covery. After he had stayed some months in England, he
returned to France in 1663, where his merit became so
conspicuous, that Colbert resolved to fix him at Paris, by
aettling on him a considerable pension. Accordingly, in
1665, letters written in the king^s name were sent to him
to the Hague, where he then was, to invite him to Paris^^
fntb the projpaise of a li^rge stipend, i^nd other considerable^
$S0 tt U Y G E N S.
advantages. Huygens consented to the proposal, and teJ
sided at Paris from 1666 to 1681 ; where be was made a
member of the royal academy of sciences. During thi&
time he was engaged in mathematical pursuits, wrote several
works, which were published from time to time, and invented
and perfected several useful instruments and machines.
But continual application began then to impair his health ;
and, though he had twice visited his native air, in 1670
and 1675, for the sake of recovering from illness, he now
found it permanently nebessary to his constitution ; but
perhaps the revocation of the edict of Nantz was a prin-
cipal reason for his wishing to return to his 0wn country^
Though he was assured that he should enjoy the same
liberty as before, and not be molested for his religious
opinions, he would not consent to live in a country where
bis religion was proscribed, and therefore left Paris in
JI68I^ and passed the remainder of his life in his own
country, occupied in his usual pursuits and employments*
lie died at the Hague June 8, 1695, in his sixty-seventh
year, while his ^* Cosmotheoros,** a Latin treatise con-
cerning the plurality of worlds, was printing ; he provided,
however, in his will for its publication, desiring his bro-
ther Constantine, to whom it was addressed, to take that
trouble upon him. But Constantine was so occupied with
business, as being secretary in Holland to the king o£
Great Britain, that he died also before it could be printed;
so that the book did not appear in public till 1698.
. In 1703 were printed at Leyden, in 1 vol. 4to, Huj«.
geos's *^ Opuscula Posthuma, quae continent Dioptricam,
Commentarios de vitris figurandis, Dissertationem de Co^
rona & Parheliis, Tractatum de motu & de vi centrifugay
descriptionem Automati Planetarii.'' Huygens had left by
^will to the university of Leyden his mathematical writings^
and requested de Voider and FuUenius, the former pro-*
fessor of natural philosophy and mathematics at Leyden,
and the other at Franeker, to examine these works, and
publish what they should think proper. This was per*^
formed in the volume here mentioned. Huygens had writ-
ten in Low Dutch the second of the tracts it contains, re-
lating to the art of forming and polishing telescope -glasses,
to which he had greatly applied himself; and Boerbaava
translated it into Latin for this work. In 1700, were pub-
lished in 4to, his " Opera Varia." This collection is ge*
x^eraliy bound in 4 vplumes. It contains the greatest jpart
H U Y G E N S^ 381
.4>F the pieces which he had published separately, and is
divided into four parts. The first part contains the pieces
• relating to mechanics; the^ecand, those relating to geo-
metry ; the third, those relating to astronomy ; and the
fourth, those which could not be arranged under any of
the former titles. Gravesande had the care of this edition^
in which he has inserted several additions to the pieces con-
tained in it, extracted from Huygens's manuscripts. In 1 728
were printed at Amsterdam, iq 2 vols. 4to, his *^ Opera Reli-
qua;'' which new collection was published also by Grave-
sande. The first volume contains his ^' Treatises on Light
and Gravity ;" the second his '^ Opuscula Posthuma,'*
which had been printed in 1703. His whole time had been
employed in curious and useful researches. He loved a
quiet and studious life ; and perhaps through fear of inter-
ruption, never married. He was an amiable, chearful^
worthy man ; and in all respects as good as he was great.
As an inventor, the first and not the least considerable of
his discoveries was that he made of the real nature, or
rather figure of the luminous appearance which accompa-
nies the planet Saturn ; but the most important was his
pendulum clock and his micrometer. His history, how-
ever, includes many controversies respecting priority ia
these inventions, which may be seen at large in our autho-
rities.^
HUYGHENS (Gomarus), a celebrated doctor of Lou-
vain, was born in 163 i, at Lier, or Lyre, a town in Brabant.
He professed philosophy at Louvain with reputation, and
was made president of the college of pope Adrian VL
where he died, October 27, 1702, leaving several. works in
Latin : the principal are, ^^ The Method of remitting and
retaining Sins," 16S6, 12mo; it has been translated into
French ; " Theses on Grace," 4to ; " Theological Con-
ferences," 3 vols. 12mo, &c. ; a " Course of Divinity," 14
i^ols. l2ino, &c. He refused to write against the four ar-
ticles of the French clergy, which displeased the court of
Home. Huyghens was P. Quesnel's intimate friend, and
^^ealously defended his cause and his opinions. M. Ar-
Jiauld speaks highly in his praise.* ,
«
1 Gen. Diet.— Eloges des Academici«QS,To]. L-^Martin's Biog. Pbilosophia^
-.Ward's Gresham Profeasors.-^NiceroD, vol. XIX.— .Hutton'i Dictionary.— h
EncycloiMidia BritannicB, vol. XVilL p. SOS, aote»^Tb«onon^s liMtory of tka.
Soyal Society. ""
! MorerL—Dict, Qpu .
js«2 /. H tj Y sr U Bt
HUySUM (John Van), an illustrious painter who suim
passed all who have ever painted in his ^tyle, aad whose
Works excite as much surprise by their finishing, a^ admi-
ration by their truth, was born at Amsterdam in 1 6S2^ and
was a disciple of Justus Van Huysum, his father. He sec
.out in his profession with a most commendable principle,
not so much to paint for the acquisition of money, as of
fame ; and therefore he did not aim at expedition, but at
delicacy, and if possible, to arrive at perfection in his art.
-Ha^ng attentively studied the pictures of Mignon^ and ail
other, artists of distinction who had painted in his own sty la^
he tried which manner would sooioest lead him to imitate
the lightness and singular beauties of each flower, fruit, or
plant ; and then fixed on a manner peculiar to himself,
•which seems almost inimitable. He soon received the
most deserved applause from the ablest judges of painting-;
eyen those who furnished him with the loveliest flowers;
confessing that there was somewhat in his colouring and
pencilling that rendered every object more beautiful, if
possible, than even nature itself. His pictures are finished
with inconceivable truth ; for he painted every tiling after
nature, and was so singularly exact, as to watch even tilts
hour of the day in which his model appeared in its greatest
perfection* .
By the judicious he was accounted to paint with grcateir
freedom dban Mignon or Brueghel; with more tendernesi
and nature than Mario da Fieri, Michael Angelo di Cam-
pidogHo,or Segers ; with more mellowness than De Qeem,
^d greater force of colouring than Baptist. His reputa*^
tiofl rose tosueh a height at last, that he fixed immoderate
prices on his works ; so that none but the very opulent'
could pretend to become purchasers. Six of his paintings
were sold, at a public sale in Holland, for prices that were
almost incredible. One of them, a flower-piece, for four-
teen hundred and fifty guilders; a. fruit-piece, for a tbou^
sand and five guilders ; and the smaller pictures for nine
hundred. These vast sums caused him to redouble his en«»
deavours to excel ; no person was admitted into his rooitt
while he was painting, not even his brothers ; and hi»
method of mixing the tints, and preserving the lustre of
£is colours, was an impenetrable secret which he never
iwould disclose. From the same principle he would never
take any disciples, except one lady, named Haverman'y
and he grew envious and jealous even of her intsrit^ '
H O Y S V IVf . JM
<- By Several domestic disquiets, bis tefiipef became
changed; he grew morose, fretful, and apt to withdraw
himself from society. He bad many enviers of his fame^
which has ever been the severe lot of the most deserving in
all professions ; but be continued to work, and his reputa^
tion never diminished. It is universally agreed, tbat he
bas excelled all who have painted fruit and flowers before
him, by the confessed superiority of his toupb, by the de«-
licacy of his pencil, and by an amazing manner of finish«-
ing ; nor does it appear probable that any future artist will
ever become his competitor. The care which he took tb
purify, his oils, and prepare his colours, and the various ex*-
periments he made to discover the most lustro^us and du-
rable, is another instance of his extraordinary care and
capacity.
From having observed some of his works that were per*
fectly finished, some only half finished, and others only
begun, the principles by which he conducted himself ^may
perhaps be discoverable. His cloths were prepared with
the greatest care, and primed with wJiite, with all possible
purity, to prevent his colours from being obscured, as he
Jaid them on. very lightly. He glazed all other colours^
except the clear and transparent, not omitting^ even the
^bite ones, till he found the exact tone of the colour ; and
oyer that be finished the forms, the lights, the shadows^
and the reflections ; which are all executed with precisioa
and warmth, without dryness or negligence. The greatest
truth, united with the greatest brilliancy, and a velvet soft<»
ness on the surface of his objects, are visible in every part
of his .compositions ; and as to his touch, it looks like the
pencil of nature. Whenever he represented flowers placed
in vases, he always painted those vases after some elegant
model, ^nd the bas-relief is as exquisitely finished as any
of the other parts. Through the whole he shews a delicate
composition, a fine harmony, and a most happy eflect of
light and shadow. Those pictures which he painted on a
clear ground, are preferred to others of his hand^ as having
greater lustre ; and as they demanded more care and
exactness in the finishing ; yet there are some ofx a darkish
ground, in which appears rather more force and harmony^
. It is observed of him, that in the grouping of his flowers^
he, geneiielly designed those which were brightest in the
centre, and gradually decreased the force of his. colour
from the centre to the extremities. The bbNls' nests and
3S4 H U Y S U M.
their eggs, the feathers, insects, and drops of dew, ard
expressed with the Htmost truth, so as even to deceive the
spectator. And yet, after all this merited and just praise, it
cannot but be confessed,' that sometimes bis fruits appear
li' e wax or ivory, without that peculiar softness and wvirmth
wi;ich is constantly obseryable in nature. Beside bis merit
as a flower- painter, he also painted landscapes with great
applause. They are well composed ; and although he had
never seen Rome, he adorned his scenes with the noble
remains of ancient magnificence which are in that city.
His pictures in ibat style are well coloured, and every tree
is distinguished by a touch that is proper for the leafing.
The grounds are well broken, and disposed with taste and
judgmen^t ; the figures are designed in the manner of
Lairesse, highly finished, and touched with a great deal of
«piQt ; and through the whole composition, the scene re-
presents Italy, in the trees, the clouds, and the skies. He
died in 1749, aged sixty-3even.
Of his brothers, Justus Van Huysum was born at Am-
sterdam, and died when he had arrived only at his twenty-
second year. He painted battles in ajarg^and a small
;iize, with exceeding readiness and freedom, without hav-
ing recourse to any models ; and he composed his objects
Xnerely by the power of his own lively imagination, dis*-
posing them also with judgment and taste ; and Jacob
Van Huysum, also ,born at Amsterdam, in 1680, died at
London, wberehe bad resided for several years. His merit
chiefly consisted in imitating the works of his brother John ;
which he did with so much critical exactness, beauty, and
delicacy, as frequently to deceive the most sagacious con-
noisseurs; and be usually had twenty guineas for each
copy. He also composed subjects of his own invention
in tlie same style, which were very much prized; and his
paintings increased in their value like those of his brother
Johi^. He died in 1740.^
HYDE (Edward), earl of Clarendon, and chancellor of
England, was descended from an ancient family in Cbe-
abire, and born at Dinton in Wiltshire, Feb. 16, 1608. la
1622, he was entered of Magdalen -hall in Oxford, and icr
1625, took the degree of bachelor in arts ; but failing of a
fellowship in Exeter college, for which he stood, he re-
moved to the Middle Temple^ where he studied the law
I Pilkio|toii.— Ar2;enville| toL lII.«-*Wa||K>ie'8 Anecdotes*
It YD It* StJ^
ibr «Qv<eitil' jekru widn dil%«nce ancl «iioc0B9< When th«f
ls|wyer» resolved td give a puUio teitknony of Aeif dissent
frMA the new doctrine advanced in Prynne^s *f HistviO'*
HaasPtix/^ in whioh was iihewn' an uttet disregavd ef all man^
ney ef deeency and respect Iro tfae ci^ewn, Hyde and White-
locke^were appointed the managers of the masque pre-^
iented on that occasion to their majesties at Whitehall on
OaBd)emas<-dayy 1693«>4. At the same time he telstified,
npon alt occasions, bis utter dislike to that excess of power,'
whioh was then exercised by the couyt, and supported by
the judges in Westminster- ball. He condemned the op-
pressive proceedings of the higb-commissiGfn court, th^
star-chamber, the eiounciUboard^ the earl-marshal!s court,
er court of honour, and the court of York, This just way
of thinking is said to have been formed in him by a do-
mestic accident, which Burnet relates in the .ft^llowing
manner : ^ Wtien he first began,** says that historian, ^^ te
grow eminent in his profession of ^e law, he went down to
Tisit his father in Wiltshire ; who one day, aa they wert
walking in the fields together, ebseriFed to him^ that * men
6f his profession were apt to stretch the prerogative toor
far, and injure Kberty: but charged him, if ever be eame
to any eminence in his profession, never' to sacrifioe the
laws and liberty of his country to his own interest^ or the
will of his prince.* He repeated this twice, and immew
diatdy fell into a fit of apoplexy, of which he died to a
few hours ; and this advice had so lasting an influence upon
the son, that he ever* after observed and pursued it.'*
' In the parliament which began at Westminster April
10, J 640, he served as burgess for Wotton-Basset in Wilt-
shire; and distirtguished himself upon the following occa-
sion. His majesty having acquaitited the house of com-
mons, that be would release the ship-money, if they would
^knt him twdve subsidies, to be paid in three years, great
debates arose in the house that day and the next ; when'
Hampden, seeing the matter ripe for the question, desired
it might be pat, ^^ whether the house should comply with
the proposition made by the king, as it was contained in*^
the message?*' Serjeant 'Glanvile, the speaker, for the
house was ttien in a committee, endeavoured in a pathetic
speech to persuade them to comply with the king, and so
reconcile him to parliaments for ever. No speech ever
united the inclination of a popular council more to the
speaker than this did; ai^d if the question had been im^
Vou XVIIL C c
3M HYDE.
mediately, put, it was believed that few would have opposed-
it. But, after a short silence, the other, side recoTeriiig
new courage, called again with some earnestness, tha^
Hampden's qqesdon should b^ put; which being^ like to
mQet with a coDcuri'ence, Hyd^, who was desirous to pi^-
serve a due mediuoi^ after expressing bis dislike of Hai^p-*
den's question, proposed, that 'f to the end eyery man
might freely give his yea or no^ the question might be pu^
only upon giving the king a supply ; and if this was car«^
ried^ another might be put upon the manner and propor^
tion : if not, it would have the same effect with the Qtbpr
proposed by Mr. Hampden." This^ after it had been some
time opposed and diverted by other propositions, which
were answered by Hyde, would, as it is generally believed^
have been carric^d in the afErmativCi though positively pp«
posed by Herbert the solicitor-general, if sir Henry. Vane
the secretary had not assured them as from bis miyesty,
that if they should pass a vote for a supply, and not in the
proportion proposed in his majesty's message, it would
not be accepted by him, and therefore . desired that tb^
qu^sj^ion might be laid aside* This being i^gain urged by
the solicitor-general, and it being near five in the after**
nppn, a very late hour, in those days, it was readily con-
sented to, that the bouse should adjourn till the next
morning, a.t which time they were suddenly dissolved.
And within an hour after Hyde met St. John, who was sel-
dom known to simile, but then bad a most cheerful aspect ;
and observing Hyde melancholy, asked him, ''what trou-
bled him ?" who answered, '^ The same he believed that
troubled most good men, tliat, in a time of so much confu«»
sion, so wise a parliament should be so imprudently dis-
solved." St John replied somewhat warmly, '^ that all
was well : that things must grow worse, before they would
grow better ; and that that parliament would never have
done what was requisite."
.This parliament being dissolved, Hyde was chosen for
SaljU&li ill Cornwall in the Long -parliament, which com-
meiwjed Nov. 3 .the same year, where his abili^i^s began
to b(^ noticed ; ^and when the coaimpns prepared fi charge
ai>ainst lord chi^f baron Davenport, baron Weston, and
baron Trevor, he was sent up with the impeachment to
the lords^ to whom he made a most excellent speech. It
begins thus ; ^* My lords, there cannot be a greater instance,
of a ^ck and languishing commonwealth^ than the businesa
HYPE. 387
of tbU day. Good Qod ! how have the guilty these late ^
* years been punished, when the judges themselves have
been such delinquents ? It is no marvel, that an irregular,
extravagant, arbitrary power, like a torrent, 4iath broken '
in upon us, when our banks and oQr bulwarks, the laws,
wer^e in the custody of such persons. Men, who bad left .
their innocence, could not preserve their courage ; nor
could we look that they, who had so visibly undone us,
themselves should have the virtue or credit to rescue us
from, the oppression of other men. It was said by one,
who always sppke excellently, that ' the twelve judges were
like the twelve lions under the throne of Solomon ;^ under
the throne of obedience, but yet liqns. Your lordships
shall this day hear of six, who, be they what they will else,
weipl& no lions : who upon vulgar fear delivered up their
precious forts they were trusted with, almost without as*
saitlc ; and in a tame easy trance of flattery and servitude,
lost and forfeited, shameifully forfeited, that reputation,
,awe, and reverence, which the wisdom, courage, and gra-
vity of their venerable predecessors had contracted and fas*
tened to the places they now bold. They even rendered
that study and profession, Which in all ages hath been, and
I hope, now shall be, of honourable estimation, so contemp-
tible and vile, that bad not this blessed day come, all men
would have bad that quarrel to the law itself which Marius«
had to the Greek tongue, who thought it a mockery to
learn that language, the masters whereof lived in bondage
under others. And I appeal to these unhappy gentlemen
themselves, with what a strange negligence, scorn, and in-
dignation, the faces of all men, even of the meanest, have
been directed to wards them, since, to call it no worse, that
fatal declension of their understanding in those judgments, ,
of which they stand here charged before your lordships.'^
The conclusion runs thus ; '^ If the excellent, envied con-
stitution of this kingdom hath been of late distempered,
your lordships see the causes. If the sweet harmony be-
tween the king's protection and the subject's obedience
hath unluckily suffered interruption; if the royal justice
'and honour of the best of kings have been mistaken by his
eople ; if the duty and affection of the most- faithful and
oyal nation bath been suspected by their gracious sove-
reign ; if, by these misrepresentations, and these misunder-
standings, the king and people have been robbed of the
delight and comfort of each other^ aiid the blessed peace
C c 2
r.
8M HYDE.
oC thiif island been shaken and frigbteMit into tutnitlts and
commotions^ into the porerty, tbougifv not into the rarge, of
W3r, as a people prepared for destru^ction and desolation 4
tbase are the men, aetiveiy or passively, by doing or not
doings who have btoii^bt this upon us : * Misera servitua
false pax vocatur; ubi judicia deBeiunt, inctpit bellum'.*^
But tisough Hyde was very zealous for redressing the
grievances* v>f thef nation^ be vi^as no less so for the security
of the established ohurcb^ attd the honour of the crovrn.
When a bill was brought in to take away the bishops' vote
in parUament^ and to leave them out of all commissions of
the peace^ or any thing that had relation to temporal afiairs,
he was very earnest ,tbr throwing it out, and said, that,
'ffrom the time that parliaments begun, bishops had aU
ways been 3^ part of it; that if they were taken out, thisre
was nobody left to represent the clergy ; which would iU'*
troduce another piece of injustice, that no other part of
the kinrgdom could com plaifi of, who, being all represent--
ed in parliament, were bound to submit to whatever was
enacted there, because it was, upon the matter, with their
own consent : whereas, if the bill was carried, there was
nobody left to represent the clergy, and yet they must b«
bound by their determination.'* He was one of the cont-
mittee employed to prepare the charge agaihst the earl of
Strafford : but, as soon as he saw the unjustifiable violence
with which the prosecution was precipitated, he I^ft them,
and opposed the bill of attainder warmly. He was after-
wards appointed a manager at the conference with th^
house of lords, fur abolishing the court of York, of i^hich
that earl had been for several years president ; and was
ciiairman also of several other committees,, appointed upon
the most important occasions, as long as he continued to
sit among them. But, wheit they began to put in execu-
tion their ordinance for raising the militia against- his ma*
jesty, Hyde, beiijg persuaded that this was an act of open
rebellion, left them ; and they felt the blow given to their
authority by his abticrjce so sensibl}^, that in their instruc-
tions shortly aiier to the earl of Essex their general, he
WAS eificepced with a few others from any grace or favour.
- Hyde witiidrew to the king at York, having first obtained
the great seal to be dent thither on May 20, 1642 : and,
upon his arrival, was admitted into the greatest confidence,
though he was not under any olHcial character in the court*
foe some izionths. £ut^ towards the latter end of the year,'
H y 0 JL 069
upon the pminotion iof fiir John Calepepper to be master of
th« roUs^ be succeeded Jii«i in the chancellorship of th^
exchequer, and the same year was knighted, and made a
privy*counsellor. With tb^oe characters he /sat in tbd
parliament assembled at Oxford, Jan. L64S ; and, in 16M,
was one of the king^s commissioners at the treaty of Ux-
bridge. Not long after, the king sending the prince of
Wales into the West, to bare the superintendency of th^
affidrs there, sir Edward Hyde was appointed Co iittend his
bighpess, and to be of bis council ; where he entered, by
his majesty's cosimand, into a correspondence with the
marquis of Ormond, then.lord-Ueuteuant of Ireland. Upon
the declension of the kiug's cause, be wiib tlie lords C^pel
and Colepepper sailed from Pendennis castle in Cornwall
to Scilly, and tbence to Jersey, where he arrived in Marcb
1645 ; bu^ being greatly disgusted at the prince's removal
thence the following year ito France, he obtained leave to
^ta^ in that island. His opinion respecting the prince's *
removal i^lo France, is warmly expressed in the foilowiii^
letter to the duke of Ormond :
" My Lord,
*^ Your lordship hath been lonig since informed, wbitber
iny lord Bigby attended the prince ; and from thence Jhave
pardoned my not acknowledging your grjace's favour to me,
from the io^possibility of presenting it to you. I confess,
IQ that conjuncture of time, I thought the remove from
Jersey to Ireland to be very At to be deliberately weigbed,
before attempted ; but I wouul have chosen it much more
cheerfully than this that is embraced, which I hope will be
A memorial to my weakness ; .for it is my misrfortune to
difiier from those with whom I have hitherto agreed, and
especially with my best friend, which I hope will not ren-
der me the less fit for your charity, though 1 may be for
your consideration. Indeed, there is not light enough for
me to see my way, and I cannot well walk in the dark f and
therefore I have desired leave of the prince to breathe in
this island a little for my refreshment, till I may discern
some way in which I may serve his majesty. I hope your
. lordship will never meet with any interruption in the exer-
cise of that devotion, which hath rendered you the^iuvied
example of three kingdoms, and that I shall yet fiq^d an
opportunity to attend upon your lordship, and have the
honour to be received bjr you in the capacity of
" My Lord, your Lordship's, &c.
" June 22, 1646. " EDWARD Hyde."
S30 tt Y 6 1
We see herie not barely a disgust^ but even a resentment
shewn to the prince's going to Paris ; the ground of which
undoubtedly lay in the manifest danger his religion might
be brought into from the restless endeavours of his mother;
since it is notorious^ that the chancellor was never upon any
tolerable terms with the queen^ on account of his watch-
fulness against every attempt of this kind.
During his retirement in Jersey, he began to write his
** History of the Rebellion,'* which had been particularly
recommended to him, and in which he was assisted also by
the king, who supplied him with severalof the materials for it.
We learn from the history itself, that upon lord Capel's.
waiting on the king at Hampton-court in 1647, his ma-
jesty wrote to the chancellor a letter, in which he '^ thanked
him for undertaking the work he was upon ; and told him^
he should expert speedily to receive some contribution
from him towards it;" and within a very short time after-
wards, iie sent to him memorials of all that had passed
from the time he had left his majesty at Oxford^ when he
waited upon the prince into the west, to the very day that
the king left Oxford to go to the Scots ; out of which me»
morials the most important p^sages, in the years 1644
and 1645, are faithfully collected. Agreeably to this, the
ninth book opens with declaring, that ** the work was first
undertaken with the king's approbation, and by his en-
couragement ; and particularly, that many impottant points
were transmitted to the author by the king's idimediate
direction and order, even after he was in the hands and
power of the enemy, out of his own memorials and jour-
nals." Thus we may trace the exact time when this hSs-
tory was begun ; and the time when it was finished may be
ascertained with the same degree of exactness, froni*the
dedication of the author's " Survey of the Leviathan," in
which he addresses himself to Charles II. in these terms :
'^ As soon as I had finished a work, at least recommended,
if not enjoined to me by your blessed father, and approved,
and in some degree perused by your majesty, I could not,"
&c. This dedication is dated Moulins, May 10, 1673;
whence it appears, that the history was not completefd till
the beginning of that, or the latter end of the preceding
year ; and this may account for certain facts being related
which happened long after the Restoration ; as for instancci
that " sir John Digby lived many years after the Icing's
return ;" and that the " earl of Saindwich's expedition was
HYDE. S91
*
never forgiven him by some men:'* which might veiy
consistently be introduced in this history, though that
nobleman did not lose his life till 1672.
In Mky 1648, sir Edward received a letter from the
queen to call him to Paris ; where, after the king^s deaths
he was continued both in his seat at the privy council, and
in his office of the exchequer, l>y Charles II, In Nov.
1649, he was sent by the king with lord Cottington am*
bassador extraordinary into Spain, tp apply for assistance
in the recovery of his crown ; but returned without success
in July 1651. Soon after his^ arrival, the king gave him
an account of his escape after" the battle of Worcester, in
that unfortunate expedition to Scotland, whibh had been
undertaken during sir Edward's absence, and much against
his judgment. He now resided for some time at Antwerp,
but left no means unattempted, by letters and messages to
England, for compassing the Restoration ; in which, how«
ever, he solely relied upon the episcopal party. In 1653,
he was accused of holding a correspondence with Crom*
^ well ; but being declared innocent by the king, was after*
.wards made secretary of state. More.attempts were made
to ruin him with the king, but iii vain ; for in 1657 he was
made chancellor of England. Upon the Restoration, as
he had been one of the greatest sharers in his master's
sufferings, so he had a proportionable share in his iglory.
Besides the post of lord chancellor, in which he was
continued, he was chosen chancellor of the university of
Oxford in Oct. 1 660 ; and, in November following, created
a peer by the titl^ of baron Hyde of Hindon in Wiltshire;
to which were added, in April 1661, the titles of viscount
Cornbury in Oxfordshire, and earl of Clarendon in Wilt-
" shire. These honours, great as they were, were, however,
by no means beyond his merit. He had, upon the Resto*
ration, shewn great prudence, justice, and moderation,
in settling the just boundaries between the prerogative of
the crown and the liberties of the people. He had reduced
much confusion into order, and adjusted many clashing
interests, where prope^-ty was concerned. He had endea-
voured to make things easy to the Presbyterians and mal-
contents by the act of indemnity, and to satisfy the Royal-
ists by the act of uniformity. But it is not possible to
stand many years in a situation so. much distinguished,
without becoming the object of envy ; which created him
such enemies as both wished and attempted his ruin, and^
399 tt Y O &
%t l^st effsqt^d it .. Doubtless notbitig more ^^ofttribut^ t^
inflame this passion against biin^ than the €irciiinstanee of
his eldest daughter l^ing married to the duke of Yorl^
which became known in a fe^v months after the king's
return. She had been one of the maids jq£ honoar to the
princess royal Henrietta, some time during the exile^ wbe^i
the duke fell in love with her; and being disappoiated bf^
the defeat of sir George Booth^ in a design be had iovmeA
of coming with some forces to England in 1659^ he went
%o Breda, where bis sister then resided. Passing aoib^s
weeks there, be took this opportunity, as Buro«t tells u^
of soliciting miss Hyde to indulge his desires without -maD*
r|a^ ; but she managed the matter with such address^ Uiitf
in the conclusion he married her, Nov. 4 that year, tvidt
9hU possible secrecy, a^id unknown to ber fatlier. Afeeir
tbeir arrival in £E>glaiid, being pregnant, she called upoft
the duke to ownbi^ marriage 9 and though he endeavoured
|» divert her from this object^ both by great premises «iid
great threatenings, yet she had the spirit and wisdom td
tell him, '^ She would have it known tbtft she was bis ^^
let him use her afterwards as be pleased/' The kkig
ordered some bishops aod judges to peruse the pro<>fs ^
ber marriage ; and they importing that it ha4 been, sol^mr-
nized according to the doctrine of gospel and the IfMir
of. England, he told his brother, that be must live 4vitk
her whom he had made his wife^ and at the sali>e time
generously preserved the honour of an excellent servant
who bad not Deen privy to it ; assuring him, that ^^ this
accident should not lessen the esteem and favour be had
for hiiii.'*
The first open attack upou lord Ciarendoi) was inade by
^he earl of Bristol ; who, in 1663^ exhibited Against bi<n a
charge of high treason to tl>e house of lords. Inhere had
been a long course of friendship, both in pros^perity and
adversity, between the chancellor and this earl : b^Qt they
bad gradually fallen into different measures in religion and
politics. In this state of things, the chancellor . r^fusiu^
what lord Bristol considered as a small favour (which was
said to be the passing a patent in favour of a court lady),
the latter took so much offence, that he resolved upon rcr
venge. The substance of the whole accusation was as
follows : *' That the chancellor, being in place of highest
trust and confidence with his majesty, and having arrogated
H supreme direction iu aU things, had, with a traitorous
H ¥ D fr 399
iotetit to draw contMipt vpon bis msjeAy^i perioo^ «»d lo
aUetiiUe the affections of kis subjects^ ^i|^d che said
iriist in manner following. U He bad endeavoufed ito
alienate the hearts of his ma^sty*« subjects, by aftfuUir
iBsiauatingto hU creatures and dependents, that bis oiajest|r
was inclined to popery, and desigoed to alter the 6M*-
%lished neligion^ 2. He had sai4 to seyeral persons of bis
tmijesty's privy council, that kiis majtesty wits dan^rously
corrapited in bis religion, and inclined h» fopety i tbttt
jperaons oT that religion had such access aad sncb credit
wHfa.brni, that, unless there were a careful eye Isad upoti,
it^ die protestant . religion would be -overtbrowti in tfats
kingdooi. 3» Upon his maje^ty^s admitting sir Henry
fiWaet to be secretary 4>f 6ta«e in the ^place ^^ sir Edward
t^icboltub he^aid, that his majesty ihad given tO^OOO/. to
MfBove a iNiost zealous Prolestafi^t, tbathQimiight bring ioibo
that ^laoe a concealed Papist. 4w ki pumuance t}f the
saiue fciPfiierous 4esigni^ several friends aad dependents af
his have said aloud, that ^ were it not for my lord chan<-
oelta^r^s standing in tbe gap, Popery wOaitl be intrdduoed
iAto-thigJuBgdom^' 5. That he bad |>ers(iaded the king,
comvary >to bia OfHnion, to allow bis name to be used to the
^pe^atid several "Cardinals, in ttve solicitation of acardtoai*s
cap fer tbe lord Aubigny, great almoner to the queen : in
order toe)ffect which, he had employed Mr. Ricfaard Beal^
ing, a Jcnown Papistf^ and had likewise applied himself tp
several popish |)riests and Jesuits tto the ^ame purpose^
promising great favour to the Ps^istis bei^e, incase it 'shouU
bie effected. 6. That he bad Ivkewise (promised to several
Papists, tlnat he would do his endeavour, "amd said, * he
hoped to compass taking away all petial laws against them;'
to the end Ibey might .presujue and grow vain upon his
f>ati*oivage ; and, by their pnbltsh^ing their hopes of toie-
nation, increase the scandal designed by him to be raiseil
against bis m^esty throughout tbe kingdom. 7. Thar^
beimg intrusted with the treaty between his majesty and bis
x^oyal oonsort the queen, he concluded it upon articles
fcandalousand 4angerous to the Protestant religion. More«-
over, he brought the king and queen together without any
settled agreement about the performance of the marriage
rites ; w^reby, the queen refusing to be married by a
l^rotestant priest, in case of her being with child, either
th^ succession should be made uncertain for want of tbe
due rites of matrimony, or olsehis majesty be exposed to
^94 HYDE.
E suspicion of having been married in his own dominions
by a Romish priest. 8. That^ having endeavoured to
alienate the hearts of the king's subjects upon the score of
religion, he endeavoured to make use of all his scandals
and jealousies, to raise to himself a popular applause of
being the zealous upholder of the Protestant religion, &c.
9, That he further endeavoured to alienate the hearts of
the king's subjects, by venting in his own discourse, and
those of his emissaries, opprobrious scandals against his
majesty's person and course of life; such as are not fit to
be mentioned, unless necessity shall require it. 10. That
he endeavoured to alienate the affections of the duke of
York from his majesty, by suggesting to him, that ^ his
majesty intended to legitimate the duke of Monmouth.*
11. That be had persuaded the king^ against the advice of
the lord general, to withdraw the English garrisons out of
Scotland, and demolish all the forts built there, at so vast
a charge to this kingdom ; and all without expecting the
advice of the parliament of England. 12. That he endea-
voured to alienate his majesty's affections and esteem from
the present parliament, by telling him, ^ that there never
was elo weak and inconsiderable a house of lords, nor never
so weak and heady a house of commons ;' and particularly
that * it was better to sell Dunkirk than be at their mercy
for want of money.' 1 3. That, contrary to a known law
made last session, by which money was given and applied
for maintaining Dunkirk, he advised and effected the sale
of the same to the French king. 14. That he had, con-
trary to law, enriched himself and his treasures by the sale
of offices. 15. That he had converted to his own use vast
sums of public money, raised in Ireland by way of subsidy,
private and pubHc benevolences, and otherwise given and
intended to defray the charge of the government in that
kingdom. 16. That, having arrogated to himself a supreme
direction of all his majesty's affairs, he had prevailed to
h^ve his majesty's customs farmed at a lower rate than
others offered ; and that by persons with some of whom
he went a share, and other parts of money resulting
from his majesty's revenue."
A charge urged with so much anger and inconsistency as
this was, it is easy to imagine, could not much affect him ;
on the contrary we find, that the prosecution ended greatly
to the honour of the chancellor ; notwithstanding which,
his enemies advanced very considerably by it in their
tt Y t> t. 3^*
design^ 10 make him less in favour with his master, less
respected in parliament, and less beloved by the people.
The building of a magnificent house, which was begun in
the following year, 1664, furnished fresh matter for ob-
loquy. «« The king,'* says Burnet, " had granted him a
large piece of ground, near St. James's palace, to build
upon. He intended a good ordinary house ; but not un-
derstanding these matters himself, he put the management
of it into the hands of others, who run him to a vast ex-^
pence of above 50,000/. three times as much as he had
designed to lay out upon it. During the war, and in this
year of the plague, he had about 300 men at work, which
he thought would have been an acceptable thing, when so
many men were kept at work, and so much money as wa&
daily paid circulated about; but it had a contrary effect ;
it raised a great outcry against him. Some called it Dun-
kirk-Chouse, intimating that it was built by his share of the
price of Dunkirk : others called it Holland-hOuse, because
he was believed to be no friend to the war ; so it was given
out he had the money from the Dutch. It was visible that,
in a time of public calamity, he was building a very noble
palace. Another accident was, that before the war there '
were some designs on foot for the repairing of St. PatPs,
and many stones were li^rought thither for the purpose.
That project was laid aside ; upon which he bought the
stones, and made use of them in building his own house.
This, how slight soever it may seem to be, had a great
effect by the management of his enemies." To this remark
it may be added, that this stately pile was not finiished till
1667 ; so that it stood a growing monument for the popular
odium to feed upon, almost the whole interval between bis
first.and his last impeachment ; ahd to aggravate and spread
that odium, there was published a most virulent satirical
song, entitled "Clarendon's House-warming," to irritate
the minds of the populace.
In August 1667, he was removed from his post of chan-
cellor, and in November following was impeached by the
liouse of commons of high treason, and other crimes and
misdemeanors ; upon which, in thp beginning of December,
he retired to France, and on the 19th, an act of banishment
was passed against him. Echard observes, how often ** it
has been admired, that the king should not only consent to
discard, but soon after banish a friend, who had been aa
honest and faithful to him as the best, and perhaps more
396 HYDE.
useful and semoeable than any be h^ ev^t employed:;
which surely could never have been braqgbt to bear with*
out innumerable enviers and enemies^'' But to conceite
bow these were raised, we need oaly remember, that during
the height of his grandeur^ which conttuued two years
after the Restoiatiou without any rivalshij)^, as weU as the
rest of his ministry, he manifested an inflexible steadiness
to the constitution of the church of Ei^ianid, in e^iial
opposition to the Papists on one side, and the Dissenters
<on the otbej* ; so that none of these could ever be recon-
ciled to him or his proceedings. Yet at fir«t be seaoied go
ibrward to effect a coalition of all parties, that the cavali^v
.and strict churchmen thought themselves much neglected;
and many of them upon that account, though lanfuatly,
.entertained insuperable prejudices against him, and jemed
with the greatest of his enemies. But the cironmatafices
which were supposed to weaken bis interest with, and at
length make him diss^reeable to the kir^ wene rather «f
Ji personal nature, and auch as coocemed the kii^g aad
him only. It is allowed on all hands, that the chancellor
! was not without the pride of conscious virtue ; so that his
.personal behaviour was accompanied with a sort of ^mvity
and haugbtinei^, -which struck « very ynplea^ng awe iiMO
a court filled with licentious persons of both sexes. He
' .often took the liberty to give reproofs to these persons of
jnirth and gallantry ; and sometimes thought it bis d«ty lo
advise the king himself in such a manner that they todk
advantage of him, and as he passed in court, wouJd often
say to bis majesty, <* There goes your schoolmaster.'' The
chief of these was the duke of Buckingham, who iiad a
surprising talent of ridicule and buffoonery ; and that he
might make way for lord Clarendon's ruin, by bringing
him first into contempt, he of^en acted and mimicked him
. in the presence of the king, walking in e stately manner
with a pair of bellows before him for the purse, and colonel
Titus carrying a. fire-shovel on his shoulder for the mace;
with which sort of farce and banter, the king, says Echardf
was too much delighted and captivated. These, with soBie
more serious of the Popish party, assisted by the solicita-
.tions of the ladies of pleasure, made such impressions
upon the king, that he ait last gave way, and became will-
ing, and even pleased, to part both from his person and
services. It was also believed, that the kiag had some
private resentments against him, for cbteking of, those
H Y D E. »>7
wtio mmtm too forward in loading the erowh with preroga-
tive and reinenue ; and particdarly we are told, that he
had coonteracted the king m n grand design which he haid,
to be divorced fronv the q«een, under pretence '^ that she'
had been pre-engaged to another person, or that she was
iftcapabte of bearmg (Sbildren.'" The person designed to
SQppiy her j^ace was Mrs. Stuart, a beautiful young lady/
who waff lekited to the king, and bad some office under the
q^een. The- chancellor, to prevent this, sent «for the duke
of Richinond, who was of the same name ; and seeming
to be sorry that a person- of bis worth and relation to bis
majesty should reoeive no marks of his favouTi advised hini
to asarry this tady, as the most Kkely means to advance
Umself. The young nobleman, liking the person,; followed
Us advicse, made immediate application to the lady,
who was ignorant of the king's intentions^ and in a few
day4^ married her. The king, thus disappointed, and
sooD after informed how the match was brought about,
banished the duke and his new duchess from court, reserv-
ing his resentment against the chancellor to a more conve-
usent opportnnity. Be this as it will, the private reasons
that induced the king to abandon the chancellor were ex-
pressed in a letter to the duke of Ormond, then in Ireland ;
which the king wrote to that nobleman for his satisfaction^
knowing him to be the chancellor's friend. Echard ob-
serves, that this letter was never pubfished, nor would a
copy of it be granted ; but that be had been told the
substance of it more than once by those who bad read it ;
and the principal reason there given by the king was,
*'The chanceUor's intolerable temper."
Being now about to quit the kingdom in exile, before
he departed he drew up an apology, in a petition to the
bot^se of. lords, in' which he vindicated himself from any
way contributing to the late miscarriages, in such a man-
ner as laid the blame at the same time upon others. The
lords receired it Dec. 3, and sent two of the judges to
acquaint the commons with it, desiring a conference. The
dtike of Buckinghatn, who was plninly aimed at in the pe-
tition, delivered it to the commons ; and said, " The lords
have commanded me to deliver to you this scandalous and
seditious paper sent from the earl of Clarendon, They bid
me present it to you, and desire you in a convenient time
to send it to then again ; for it has a style which they are
in love with, and therefore desire to keep it.'* Upon the
riding of it in that house, it was voted to be " scandalouS|
3M HYDE. *
malicious, and a reproach to tbe justice of the nation ;^
and they moved the lords, that it might be burnt by the
hands of the common hangman, which Was ordered and
executed accordingly. The chancellor retired to Rouen
in Normandy; and, the year following, his life was at-
tempted at Evreux near that city by a body of seamen, in
such an outrageous manner^ that he with great difficulty
escaped. In tbe Bodleian library at Oxford^ there is an
original letter from Mr. Oliver Long, dated from Evreux^
April 26, 1 668, to sir William Cromwell, secretary of state^
in which the following account is given of this . assault
** As I was travelling from Rouen towards Orleans, it was
my fortune, April 23, to overtake the earl of Clarendon,
then in his unhappy and unmerited exile, who was going
towards Bourbon, but took up his lodgings at ^ private
' hotel in a small walled town called Evreux, some leagues
from Rouen. I, as most English gentlemen did to so va*
luable a patriot, went to pay him a visit near supper-time ;
when he was, as usual, very civil to me. Before supper
was done, twenty or thirty English seamen and more came
and demanded entrance at the great gate ; which, being
strongly barred, kept them out for some time. But la a
short space they broke it, and presently drove all they
found, by their advantage of numbers, into the earPs cham-
ber ; whence, by tbe assistance of only three swords and
pistols, we kept them out for half an hour, in which dis-
pute many of us were wounded by their swords and pistols,
whereof they "had many. To conclude, they broke the
windows and the doors, and under the conduct of one
Howard, an Irishman, who has three brothers, as I am told,
in the king of England's service, and an ensign in the
company of caononeers, they quick \y found the earl in his
bed, not able to stand by the violence of the gout ; whence,
after they had given him many blows with their swords
and staves, mixed with horrible curses and oaths,' thev
dragged him on the ground in the middle of the yard,
where they encompassed him around with their swords,
and after they bad told him in their own language, how
he had sold the kingc}om, and robbed them of their pay,
Howard commanded them all, as one man, to run their
swords through his body. But what difference arose among
themselves before they could agree, God aboveywho alone
sent this spirit of dissention, oilly knows. In this interval
their lieutenant, one Swaine, came and disarme^d them*
! .
Sixteen of the ringleaders were put into prison ; and maay
of those things, they had. rifled from him, found again,
which were restored, and of great value. : Mons. la Fonde,
a great man belonging to the. king of Francois bedtchani'-
beci sent to conduct the earl on his way thither, was so:
desperately, wounded in the head, that there were little^
hopes of his life. Many of these assassins were grievously,
wounded ; and this aotion is so much resented by all here,
that many of these criminals will flieet. with an usage equal
to. their merit. Had we been sufficiently provided witfai
fircH-arms, we had infallibly done ourselves justice on them y
however, we fear not but the law will supply, our defect.'*
> Being greatly afflicted with the gout, and not finding
himself secure in that part of .!^ranoe, he went ia the sum*
mer to Montpelier, where, recovering his health in a con-^.
siderable measure, he continued three or four years, In
1672 he resided at Moulins, and removing thence to Rouen,
diied Dec. 9, 1673, in that city; from whence his body.
was brought to England, and interred on. the north side of
Henry Vllth's chapel in Westminster-abbey. He w^.
twice married; first to Anne, daughter of sir Gregory
Ayloffe, of Robson, in Wiltshire^ knt. and this lady dying
without issue, to Frances, daughter, and iit length beif ess,
to sir Thomas Aylesbury, bart. in 1634 ; by whom he had.
four sons and two daughters. Anne his eldest daughter
was married, as we have already observed, to the duke of
York, by which match she became mother to two daugh-
ters, Mary and Anne, who were successively queetis of
England. Besides these, she brought the duke four sons
and three daughters, who all died in their infancy. The.
last was born Feb. 9,1670-1, and her mother died. on.
March 31 following; having a little before her death
vcbanged her religion, to the great grief of her father, who
on that occasion wrote a most pathetic letter to her, and
another to the duke.faer consort.
Besides the ^^ History of the Rebellion'' already men-,
tioned, the chancellor wrote other pieces, theological as
well as political. In 1672, while he resided at Moulins, he
wrote his ^^ Animadversions upon Mr. Cressy's book en-
titled ' Fanaticism fanatically imputed to' the Catholic
Church by Dr. Stilliugfleet, and the imputation refuted
and retorted by J. C' " He is supposed to have been led
to this work from the knowledge he had of Ctpssy^ by
means of an^ acquaintance comfnenced at Oxfprd, wherei
40Ot B' Is JJL xLm
tli«i:g6ntkttiMi' wts kk contewponurjr; aold' a iu>tmf 0t
a similar nature isight piohdbly iod«c9 him tft draw: up hit
M Surrey of Mr. HdbbesH Leviathan,^* wfaiok faedodicataA
tb« year M loving to Ctiarles II. from tbfO iame placs. H«
wrole also soma things of a smaller kind, which have beeis
coHiected and published with his '< Misoellaaeous Trae|s/^
And lastly, in 1759, was published << An Aecount of bia
own Life from his birth lo the restoration in 1660 p and m
Contiotialien of the same^ and of his Hbtory of the GraMt
Rtbeltion, from, the restovatson to his banishment tn LddT;^*
written by himself; and printed in one Tolume, f^ia, vaJI
three in Svo^ frocn his original MS., giiren to tkeunrvefsity
of Oxford by bis heirs : and his- << Slate* Papers'^ were pub^
lisbedin d vols, fol, the first in 1167> the second in 1773,'
and the third in I7S6.
It is as a historian that knrd Clarendon wfU be longest
remembefed, and if compared with those whopreieeded^
or were contemporaries with him, his superiority must in
efery respect be acknowledged. He knevik more and baa
told tnore of the histories of nis times than aiiy other iMin^
and that with an impartiality which gi^es: tss an ecjnUty
fiiaeuyable opinion of his hcM as of hisi heart. It may,b#
ef«ry where seen that be cannot disguise the trntb evenf
when it makes against the cause be supports ; and where^
there is any appearance of partiality, it may easily ba
traced to a warmth of loyalty and friendship, for wbick
every honourable man will find an apelogy in his own'
breast. The republicans of hie time had much to allega
against him, and those of more modern times wilt never
fonrgive a loyalty which they eatinot comprehend, a steadi-
ness of principle which ill accords with their versatilo
schemes of innovation, and a species of patriotism whldU
wonid pr^erve the balance between liberty and licentio«s«>
ness.v ** Liiie justice itself/^ says lord Orlxird, in a cfaa<^
racter of our author, by no means very favourable, *^ b#
held the balance between the necessary power of the su-
preme magistrate and the interests of the people. Thiji
never-dying obligation his contemporaries were taught tcf
overlook and to clamour against, till they removed the only
man, who, if he could, would have corrected his master^s
evil government." Such was Ciarendon^s majrit in ther
corrupt court of ChaHes II. when, ^ if he had sougb^j
fiotbiog but power, his power liad never ceased/' Tha
jSsct was^ that Clarendon, iu his History^ not then p^ln
H Y D fi. 401
lUbedt bnt certainly written, had traced tbe misfortunes ^of
the preceding reign to their true source, and was the oql/
pan at court who wished to profit by his experience* As
to his style, as a historian, it has chiefly been objected that
his periods are long ; hut it seems scarcely worth while ti|
jsnlarge on the /style of a writer wholive^ at a time wheii
style was so Ut^Ie cultivated, so imperfectly known, .His
excellencies are his comprehensive, knowledge pf mankind^
which enabled him to draw those exact portcaits pf tbo
Reading characters of his time, which have scarcely been
equalled, and probably can never be excelled. No man
brings us nearer to the personages with whom we wish t<}
\)e familiar. He is, says Granger, in this particular as
ynrivalled ampng the moderns as Tacitus among the an<v
cients. He.paints himself in drawing the portraitsof pthers;
and we every where see the clear o^nd exact compr^hen-^
sion, t^e uncommon learning,. the. dignity and equity. of
the lord chancellor, in his cjiaracter as a writer.^
HYDE (Henry), earl of Clarendon^ eldest son of the
chancellor, was born in 1638. Having received the rudi*
snents of education, he early entered Uito business ; for hia
father, apprehending of wba): fatal consequence it would
be to the king^s airairs, if bis correspondence should bei
discovered by unfaithful secretaries, engaged him, wheii
very young, to write all his letters in cypher ; so that he
generally passed half the day in writing in cypher, or de^
cypheringt and was so discreet, as well as jaithful, that
nothing was ever discovered by him. After the restora*
tion, he. was created miister of arts, at Oxford, in 1660*^
and} upon settling the queen's household, appointed cham-
berlain to her majesty. He was much in the queen's fa<*
Tour; apd, his father being so violently prosecuted on ac*
count of her marriage, she thought herself bound to pr^^
^ct him m a particular manner. He so highly resented
the usage his father met with, that he united himself eagerl;^
to the party which opposed the court, and made no inconi*
•iderable figure in the list of speakers. Mr. Grey has pre^
aerved a great number of his speeches. On his fatherV
death in 16 7 4^ he took his seat in the House of Lords; s^
• • •
* 1 life by btnuelf.— Biog. Brit.-«Fftrb't edition of the Royal and NobTa Au«
ttMin.*^B|inietit Own Timet.— >Btinrkk>t Ul9»T^l>r. Jobnaon^s Werkii.— Atb.
Ox. Tot II.^W»rburtoii>s Uttert.-M3eat. Mag. tdI. LX, LXIU, UQCXl, 4c.
Ac. For an accouot and refaMlion of OldmixooL't iofan&ous attack oo.Jord
Ctaiettdon't hietory, tee Buften*i ''GeHiiieeiMtt 9f that histery^" kn^imk^^,
Vot. XYlll. Dp
401 it t D t.
continued his opporitioDi and eren signed a protest againsC
an address toted td the king on his speech^ He sdll, how-
ever, held his post of chamberlain to the queen ; and af«
terwardsy shewing himself no less zealous against the bill
of exclusion, was taken into favour, and made « privy-*
counsellor, 1680. But he soon fell under the displeasure
of the prevailing party in the House of Commons ; who^
unable to darry the exclusion bill, shewed, their resentment
against the principal oppOsers of it, by Vbttng an addresa
to the king, to remove from his presence and councils, the
tnarquis of Worcester, and the earls of Halifalt, Feversham;
and Clarendon.
On the accession of James II. he was first liiadelord
privy-seal, and then lord-lieutenant of Ireland : but being
too firmly attached to the protestant religion for thosd
times, he was recalled from his goverriinent to make room
' for lord Tyrconnel; and soon after removed from the
privy-seal, that lord Arundel, of Wardour, another papist;
inight succeed him. About this time he was made high-
Steward of the university of Oxford. After the landing of
die prince of Orange, be was one of the protestant lords,
summoned by the kin?, when it was too late, to repair the
ill Consequences of his popish councils, and had spirit
enough to take the lead, and to speak his mind ffankly and
openly in that memorable assembly. Yet though he had
no great a regard to the constitution as to oppose kin{p
James's encroachments, he would not transfer his alle-
giance to the new establishment, nor take the oatlis tor
king William : on which account he was, with some others^
suspected of designs against the government; add, when
the king was in England, and the French fleet appealed on
the English coast, the regency thought proper to secure
him in" the Tower. After some months he was released*
and spent the femainder of his days privately at Ins own-
house jii thcf country ; where he died Oct. 22, 1709^ %e<i
sevent^-pheu.
Hi9 3tate Letters, during bis government of Ireland,
and h)j ijj^ary Tor the years 1687, 1688, 1689, and 1690;
were published in: 2 vols. 4t09 1763, from the Clarendon
press in Oxford. **This diary,!* says the editor^ " pre-
sents us .with a picture of the manners of the age in wbidr
the writer lived. We may learn from it, that at the close
of the^eventeenth century, a lAan of the first quality made
it bis constant practice to go to churcb, and c^uld spend
i
HYDE. MS
*
the dty m society with his family and frieiids, without
fbaking his arm at a gaming-table, associating with jockiea
at Newmarket, or murdering time by a constant round of
giddy dissipation, if not of criminal indulgence.** Besides
the above, lord Clarendon drew op '' Some account of the
tombs and monuments in the cathedral church of Winches-
teri Feb. 1683,*' which was continued and printed with
Gale's history of that church ; and there are .three tracts
nattriboted to him, printed in dutch's << Collectanea." ^
HYDE (Henry), Lord Hyde and Cornbury, eldest
son to Henry earl of Clarendon and Rochester, was the
author of a few pamphlets published without his name : of
tome tragedies still in manuscript, and of a comedy called
V The Mistakes ; or. The Happy Resentment," printed ia
\7SS at Strawberry Hill, with a preface by lord Orfordi»
This was a juvenile performance, of no great merit, never
acted, and printed for the benefit of an actress. His lord*
ship was killed by a fall froth bis horse, in France, May
S, 1763. Pope has neatly complimented the virtuous taste
of lord Cornbury, by making it a criterion of merit to
** disdain whatever Cornbury disdained.'' " He was," saya
lord Orford, *^ upright, calm, i^teady ; his virtues were of
the gentlest complexion, yet of the firmest texture ; vice
could not bend him, nor party warp him ; even his owa
talents could not mislead him. Though a master of e1b«
quence, he preferred justice and the love of his country
to all the applause which the violence of the times in which
he lived was so prodigal of bestowing on orators who dis-
tinguish themselves in any faction ; but the tinsel of po«
pularity and the intrinsic of corruption were equally his
contempt He spoke, nor wrote, nor acted, for fame."
He wrote the paper dated Feb. 12,' 1737, in the periodical
paper entitled *^ Common Sense," and *' A Letter to the
Tiee-chancelldr of Oxfoird." 1751. His lordship had re-
presented the university in parliament, and in this letter
announces his resignation, in consequence of being called
vp to hts father's barony in the house of peers. This vva^
followed by a ** Letter to his Lordship," from seireral
members of the university, acknowledging his merits. He
was succeeded by sir Roger Newdigate. But of all' his
compositions, that which did his lordshipl^mdst'tfre^it, was
his *< Letter to David Mallet, on the intended jiiiblicatiuii
t ConiM'i P«tras«^Park'f Royal and Noble itttj^^rii^io^^BritJ
DP 2
404 HYDE.
« *
of lord Bolingbroke> Manuscripts/* which was printed in
Dr. Hawkesworth's edition of Swift^s works ; and it is a
monument, says that editor, that, will do more bononr to
"the writer's memory than all that mere wit or valour has
achieved since the word began. Mallet, it is well known,
-did not profit as he ought to have done by this advice.
Pope's allusioQ of ^' disdain/' &c. is said, by Ruffbead, to
have arisen from the following circumstance: when lord
iCorobury returned from his travels, the earl of Essex, his
brother-in-law, told him he had got, a haiid^me pension
Jor him ; to which lord Cornbury answered with a com-^
posed dignity, ** How could you tell, my lord, that I was
to be sold ; or, at least, how came you to know ftiy price
so exactly ?"* '
HYDE (Dn Thomas), a very learned writer, was sofi
of Mr. Ralph Hyde, minister of Billingsley near Bridge-^
north in Shropshire, and born there June 29, 1636. Having *
a strong inclination for the Oriental languages from bis
youth, he studied them first under his father ; and after-
wards, in 1652, being admitted of King's college, Cam-
bridge, he became acquainted with Mr. Abraham Whee-
lock, art admirable linguist, who encouraged him to pro-
secute his study of them in that place. By him, Hyde,
when he had been at Cambridge little more than a year,
was sent to London, and recommended to Walton, after-
wards bishop of Chester, as a person very capable of asi
sisting him in the Polyglott Bible, in which work he was
then engaged. Hyde rendered him great services; for,
besides his attendance in the correction of it, he transcribed
the Pentateuch out of the Hebrew characters, in which it
was first printed at Constantinople, into the.proper Persian
character^; which by archbishop Usher was then judged
impossible to have been done by a native Persian, because
one Hebrew letter frequently answered to several Persian
letters, which were difficult to be known. He translated
it likewise into Latin. What he did farther in the Poly-
glott, is specified by the editor in these words : ^^ Nee
prxtereundiis est D. Thomas Hyde, summs spei juvenisji
qui in linguis Orientalibus supra setatem magnos progressut
fecit, quorum specimina dedit turn in Arabibus, Syriacia^
« t^ersicis, &c. corrigendis, tum in Pentateucho Persico
* Park's R«y«l and Kuble Anibors.— Biog. Drsm.— Bovlev's editiMi of Pope's
Woriu.— Colt's Heiaoiri of Walpole.
ft Y D E. 40*
enaracteribus Persicis describendo, quia afiteisi $o1ii HH
braicis extitit, ejasque versionem Latinam condnnando/' •
In 1658 he went to Oxford^ and was admitted of Queen*f
cdlegey where be was soon after made Hebrew reader;
The year after, Richard Cromwell, then chaneellor of thai
university, directed his letters to the delegates, 8igniiying,>
that *^ Mr. Hyde was of full standing, since hia admissioa
into the university of Cambridge, for the degree of master
of arts, and that he bad given public testimony of his mor«
than ordinary abilities and learning in the Oriet^tal laiu
guages i** on which they made an order that he should
accumulate that degree by reading only a lecture in on^
of the Oriental languages in the schools ; and having ac«^
cordingly read upon the Persian tongue, he was created
M. A. in April 1659. Soon after he was made under-^
Jceeper of the Bddleian library, upoh the ejection of Mr.
Henry Stubbe; and behaved himself so well in this em«
ployment, that, when the office .of head-keeper became
vacant, he was elected into it with the unanimous approba-
tion of the university. In 1665 be published a Latin trans^
lation from the Persian of Ulugh Beig's ^^ Observations
concerning the Longitude and Latitude of the fixed Stars,*'
with notes. - This Ulugh Beig was a great Tartar monarch,
the son of Sh&hrokh, and the grandson of Timur Beig, or^
as he is usually called, Tamerlane. In the preface be iuK
forms * us,' '^ that the great occupations of government hiii^
dered him from performing in person, sp much as he would
have done towards the completing this useful work : but
that be relied chiefly on bis minister i^alalieddin, and that
he dying before the work was finished,: his colleague Gaia^
tbeddin Giamshed and his son Ali al Coushi were afterwards
employed, who put the last hand to it." It was wiitten
originally in the Arabic tongue, but afterwards translated
twice into the Persian.
About this time Hyde became known to Mr. Boyle, to
v^hom he was very usefuf in communicating from Oriental
writers several particulars relating to chemistry, physic,
and natural history. In Oct. 1666, he was collated to a
prebend in the church of Salisbury.: In 1674, be pub«
lished **A Catalogue of the books in the Bodleian library.^'
In 1678, he was made archdeacon of Gloucester; and, in
i6S3, took the degree of doctor in divinity. Deo. 1651,
he was elected Arabic professor, on the death 6f Dr.' £d-
irard Pocock } aod the same year published the ^< Itinem
4M B r J} IX
Miliidt** ^f Abr^am PeritaoI^.tbe son of Mordecai Peritsol,
a very leairned Jew. This was done to supply in some
neasure the Arabic geography of Abulfeda, which, at the
request of Dr. felt, he had undertaken to publish with a
Latin transUiioti : but the death of his patron putting an
end to that work, be sent this smaller performance abroad,
and dedicated it to the earl of Nottingham, then secretary
of state, in hopes that it might excite a stronger curiosity
amongst the learned to search into this branch of literature.
Dr. AUhatn, regius-professor of Hebrew, and canon of
Christ-church, being, on some dispute about the oath^
l!emoved from both preferments, Hyde became possessed
of both, as they are always annexed, in July 1697.
< Three yeara after he had ready for the press, as Wood
tellk us, an excellent work, on a subject very little known
even to the learned themselves, ^^The Religion of the
Ancient Persians," a work of profound and various erudi*
tion, abounding with many new lights ou the most curious
and interesting subjects, filled with authentic testimonies,
which none but himself could bring to public view, and
with many ingenious conjectures concerning the theology^
history, and learning of the Eastern nations. This work,
which was printed at Oxford in 1700, in 4to, containing
$S0 pages, and is now become exceedingly scarce, and
sells at a very high price, was entitled " Historia Reli*
gionis Vetenim Persarum, eorumque Magorum.'* It was
dedicated to lord Somers. Foreign writers, as well as those
of our own country, have spoken of it with high admiration
and applause; and, if Hyde had. left us no other. monii?»
ment of his studies, this alone had been sufficient to esta<«
blish and preserve his reputation, as long as any taste for
Oriental learning shall remain.
In April 1701 he resigned the office of principal keeper
of the Bodleian library, on account of his age and infirmi^
ties; and died Feb. 18, 1703, at his lodgings in Christo
church, in his 67tii year. He bad occupied the post of in-
terpreter and secretary in the Oriental languages, during
the reigns of Charles II. James II. and William IIL and, it
is said, had, in the course of ihisi employment, made him-
telf accurately acquainted with whatever regarded the
policy, ceremonies, and customs of the Oriental nations.
He was succeeded in his archdeaconry of Gloucester by
Mr. Robert Parsons; and, what was singular enough, in
the chair of Hebrew professor and in his canonry of Cbrist-
chorch by his predecessor Dir. Altbam.
r D IL «9T
fieqitles^ th€ v^orks alireatdy meDtiobed, be publishefcl
*^ QuaMOf Evangelia & Acta Apostolorutn Linguil M alaicd^
^hacac4;eribua EuropfiBis,*' Oxford, 1677, 4to. His << Epis«
IqIa de mensurb & ponderibus Serum sive Sinensium,*' &c«
WA9 printed al^ the eod of Dr. Edward Bernard's book, en-^
titled ^^I>e laensuris & ponderibus anttquis Libri tres/'
Oxford, 16S8, 8to. In 1690 be published at Oxford in
4to^ I'^AoAotatiuocute in Tractatuin Aiberti Bobovii Tur->
<^aruin Imp. Mohamoiedis I-V. oUm interpretis primarily de
^Turcarum Liturgid, peregrinauone Meccani, Circumci-
aionei sgrotoniin visijUtione, &c. Subjungptur Castigatio
ia Afigelum a Sancto Josepho, Carmelitarum discaLceato->
mm in Perside prsfectum olim generalem.*' In 1694 he
published at Oxford in dvo» *^ De Ludis Orientalibus Libri
doo,*' &c* The first book is divided into two parts : the
first' of which parts eontains ^^ Mandragorias, seu Historia
-ShaUludiiy" &c, in Latin ; and the second part *^ Hist.
:£babiiudii/* &c. in Hebrew and Latin. This <^ Historia
>$hahiludii" bad been publislied by iteelf at Oxford, 1689,
in 8vo» The second book contains *^ Historia Nerdiludii,
.boo est dieere,^ Trunculorum," &c. He wfote likewise
,^' In Historian Plaotarum Oxoniensium Annotationes No-*
^ioinn sbigulariiBi Piantarum LingulL Arabi<;& & Persic& &
Turcioi,'' pttblished by Jacob Bobart in his *^ Historia
.PlanUrum," at Oxford, 16.99, in 4to.
The vast extent of his learning and industry will yet ap«
rpear m(H« extnuMrdinary by a list of the works which, ac-
c<Mrding to Wood, he had. planned, and partly prepared for
4be press. These ave, L ^* Grammatica pro Lingua Per-
-aica,'' 4IO. 2. '^ Lexicon Peraico^Latinum,*' in a thick
AtKK .3. >^ Lexicon Turcico-Latioum,'* in a thick 4to.
4, *' Nomenclator Mc^olo-Tartanciim, cum Grammatic&
'C^oadem LingusB.** 5* <' Dissertatio de TartariSl. Item
Historia Cfaartiludii; & Dissertatio de Numerorum Notis,
eaeondemque origine & combinandi ratione, doctrin& oovd,'*
ftro«: 6. *^ Cnriosa - Cbinensia & Selanensia,'* 8vo. 7.
^ Historia Gemmarum Aiabicd & Latine, cum Notis,*' 8vo.
9. *' Historia Tamerlanis Arabic^ & Latine cum Notis,''
• 4lo. ». << Liber Bust&n PersicS & Latind oum Notis ; Li*
ber elegantissimus, autove Sc^pia Sbadi," 4'ta 10. <^ Di-
Tini Poetsa .H&pbix Opus< Persiei & Latii)^ com Notis,'^
* 4t0* 1 1« ^^ AbalfedsB Geograpbia Arabice & Latin^ cum
Motis/' 4ito. 12. ^* Liber B&barkt&n eloquentissimo styla
twnrriptiisy neri ioge;iii specimiua continens, Libmsa
4«^ HYDE.
Qolist&n sqaanSi si non soperans, Penici Ac La^i, cniiii'-
Kotis/* 4to. 13.** Maimonidis Liber More Nevoelnm tran^
tcriptus ex cbaracteribus Hebraicis quibus a Maim^AMkf
^criptum est, in proprios Arabicos, cum navft Versione^ft "
Nolisy Arabioe & Latiue,'* in a tbick 4to. 14. << Htaioria
Regum. Persi^e eic ipsorum mooamentia & autoribus ex« '-
tracUy'* 4to. 15. '< Annofcationes in difficiliora loaa Bib^^
lica ex Literaturi Orientali," in a thick 4to. 16. ** Peri*
plasMariumMediterranei & Archipelagic Tarcice & Lattn^
cum circulo ventorum in variis Linguis, Arabic^, Pi»niefty
Cbinensi/' &c. 8vo. 17. ** Zoroastria Peno-^Medi Opera
omnia Matbemattco-inedico^physico*Theologicay Peniei tt
Latin^/* foliq. 18. ** Liber £rdavirapb*name, Persici fc
Latiney* 4ta 19. ** Lexicon Hebraicum emendalum 0X
MSS. Lexicis Rabbi Pincbon, R. Jonds, k R. Jesattt, itque *
ex collatione cum Linguis Arabic^ & Persic^ & aliis Lin-*
guis Orientalibus/' 4to. 2a *^ Cosium Orientale AriiWeo*
Persicum^ atq; Occidentale OraBCO-Latihum, una cum 8a« >
phii Figurationibus Stellarum duplici situ, prbut ia Ceelo,
& prout in Globo apparem; cum earum nominibus seeun*
dum harum gentium doctripam,'* 4to. 21* '^ Commenta*
rius in Pentateuchum Arabic^, auctor MansCkr Syro«Arabe
ex Scriptur& Gersbumi in Arabicam transcriptus & Latmi*^
tate 4onatU8,V 4to. 22. *' Urbium ArmenisB Nomencla-
tursR ex eorum Geographia excerpta,'* &c. 23. *^ Varta
Chiaensia, scil. eorum Idoioiatria^ Opiniones de Dea &
de Paradiso atque de GebennSt, & de Ciradibus & nofodii
8upplicii;.de eorufii Literature & Libffis & Chartft, & de
iipprimendi .modo atque antiquitate, &c. omnia excerpta ex
ore .& scriptis natiyi Cbinensis Shin Fo>*>burg/* 8iro. 24,
*< Varia Selanen;iia; ubi insulee Selan (vulgo Batavts Ceylon)
Historica qusdam & vocabularium genuims eorum charac^
teribus exaratum cum eorum Alphabeto & aliis rebus/' 8va
2.5. ** Batamense Alpbabetum k Legato scriptum cum
Literarum potestate & numerorum notb,'* 8vo. 26. ^' No**
tsB Arithmetics variarum Gentium, ubi talium Notamm
origo & combinaodi ratio docetur,*^ 8vo. 27. ^^ IMalogi
Arabic9-Per$icd-Turctci| Latioi vecsi,*' 8?o« 2B. '* Liber
de Turcarum opinioQibus in rebus religiosis, Turcie^ h
LatinV' Bvo^ 29. <^ Utiliat taensalia, sciL quid in Con*
Tersauoive Convivali decorum eat, Arabici^. & Latini/' 8vo;
30. ** Bivpliie Lexicon Armeoiacuoa cum Litiguis Orieotat^
bfas (sQit Arabici^ Per$icft,'& Turcicft) colUtum k in mar^
g^ine nptatMio/* 4to. 31. <^ Evaf^eUwa Lucis ^ 'AoM
H Y D s: *^
A|H»lolOHiviLtngbil JcCbarac^reMhiltteo,** 4to; He also/
tmisiated itiM EngHsh the letters of several Eastern kingtf
and priiioes sent to king Charles II| king James IT, and
kifig William III. ^
Dr.Gregoiy Sharpe, master of the Temple, collected
an4^ republished some of Dr. Hyde^s pieces that 9^re for^^
tnerly published, under the title of'*< Syntagma Disserta*
tiommi et Opuscula/* 1767, 2 vols. 4t61 Tbiil is accbm*^
pauied by a life and v^y just praises of the atttfaor^ as one
of the greatest Otientalrsts that any country has prdduced.^^
-HYGINUS (Caius Julius), was an ancient Latin vt^iter,
wbo flourished in the time of Augustus. Suetonius, in his
book *' De ilbistrf bus Grammaticis,'* says that he was a
fi^eedman of Augustus, and by nation a Spaniard'; thoughr
some think that he was an Alexandrian, aind brought b/
Ciesar ix> Rome when Alexandria was taken. He was a
diligent follower and imitator of Cornelius Alexander, a
celebrated Greek grammarian; and was also himself a^
teacher at Rome. He was made keeper of the Palatine
library ; was very intimate w^h the poet Ovid, and with'
Catus Licinius, a i»an of consular dignity and an historian,,
who lias taken ocieadon to inform us, that he diied very
pooTy and, while he livedo was supported chiefly by bis
generosity ; but Vossius thinks that the person here named
the consular historian Caius Licinius, should be Cains Asi-
uixis, who wrote a history of the civit war, and was consul*
with OneiosDomitiUs CalvinUs, U; C. 723.-
Hyginus wrote many books^ which are mentioned by
ancient writers. Gelltus quotes a work ** of the Liv<;s and
Actions of illustrious Men.'^ Serviiis, in his ^* Commen--
tary upon the JEneid,*^ t^lld us, that he wrote upon '* the
Origin and Situation bf the Italian Cities :** which same
Work< is also nientioned by Macrobius. ^ Geilius again men^
tions'his *^ Commentaries upon Virgil ;** as does Macrobius
a. book* ^* Concerning the Gods.** He wrote also ^* about
Bees and Agriculture ;*' and lastly^ a book of ** Genealo-
gies,':*, of which he himself has made mention in the only
Viidoabted work of his remaining, tbkt' is, in his << Po6ti«
coo Astronomicoti^' de mundi &sphflene ac utriusque par-
tium deplaratione, librisquatuor, ad M. Fabiuih conscrip-
loiD<!v' The first book treats of the #orld'ahd W' the doc^t
tcilift of the- Inhere ; the (NKSond of the signs in the zodiac }
4ia H Y G I N U *.
the tbifd gimM % dficriptioD rad history of tJM. t^tktHtXhik
tiops ; aad the fourth treats of several things relatiag lie t^
planets. Here, while Hyglnus describes the cgnsielUtiooii
in the heavens, and notes the stars which belpog to eapin
Retakes ^occasion, to eacplain the fablea of the peets fioni
^bicb the ^onstelUtioos were, supposed originaHy to have
taJ^^ tb^ir rise and name ; and boAce bis woA aeema lo
hav.e bf^QQ called ^^ Po^ticpii Astropomiem*^* It has qosm
down to ^ however^ veiy imperfect ; and all that part 4>f
kf whictv as be tells ms» treated of the month* the yev^
and the reasons of intercalating the ai^onibs, i$. entisiely
if)9t.. To this 14 joined a jbook of fables, in which ibis
l^eath^u. mythology is reduced injtp a wmpeodi^ni : but
^ius is imperfect, aad suspected to be spuripus. There am
iinany editions of these boohs, but Uie best is ihaA wfai^
|I|liinher publisbe4» JM3getber with some other pieces ef an>
iiquity upoa the same or a similar suli^t, under the* title
^ << Mytbographi Latini^'' Amsft. 1681, 9 vols, ^v^o* The
third book of the AstioBe«iics» is illustrated with "sevwdl
tpopper-plates pf the constellations cflegaotly ^ngravedy
which Grotiiif bad published from the 8Qsian M& but
which, Schetiter tells us, be had emitted in bi$ ediupm of
1 67 4, because be knew those .ancient delineations to^ be
Yery ernoneous, .and very ill done. ^
' HYPATIA9 a most beautifal« virtuous, and Warned lady
ef antiquity, was the dai:^b|teir of Theoe, who governed
the Platonic school ^t Alexandria, 4he place of her birth
^^d education, in the latter part of the fourth eentory.
Theoii w^s fapnans among his contemporaries for bis extea«
five knowledge a^d learning; but what baa ebiefty ren-
dered him so with posterity, as, that he wa9 the fia^r of
Bypatia^ whom, encouraged by her prodigious genius, he
educated not only in all the qualificatiwi belonging taher
fex, but likewise in the most ah^tr^uae. Alienees. s£u» made
§n amaeing progress 19 every branch of learning, and the
things that are said of her almpst sui2>a9s belief. Socratn^
the ecjcle^astiical historian^ a wdtne^s whose veracity caiuio^t
be doubtedji at least when he speaks in favour of an hea«>.
then philosopher, Mis us, that Hypiaitia ^^ arrived at smk
a pitch of fle^iroi^g^ . as very far to eme^d all the. philoaft*
pbers of her tune;" tp. which Nicepborus adds,. ^< those of
oth.er tin^" Philo^^gins, a third historian of the
t JAoMrl— Yof a)ut But. Ut.-*Sutt OnQQMaUeoa^
H y ? A T I A» 4U
jitimpf affirms^' that <' she was much ^upedor to htt father
and master Tbeon, in what regards astronomy V' ai»d SdW
das, who mentions two books pf her writing, oae *^ on tba
Astronomical Canon of Diopbantus, and another on. the
Conies of ApoUonius,*' avers, that ** she not oiply ^w^pAe^
her father in astronomy, but also that she ^n4lrs|094 all
the other parts of philosophy.*' It is some confkmati^a ef
these assertions that she succeeded her father in the .go^
▼ernment of the Alexandrian school: filling that cbAii^
where Ammonius, Hierocles, and many great and t^ekt^
brated philosophers had taught ; and this, at a time, when
men of immense learning abounded both at Aleuodriat
and in many other parts of the Roman empire. Her fame
was so extensive, and her worth so univer^^ally acknpw>*
leijged, that we cannot wonder, if she had a t^rowded aas^
ditory. ^^ She explained to her Jiearers," says Socraiesy
'< the several sciences, that go under the general name of
philosophy ; for which reason there was a confluence to h^#
from all parts, of those who made philosophy their detighl
and study.'/'
Her scholars were as eminent as they were ivumerons :
one of whom was the celebrated Synesiusj who wa3. after-
wards bishop of Ptolemais. This anqient Christian Pl^
tonist every where bears the strongest, as wtell as the jno«t
grateful testimony to the learning and yirt^ue of his instruct
tress ; and never mentions her without the profpundest rei*
spect, and sometimes in terms of affection coming littld
abort of adoration. In a letter to bis brother Euoptius^
'^ Salute," says he, ^^ the most honpured and the most be^*
loved of God, the Philosopher ; and that happy society^
which enjoys the blessing " ^f her divine voice;" In ana*
ther, he mentions one £gyptus, who ^< sucfeed in the seeds
of wisdom from Hypatia." ^n another, he ex;pre$ses him^
self thus : '^ I suppose these letters will he delivered bjr
Peter, which he will receive from that sacred h$nd." In a
letter addressed to herself, he desires her to direct a hy^^
droscope to.be made and bought fpr him, ^rhich he there
describes. That famous silver astrolabe, which be pre*
sented to Peonius, a man equally excelling in philosophy
and arms, he owns to have been perfect^ by the direc-
. tions of Hypatia. In a long epistle, he acquaints her with
his reasons for writing two books, which, he sends her ; and
asks her judgment of one, resolving not to publish it with*
out her approbation.
4l» It y P A T I A.
' But it was not Sjrnesius only, aiid the disciples of tfa^
Alexandrian school, who adrhired Hypatia for her great
irirtue and learning: never woman was more caressed by
the public, and yet never woman bad a more unspotted
character* She was hield as an oracle for her wisdom,
which made her consulted by the magistrates in all impor-
tant cases ; and this frequently drew her among the greatest
^concourse of men, without the least censure of her man«
ners, ^<0n account of the confidence and authority,*'
says Socrates, ^* which she had acquired by her learning,
she sometimes came to the judges with singular modesty.
Nor was she any thing abashed to appear thus among a
crowd of men ; for all persons, by reason of her extraor-'
dinary discretion, did at the same time both reverence and
admire her.** The same is confirmed by Nicephorus, and
other authors, whom we have already cited, Damas-
Cius and Suidas relate, that the governors and magistrates
tf Alexandria regularly visited her, and paid their court to
ber ; and, when Nicephorus intended to pass the higfaesc
compliment on the princess Eudocia, he thought be could
not do it better, than by calling hei* ** another Hypatia."
While Hypatia thi^ reigned the brightest ornament of
Alexandria, Orestes was governor of the same place for
the emperor Tbeodosius, and Cyril bishop or patriarch.
Orestes, having bad a liberal education, admired Hypatia,
and frequently consulted her. This created an intimacy
between them that was highly displeasing to Cyril, who
bad a great aversion to Orestes : which intimacy, as it is
supposed, had like to have proved fatal to Orestes, as ws|
may collect from the following account of Socrates. ** Cer«
tain of the Monks," says be, ^ living in the Nitrian moun*
tains, leaving their 'monasteries to the number of about
five hundred, flocked to the city, and 'spied the governor
going abroad in bis chariot : whereupon approaching, they-
called bim by the names of Sacrifice]* and Heathen, using^.
many others scandalous expressions. The governor, sns*.
pecting that this was a trick played him by Cyril, cried
out that he was a Christian ; and that he bad been baptized
at Constantinople by bishop Atticus. But the monks giy*
ing no heed to what be said, one of them, called Ammo-,
nius, threw a stone at Orestes, which struck him on the
head ; and being all covered with blood from his woundst.
bis guards, a few excepted, fled, some one way and some
another^ hiding themselves in the crowd, lest tb^ shoiildr
H r P A T ^ A. 41S
be stoned to death. In the mean while, the people of
Alexandria ran to defend their governor against the monk;,
and puttingtbe rest to flight, broughtAmmonius, whom they
apprehended, to Orestes; who, as the laws prescrib^c^
put him publicly to the torture, and racked him till hf
expired.'*
But though Orestes escaped with his life, Hypatia after?
wards fell a sacrifice. This lady, as we have observed^
was profoundly. respected by Orestes, who much frequented
and consulted her : ** for which reason/' says Socrates,
^* she was not a little traduced among the Christian multi«
tude, as if she obstructed a reconciliation between Cyril
and Orestes. This occasioned certain enthusiasts, headed
by one Peter a lecturer, to enter into a conspiracy against
her ; who watching an opportunity, when she was return^
ing home from some place, first dragged her out of her
chair; then hiirried her to the church called Ciesars;
and, stripping her naked, killed her with tiles. .After this,
they tore her to pieces ; and, carrying her limbs to a placa
called Cinaron, there burnt tbeni to ashes.!' Cave endea«»
yours to remove the imputation of this hprrid murder fron^
Cyril, thitiking him too honest a man to bi|ve bad any hand
in it ; and lays it upon the Alexandrian mob in general^
whom he calls *^ levissimum hominum genus,'' ** & very tri«n
fling inconstant people.^' But though Cyril sl^ould be aU
lowed to have been neither the perpetrator, nor even thet
cotitriver of it, others have thought that he did notdis*
countenance it in the manner he ought to have done : and;
was so far from blaming the outrage committed by the Nitrian
monks upon the governor Orestes, that <^ he afterwards,
received the dead body of Ammonius, whom Orestes had
punished with the rack; made a panegyric upon hfm, ia
, the church where he was laid, in which be extolled his
courage and constancy, as one that had contended for the
truth ; and, changfaig his name to Thaumasius, or the Admin
rable, ordered him to be considered as a martyr.. Qow*
ever, continues Socrates, the wiser sort of Cbristiansi did
not approve the zeal which Cyril shewed on this man's be-
half; being convinced, that Ammonius had justly suffered
for his desperate attempt." We learn from the same his*
torian, that the death of Hypatia happened in March, in.
the 10th year of Honorius's, and the 6th of Theodosius's,
consulship ; that is, about A. D. 415. '
> So«nitef, Va Sccl. Hia c. l5.-«r«lNrtaii kibL OfiNi-Morcri.— S«|d»
414 H Y P E R X 0 E 5.
HYPERIDES, an Athenian orator^ disciple of VitM
and Isocrates, flourished about 335 years before the Ghris*
tian sera. He was a sincere patriot, and so strenuous ar
lover of justice and liberty, that be did not hesitate to
accuse his friend Demosthenes of receiving money front
Harpalusy and actually drove him into banishment. They
were afterwards reconciled, and perished about the same
time. When the Athenians were beaten at Cranon, he wa^
dragged out of the temple of Ceres, and delivered up ta
^Antipater. He died about 322. He published many of his
orations, of which one only is extant, and that in some de-
gree dubious. It stands the 17th among those of Demo««
ithenes. There are also some fragments. His style of do-
qnence has been variously estimated by the critics of his
own country.'
HYPERIU8 (GeiuKD Akdrew), a celebrated Lutheran
divine and professor of divinity, was born at Ypres in
Flanders, whence he took his name. May 16, 151 1. His
father, who was a civilian, and had sent him to study at
various places, when near his death in 15^8, removed him.
to Paris, where he studied philosophy for three years, in
the college of Calvi ; and after be had taken a journey
ID Ypres, he returned to Paris in 1532, and studied
divinity there till 1535.' He went afterwards to Lou-
vain, and then he travelled through several provinces-
ef the Low-Countries and of Geroiany ; which rendered
.ineffectual the pains his friends had taken to procure hiin
a living without his knowledge ; for as soon as it was re-
presented to Carondilet, archbishop of Palermo and chan-
cellor to the emperor, that he had travelled in Germany^
this rendered him so much suspected of heresy, that he
was obliged to think of a sanctuary. He went into Eng*
}and, and lived about four years with an English nobleman,
Charles lord Mountjoy, who was a lover of learning, and
settled a handsome pension or him. He crossed the sea
again in 1541, and designed to visit the university of
Sirasburg, and particularly to see Bucer, who made that
university very famous. But as he passed through the
country of Hesse, he met at Marpurg with a professor of
divinity, named Geldenhaur, who was one of his friends,
and who, in order to keep him there, gave him hopes of
some employment In the university of that city. He ac«
' Saxii OaomMtioon.
H T 1» e It lU ». 41^
oordingly settled there, and soon after succeeded bis
friend) who died in January 1542. He continued in that
employment until bis death at Marpurg, February the Ist^
1564. He was author of numerous works, some of which,
were published by himself, and the rest were published
after his death. They CQUsisf of ^^ Commentaries on the.
Scriptures ;** ^* Theological Dissertations ;** << Controvert
tfial Tracts ;*' treatises in rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geo«
metry, astronomy, optics, natural philosophy, &c. fiievernl
of these, enumerated by Ames and Herbert, were trans<«
lated into English, and published here in the sixteenth
century. Hyperius had a very clear head, and a verjr
happy talent in conveying instruction. He was meek and
polite in conversation, and delighted in social convivial in*
tercourse, possessed true wit and good sense, and added ta
those qualities a high degree of virtue and zeaU
HYPSICLES, of Alexandria, a disciple of IsidoruSf
flourished under jM. Avrelius, and Lucius Verus, in the
second century. He has been supposed to be the authoi:
.4>f a certain work called ** Anaphorious/' or a book of as«
censions, vriiich was written in opposition to the doctrines
of some astronomer. It was published in Greek, with the
Latin versicm of Mentelius, and in conjuuction with the Op«
tics of Heliodorus, at Paris, in 1680, 4ta Vossius, in his
book ^^ de Scientiis Mathematicis," has erroneously sup-,
posed him to have lived at a much earlier period. *
1 Oen. Diet— MelchkMT Adain.— Dopin.— FoppM BlbL Belg^^FuUer't AM
|UdnriniM-SMii4)ttoaait
(• n« )
J.
> « • . • ■ *
JaAPHAR EBN THOPHAIL, an Ambiati phi1o80]>her;
was contemporary with Averroes, who di^d about the yeai^
1198. He composed a pbllosophicdl' romance, entitled
** The Life or History of Hai Ebn Yokdhan :" in which he
endeavours to demoi^strate, how a man may, by the merc^
light of nature, attain the knowledge of things oaturaf
and supernatural ; particularly the knowledge of God, and
the affairs of another life. He lived at Seville in Spain, as
appears from one or two passages in this work, and was &-
mous for his medical skill, and for his knowledge of the
Peripatetic philosophy, of which this work exhioits a fa-
▼ourable specimen, as it was taught among the Sarac6n$;
He wrote some other pieces, which are not come to our'
bands ; but, that this was well received in the East, ap-'
pears from its having been translated by R. Moses Nar-
bonensis, into Hebrew^ and illustrated with a large com-
mentary. It was published in 1671, with an accurate Latin
▼ersion, by Mr. Edward Pococke, son of Dr. Pococke^
professor of the Oriental languages a» .0:tford ; and, in
1708, an Englbh translation of it from the Arabic was
given by Simon Ockley, soon after Arabic professor at
Cambridge. It is written with great elegance of language,
and vigour of imagination. '
JABLONOWSKY (Joseph Alexander Von), a Polish
prince, devoted himself chiefly to the sciences, and, for
the sake of improvement, frequently visited Germany and.
France. When the troubles broke out in Poland be re*,
•igned his senatorial dignity, left the country, and took up
his residence at Leipsic, where he distinguished himself
not only as a friend and protector of science, l^ut as ft
man of great literary acquirements. He founded a society
whijch was named after himself, and assigned a liberal sum
for the purpose of distributing premiums to the authors of
) Moreri.— Brocker*
J A B L O N O W S K r. ^f
t|ie best answer to questions proposed ob Tarioiis lite«.
rary subjects. This society still exists^ holds its meetingt
at Leipsic, and occasionally . presents the world with the.
fruit pf its labours. The prince died in 1777, at the ae;&
of sixty-five. His works are, " The Lives of Twelve Gene«
rals," written in the Polish language s • '^ A Treatise on
the Sclavonic Poetry ;" and some pieces of a similar na«
ture. ■
JABLONSKI (Daniel-Ernest), a learned Polish Pro*
testant divine, was born Nov. 20, 1660,. dt Dantzic, and
bad the first part of his education in Germany ; after which
he travelled into Holland, and thence to England, for fur^
ther improvement in his studies. Thus accomplished, he
became successively minister of Magdebourg, Lissa, . Ko-
ningsberg, and Berlin, and 'Was at length ecclesiastical *
cbunselior and president of the society of sciences in this
last city. - His zeal against infidelity, both in the atheists
and deists^ shewed itself on all occasions ; and be took a
deal of pains to eflfect an union betwixt the Lutherans and
Calvinjsts, but to no purpose. The truth is, considering
the rooted prejudices on each side,, such a coalition, like
that between the church of England and the Dissenters, id
rather to be wished than expected. Mr. Jablonski died in
May 1741.
There is a Latin translation by him of ^* Bentley^s Ser«
iBons at Boyle^s Lectures ;*' there are also several Latin
<^ Dissertations upon the Land of Gessen ^" *^ Medita-
tipnes de divinfL origine Scripturse sacrae ;*' also a piece en-
titled <^ Thorn afflig^e,*' homilies, . and some other works
in good esteem. * .
JABLONSKI (Theodore), brother to the preceding,
ahd born at Dantzic in J 654, was counsellor of the court
of Prussia, aiid secretary of the royal society of sciences
at Berlin. He was a man of the most exact probity and a
strict piety, united to a sweetness of temper, a polite ur-
banity, and an inclination to oblige all that applied to him.
He loved the sciences, and did them honour, without that
ambition which is generally seen in men of learning. It
.was owing to this modesty that he did not put his name to
the greater part of his works; the chief of which are^
<* Dictionaire Francis- AUemand .& Allemand-^Frangois/*
1 Reei't Cyclopndia, from Oen. Biog.
t Moreri.— Biog. Brit Suppl. p. 79. note.— Mosheioi,
Vol. XVHL E e
pflrtte^itf fYlf J •* A Course af MofiHtyte ffici CiJrmM
T^ttgti*^ ffld;'» <^Art Universal Dicttonary of Am
rfWrf Sdrfn^i, lf2!f;* ^ trinshirion into HIigh Dutch of
<•* Taditds^ de Ttidribus G^manorunft/* with remaifk, li24r.
JABLONsIjI (PXcL-E*^EJlt), the «ort of D«niel-Ef-
jS^t, tfeioVe-ttientibhed, Wiks * native of Berlin^ a Proftes-
tant divine, and a professor of theology. at Francfort oil
tlte Oder, atf well as pastor there: He tvas born in 1693,
And iti Ill4f ptibHshred a learned dissertation, entitled!
'* Disqoistrio de Lirtgua Lycaonidl," ad Act. Apost^rr. It.
It afppeared ^ Berlin iti qnarto. A great expectation of
hh tffitleht»^as excited by this publication, vrhich he fnily
justified frr bis siibseqnent life. He ptibiished also, 2. ^D^
Mettitione OrafctJorutti, 1753,V francfprt, 175$» 3. •* Iif '-
ititu'tiones Hrstoriae Ecclesiastic*," in i vbls. 8vo. Btot
his dro^t feartfefd and important work wa^, 4. ^' Pantbeoti
iEgyptioi-uVtti sii^e'de Diis eorudi Commentarins, cttnuPro^i
<egbrt)etit$ dt Aeligiowe et Theologta Egyptitirutt,** in thre<$
irblumes, 8vo^ puMl&bed at Francfort in 11 S6 and ifB^
It is a book of great and exterisire ertrdition. Jabfonriti
died in 1757/
JACETIUS, or DIACETO (Francis d^ CataMtis]^
an Italian writer, was born at Florence, in 1466, and wa^
the disciple of Martinis Ftcinns, under whom he studied
the i^iatonic phih>sophy, and became a great master of
it. H^ was a|sb a good oi^tor, and succeeding Ficinas fa
hfts proi^ssbr^htp, held it till his death, which happened itl
'1 5^2. Tb^re is extant by him, " A Treatise of Beauty,*
and another of " Love," according to the doctrine of Ptato^
beside several others, which were all ^rirxted together at
Basil in 1563>
JACKSON (ARTflUli)j a nonconformist divine, wA
i)orn at Little Waldingfield in Suffolk in 1593 ; hh fethef,
Who was a Spanish merchant in London, died when he \9A
young. He was educated at Trinity college, Cambrtdj^e,
where he appears to have taken hi^ degrees in arts, iand in
1617 was incorporated M: A. at Oxford. While at c6ttege
"he comn^enced th^ habit of rising every morning at threia
or fotir O^cIock, both summer and winter, and studied from
fourteen to si:^een b6urs every day. He continued al
> Diet. Hist^Bibl. Genaaniqiie, tot XXIL * Moreri.— t)tct RisL
s Dieu Hiit.— Moreri.
fid^xidgfi uutil bi$ marriage in 1619, soon after which h^
Mras chosen by the inhabitants of St. Michael, Wood-street^
Loadon, to b^ their lecturer, and on the death of Mr.
Brogden, their pa&tor. During the plague in 1624^ he was
one of those who remained at his post, and administered
sueh aid to the sick and dying as he could, and was in Qthe^r
respects scrupulously diligenit in preaching, catechizing,
&c. When the reading of the ^^ Book of Sports^* was en-
joined, he refused that foolish and imprudent n^andate; yet
such was his char^ter, that when complained of to arch-
.bishop JUaud for this omission, that prelate said, *' Mn
Jackson is a quiet and peaceable man, and therefore I will
not have him meddled with;'' He was not less respected
by archbishop Sheldon, tK>twithstanding his very different
49pinion on church-government and cerempnies. He af-
terwards accepted the living of St Faith^s under St. PiuPsy
.whence he was ejected in 1662. He was no friend to the
t^ianny of Cromwell, an^ was io^prisoned above four
j^ootbs for refqsinjT to give evidence against Mr. Loye^
l^efotre wfa^t was called the high court of justice, and wa»^
i^so fined SQOL On the restoration, when Charles U. made
his entry into London, Mr. Jackson was appointed Jby the
I^Qpd^i) P^^fgy to present to him a Bible, as his majesty
pA^sed through St. Paul's churchyard. After his ejectiont
,hp employed his leisure in pursuing his annotations on the
9ihl^ during the short remainder of his life. He died
.Avig* ^r I6ii6. His ** Annotations on the Bible/' as far as
the book Jof Isaiah, were published in 4 vpls. 4to, the last
bj his son, who prefixed to it some meaj^oirs Qf the author.^
JACKSON (John), axi English divine, son of the rev*
John Jaciki^n, first rector of Lensey, afterwards rector of
Rossingtqn, and vicar of 0oncaster in Yorkshire, was k9rn
#^ Lensey, April 4, 1686. He was educated at Donqaster-
jAchopl tuoder the famous Dr. Bland, who was afterwards
Jhead master of Eto^«school^ dean of Durham, and frpin
1732 to 1746 provost of Eton college* In 1702, he was
l^floflitjtefl qf Jesus college, Cambridge; and, after taking
(h^ degree of B. A. at the usoal period, left the university
in 1 707. Dfiring his residence there, he learned I;lebrew
(^iM^er .3iniop Ockley, the celebrated orientalist ; but nev^er
made any greaA proficiency. In 1709, be entered into
dcnacoo's orders, a^icl ipto priest's two years after i wb^n )xm
1 Caltay.
426 JACKSON.
took possession of the rectory of Rossington, which had
teen reserved for him from the death of his father by the
corporation of Doncaster. That politic body, however.
Sold the next turn of this living for SOO/. and witb the
money paved the long street of their town, which forms
part of the great northern road. In I7t.2y he married £lf^
zabeth, daughter of John Cowley, collector of excise at
Doncaster ; and, soon after, went to reside at Rossington.
In 1714, he commenced author, by publishing three
anonymous letters, in defence of Dr. 8. Clarke's ** Scrip-
ture-Doctrine of the Trinity," with whom he soon after
became personally acquainted ; and nine treatises by Jack*
son on this controversy, from 1716 to 1738, are enumerated
in the supplementary volume of the '' Biographia Britan-
nica.** In 171 8, he offered himself at Cambridge for the
degree of M. A. but was refused on account of his here-
tical principles. Upon his return, he received a conso*
latory letter from Dr. Clarke, who also procured for him
the confratership of Wigston's hospital in Leicester; a place
which is held by patent for life from the chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster, and was particularly acceptable to
Jackson, as it requires no subscription to any articles of
religion. To this he was presented, in 1 71 9, by lord Lech-
mere, in whose gift it was then, as chancellor uf the duchy
of Lancaster,, and from whom Dr. Clarke had the vear be-
fore received the mastership of that hospital* He novr re-
moved from Rossington to Leicester ; where, between pfe^
, titles (Leicester being a great party-town) and religion^ he
was engaged in almost continual war : and his spirit wa&
by no means averse from litigation. In May 1720, he qua-
lified himself for afternoon-preacher at St. Martin's church
in Leicester, as confrater ; and, in the two following y^ars,
several presentments were lodged against himinthe bishop^s
. and also in the arcfadeaconV court, for preaching herettcal
doctrines ; but he always contrived to defeat the prosecu-
tions; and, after the '^Case of the Arian Subscription*' was
' published by Dr. Waterland, hie resolved, with Dr. Clarke,
never to* subscribe the articles any more. By this he lost,
about 1724, the hopes of a prebend of Salisbury^ which
bishop Hoadly refused to give him without- strcfa subscrip-
tion. ^* The bishop^s denial,'* says his biographer, **-was
* the more remarkable; as he had so often intimated his e#a
dislike of all such subscriptions :" Jackson, however, had
been presented before by six John Fryer to the private
JACKSON. 421
prehead of Wherwell in Hampshire, where no such qa9\x*
fication was required.
On the death of Dr. Clarke, in May 1729^ he succeeded,
by the presentation of the duke of Rutland, then chancellor
of the duchy of Lar\caster, to the mastership of Wigston's
hospital, which situation he preserved to his death. The
year before, 1728, he had published, in Svo, ** Novatiani
Opera, ad antiquiores editiones castigate, & a multis men-
dis expmrgata :'' and now, intent upon books, and perhaps
the more so by being incapable of rising to preferment, he
continued from time to time to send out various publica-
tions. In 1730, *< A Defence of Human Liberty, against
CaU>*s Letters ;'' and, in the second edition, ^* A Supple-
fQent against Anthony Collins^ esq. upon the same subject.**
In 1730 and 1731, *' Four Tracts in Defence of Human
Reason, occasioned by bishop Gibson's second Pastoral
Letter." In 1731, a piece against ** TindaTs Christianity
as old as the Creation ;*' in 1733, another by way of answer
to Browne bishop of Corkers Jbook, entitled ** Things Di-
vine and Supernatural, conceived by Analogy with Things
Natural and Human;" in 1734, '^ The Existence and Unity
of God, &c." which led him into a controversy with Law^
and other writers; and, in 1735, <^ A Dissertation on Mat-
ter and Spirit," with remarks on Baxter's " Inquiry into
the Nature of the Human Soul." In 1736, he published
'* A Narrative of his being refused the Sacrament of the
Lord's Supper at Bath :" this bad been done in a very pub-
lic manner by Dr. Coney, and was the second refusal of
that kind he had experienced; for, in 1730, he had beeii
denied the use of the pulpit at St. Martin's in Leicester, by
the vicar, who set the sacristap at the bottom of the stairs
to restrain him from ascending.
In 1742, he had an epistolary debate with his friend Wil-
liam Whiston, concerning the order and times of the high
priests. In 1744, be published '' An Address to the Deists,
&c." in answer to Morgan's ^^ Resurrection of Jesus consi-
dered by a Moral Philosopher;'" and, in 1745, entered the
lists against Warburton, in '^The Belief of a Future State
proved to be a fundamental article of the religion of the
Hebrews, and held by the philosophers, &c." and two or
three polemic pieces with Warburton were the consequence
of this. His next work was, ** Remarks upon Middleton's
Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers, &c." and, after
this, hedoesoot iippear to have published any tibiDg till
422 JACKSON.
a 52, except that, in 1751, he communicated to Mh John
Gilbert Cooper, for the use of his " Life of Socrates,**
$oiue learned notes j in which he contrived to avenge him-
self upon his old antagonist Warburton. At the same \\m^
he exposed the young and incautious writer to the resent-
inent of that veteran, who did not fuil to shew it in one of
{lis notes upon Pope. In 1752, came out his last and best
work, "Chronological Antiquities," in 3 vols. 4to. He
afterwards made many collections and preparations for an
edition of the New Testament in Greek, with Scholia in
the same language ; and would haVe inserted all the various
readings, had not the growing infirmities of age prevented
Kim. An account of the materials of this intended bdixion,
with notes containing alterations, corrections^ additions to
tis " Chronology," are inserted in an appendix to ** Me^
pioirs*' of him printed in 1764, by Dr. Sutton of Leicester.
He died May 12, 1763. By his wife, who died b^for6
him, he had twelve children ; but only four survived him.
He was a man of great application and learning, but not
pf parts or genius, and totally devoid of taste. His know.*
ledge too was confined to the precincts of Gr^ek and'La*
tin : for Be knew nothing of oriental languages, except a
little Hebre\Y ; and pf the modern languages, even the
French, was altogether ignorant. Though of a spirit some-
what litigious, and not a little bigoted ^to his opinions, he
was good-natured, hospitable, and cheerful ; and easy, com-
placent, and agreeable to all who were connected with ot
dependent upon him.^
JACKSON (Joseph), an ingenious letter-founder, whose
history affords one of those edifying examples which cannot
be too often placed before the eyes of the young artisati, was
bom in Old-street, London, Sept. 4, 1733, aiid was edu-
cated at Fuller'a. school in that neighbourhood. At the
usual age he was put apprentice to Mr. Caslbn, letter«>
founder, son to the first of that family, HaVihg acquired
ja knowledge of the common operations, he had ah ambi-
tion to learn the method of cutting punches; which was so
much a secret, that both his masted and his inaster^s father
always locked themselves into a private apjirtmerit, when
eiiiployed in that important branch of the business. Mr.
' Jackson, however, surmounted this difficulty, *hy boring a
^ole throiigh the wainscot, and prying into tb^ir operations
^ t
J ii q K s 9 K. 4^3
.VpUh^i^ S9€qe9s^ that he v«(as $pcin .ef)|ib(i»il io ^^h a
panci^, ^pd .bro^giu it ip triuoiph to hW 0)^tQ[^ pxo])^)ff
cp^p«c(ifi|g sojne reward, JULis aurpcbe ^n^ chftgrin auKit
hfive therefore beep great, when ^bU ^a;^tejr giive bw -^
, hard blow,, and threatened him witb .BndjeweUy if^ver.be
jpoedeiiiuc^ another ^/omb^atten^pt JMr. Jackspi:^ bo^*
jever^ who^e couscienfe was .i^oipe ^^asily r/^coQ.qlled to Jfiis
.crime^ |bau bis tenipe;r was.t9 his.ppnishAient, w^ hy tHe
ii^sfUianc^e of his mot^r, provided with >^e neice^sat^^t^ip^
<9in4 took eviery opportunity of impro.v,^ig J[)ini3<$lf .in the
ifl^rt at her bousie. He continued a)so4o work for .bi3 iou^-
i(er fojc some time after the expiration of his i^ppr^ntiQ^-
fibjuj^ >untila 4iisppte r^pectipg wa^ge3 :oi;casb;wd J?ljp^^^^
.iog discharged, along with a ,Mr. jCottr^Iji .w.itAi .wba{n,))e
^united iu partnership ; hut, on the defttb.pf hi^ paoth^r^^.jn
1759,, .wei>^ on board the Mip^rva frigate, fis .f^rn^o^jp^r.
-He ^ppM^avs to hm^ returned to London Wter tl)e p^j^pf
f] I'QZr^^ AUji^atked forsom^ time under lyir.CottrelLiimly
<4€4ei?mniqg.to ii^veature in business fpr biai,if^l^ jij^ wfs
iCiiMC(wi<aged in. the scheoie, by two lifc-jguar^WOTj h^^^^
•>tew. wpgkmWi who engi^ged to , allow ^im.a^m^l Jpil^^gf^
.^ipr his.suhsi^tQnci^.^nd )to supply mon^y/^o qa^ry pn^e
o^lle,'for tiWQ ^^r^. .jTakiqg.ajSin^Il Jaouse i^ <3pck|kQp,
.ihe >cioii 4<^i^fied his partpers that tb^ fawini^ss wo^|4>^e
•iNmluctiyei before the tin^ promi^^d. . Whjen he h^ii ^pjur-
.iu}ed hiS'labours about. six .months, :IV(r..BQwyf9i;,^tbe.cQ|9-
.ibi^a^d printer, accidentally callii^g.tp inspect ,some.of,]^s
punches (for be had no ^pecimen}^ s^pprb^d thepi sp inucp,
.4bat beproQiised to, employ him* fiusiness increasing i;^-
.pidly» M^' Jackson repioved to larger .pr^mi^^ ip Bor^^t-
>atreet; and about .1771 was appU^.toJby .the laife dqkefof
..No^olk, taoa^kea moiild to. c^t 41 faoliow sjqoiaie. j^is
. gffaqe .informed hioiy that be bad a^ppUed to all the jskilfpl
.mechanics in )London,.Mr.'Caslon »npt,fSQicepted, who ^^-
. dared it impossible. .]Vir..*|ackson,boi^everunde];took, atid
ia the:CQurse of tbrc^ months produced it. ,Be proceeded
ihen.in raising, the repatation of bis fqundery ; ^nd amopg
::Olber article^ of ai^perior di^culty, we may menlion i^e
^iE^c-similef types for tbeDofnesday-tbook, ^ndfortbe Al^*
. undrtan New Testament, and ^be;types»fQr JVlaakUn*s3ibie.
. iJ^^r.^J^ksQA 4ied at his. house in,DQrfl!etr^tiieet,.Sialiiihu](y«
1 Klcbok's Bowyer*
424 JACKSON.
JACKSONT (Thomas), a liearned^ English dWme, ir*i
born dt Willomng, in the bishopric of Durfasm^ 1579.
Matiy of hk relations being merchants in Newcastle, he
was designed to have been bred in tbkt profession ; but his
great inclination to learnirrg being observed,- he was sent
to Oxford, and admitted into Queen's college in 1595,
a&d removed to Corpds-Christi the year after. He took
his degrees in arts at the stated times ; and May 10^ 1606,
became probationer-fellow, being then' well-grodnded in
ai^icfametic^ gtammat, philology, geometry, rhetoric^' logic,
"phHosopfay, the oriental languages, history, &c. with an
insight into heraldry and hieroglyphics. But he made all
' his knowledge subservient to the study of divinity, to vAtiiii
he applied with great vigour, and became so distinguished
irfit, that he not oiily read a divinity *lectiire in his college
. every Sunday morning, but another ort the week-4ay at
' Pembroke college (then newly founded) at the request of
'tiife^nfaster and fellows. He was also chosen vice-president
'bif his toUeg^ for tnany years successively, by -virtue of
' iv^hicb office he moderated at the divinity disputatioiifij-mth
remarkable learning, and no less candour and modesty. ' He
bb^menced D.^D. in 1622, and quitted^ the college two
' ^^^' stfterwards, being preferred to a living in his. native
'^ccJiinty, and soon after to the vicarage of Newcastle. In
' iiKkt large and laborious cure, he performed all the duties
"^ df an excellent parish-priest, and was particularly admired
''¥6r his discourses. from the pulpit. At this time he wasa
"rigid Calvinist, but yielded the point of absolute predesti*
ti^tion to the persuasions of Dr. Richard Neile, bishop of
~17iirhaii), who took hiiti for his. chaplain, and joinedL with
Ihr. Laud iri bringing' him back to his college, where he
Was elected president by their interest, in 1630. Upon
this promotion he resigned the vicarage of Newcastle ; and,
in 1635, was collated to a prebend of Winchester, himng
been made king^s chaplain some time before. Dn Towers
being advanced to the bishopric of Peterborougii, Dr.
<^ Jackson succeeded him in the deanery in 1638$ biithe
' did not enjoy this dignity quite two years, being takeq
' from it by death, in 1-640. He was interred in the inner
tihdpel of Corpus-Christi college. He was a man of a bhune-
** I^Ks life^ studious*, 'humble, courteous,- and remarkably cha-
ritable, pious, exemplary in his private aod public conver-
sation ; so that he was respected and beloved by the most
considerable persons in the nation ; and indeed the greatest
-JACK SO H. %2»
*
«ttein' wM no more than his due, oh cvec^'uilt bf his teftrii^
ing, for he was well skilled in all the leaf nefd language!^
arts, sciences, and physics. As an^frwtanceof bis charitlb-
ble disposition, we are told, that v^hile he was'tiear of
'Newcastle, whenever he went out, be usiially gave wbi^
money he had about him to the poo¥, who at length so
fiocked about him, that his servant took' care he should not
have too much in bis pocket. Dr. JackaOn was profbundly
read in the feithers, and endued with an uncommon dep^
^f judgment. ' His works are Very numerous, printed €%
different times, but were all coilecte^d* and piibiisbed in
1672 and 1673, in three volumes, folio, consisting chiefly
of sermons, besides his ^^ Cotrimenlaries on the Apostles^
Creed,** which are bis principal work. His writings were
much admiVed and studied by the late bishop Horhe, ia
the account of n^hose life his merits are thus displayed by
the biographer. ** Dr. Jackson is a magazine of theologi-
cal knowledge, every ^here penned with great elegance
and dignity, so that his style is a pattern of perfectioa.
His writings, once thought inestimable by every body- but
the Calvinists, had been -greatly neglected, and would prch-
bably have continued so, but for the praises bestowed upou
them by the celebrated Mr. Merrick, of Trinity collejg;ey
Oxford, who brought them once more into repute* with
many learned readers. The early extracts of Mr. Hortie,
which are now remaining, shew how much information be
derived from this excellent writer, who deserves to be
nuodiered with the English fathers of the churdi/"
JACKSON (William), an eminent musical: compose!*,
was the son of a tradesman of Exeter, where he was bom
in 1730. As he early discovered a great genius for musie,
he was edui^ated to that profession under the celebrated
Travers, and may be said to have imbibed no small portion
of that composer^s spirit; It must be allowed that Jackson
possessed a considerable share of intellectual ability, and
evinced on odany occasions a very diaiioguished taste for
the fine arts.^ His jiidgment in general was sound ; genius
will not- be* denied him; and when genius, judgment, and
taste are uhit^ in- the same person, we are entitled to et^
pect aO approximation to human excellence. At the same
time it must be confessed, that these qualities were strongly
, I Gen. ^\€tr^tiof. Brit-^Fslkr's Worthies.— >Atfau Ox. vol. JL—Jom'i
X^ife of Bishop Home, p. 15.
X
4S» lA C KS O N.
allogred by « nuiLlure of s^lfiibneas, ^rrogf^lce9 and ao in,-
saliable rage. for superiority. In loany of his musical com-^
yoMfcions be has displayed traiu of .novelty, but these are
mot the most estimable of bis productions. The ^^ Elegies/*
4be best oi bis works^ possess superior melody^ for whioh
"we may allow bim cvedit ; hut the harmony of tbese is
ID some measure deriyied from his old master; that is^ thegr
jure caBfttru<:ted upon the model of that c9ixi(>oser^s can*
aonets. Indeed, mai\y of Jackson's early oompositions aa*
^our much of the spirit and contrivance of Travers.
Jaokson's fame, in a great measure, may be said to hfi
•founded in his judgment of selection lyith re|[ard to poetry ;
though he sometimes took unwarrantable liberties with his
^mthor^ in order to accommodate the lines xo bis i^usic.
Perhaps no composer copied less from others than Jackson,
yet at the same time it must be adn^itted that he was a pal-
4pable awLonerist. His most interesting and novel melodies
<«Re too. frequently associated with com^ion passages that
have existed almost from the origin of music ; the descent
"of four .notes io the diatonic :Orderis sufficient to illustrate
.our meaning. Jackson's peculiar fort ^xi^ted in ^vipg an
^eleganta.nd plaintive melody to elegiac ^poetry. la. consti-
tuting harmon(^, without rendering the,mid41e,pai?^orpajrta
of a oomposition destitute of melody, Jackson stands un«
malled. This is no trivial praise, wheiji it is known that,
l>efove'bis time» composers were, and are at present, very
4efectivein'this:part of their art. It was a defect in Jack-
son's music, that his melody would suit angf species of pJiain-
tive lines: few of his compositions displayed the art of
ningUng expression with melody, and preservii^ the latter
in its purity. His ** Fairy Fantasies," npt yet published,
eyinoe more .eoogruity ^han any. others of 'his works.
jHe long tauglH music at Exeter, and jn 1777 was ap-
pointed ocganist .of that cathedral. In 1782 he rose at
tOQce to literary fame by ^he publication of " Thirty Leu^rs
lOn urarious subjects,*' 2 vols* lilmo. These, principally con-
^aisted of essays ^on .the belles iettreis &ud evinced ^taste,
learning, viviacityi, :and even-genius. la 1798. he published
^^ The Fottc Ages, together with Essays on various sub-
jeets,'' iSmif which consisted of eo qnu^b instru^tiye) ori-
vginal,;«<id«ntertaioii^matl;er, that it add^tponsidevably
to the author's well-earned £sme. It contained, however,
some opinions on religion, not sufficiently considered, which
JACKSON. 42f
gafre 'olience to tetbus readers, lie visti pifUiifaail ^A
TreKtise oh the present state of Music," 1794^ and ^AglMea
musical works, consisting of hyixvas, songs, canzonets^
elegies, and '< An Ode to Fancy." Mr. Jaoksou «bo paid
his court to the graphic muse, but never looked aa ^latur^
believing, that by copying otbefr masters 'be mtg^ht at last
lirrive at eltceUence. His great model vms iw fiiend
Oainsbbrougfa, who^te colouring and composition he oon«-
i^iantly endeavoured to imiute, someHiQies with « decree
^ success which induced bra to ky a felse claim to tte
merit df originality. But, bad be succeeded in even equal-
ling that gi^eait artist, his pictures would not have spokee
^be language of nature ; the liian who merely copies an^-
other, either in music or painting, can never be considareid
n great artist ; be can only be a faint echo, and tanked
•among the servum pecus imitatorum.
Though his general mode of living was teaommte, yet
lie thought that a still greater abstinence wcmid prolong
ilia existence. In bis latter daj^, >be diued on milk*por-
^dge, and drank water. This eKperiment was fatal, fiia
-fasibit necessarily became impoverisbed, and his ^gcistence
terminated in 'a dropsy, at theage df 73, July 12, 1803J
JACOB (OiLBs^, a poetical and dramatic writer, was
^the ^son of a considemble maltster of Bomsey, an tbe
'Oounty of Southampton, -at w^ich plaoe be was born la
1686. He was bred to the law under an eminent ottomey,
^and was afterwards steward and secretary to the *iIo». Wi^
liam BiaUbwayt^ esq. a celebrated courtier in the reign of
'king William, and who enjoyed great preferments in that
-and the subsequent reign. These are tbe only particalafs
bf his life which have been handed down, and at«wfaat4ie
tinserted in bis <* Poetical Register,*' where be also irffoMs
us that be was a great admirer of poets. He<died ^MayS,
1744« His admiration of poetny, although -it could xi6X
'make htm a poet, led him to inquire into poetical bistoiy,
*and gradually produced his ** Poetical Register, or Lives
^nd Gharacters of the EngKsh dramatic poets,'* 172fS,
% vols, which, says Bak«r, notwithstanding some few ^errors
*in it, is by mu($b the best'book^f thekind hitherto extant;
-and yet so little merit had bis own two dramatic pieces,
>« Lovfe in a Wood'* and « Tbe Soldier*«^Last»Siahe," ibat,
•HCdordikig to Wbihcfop, Dr. Sewel, viho was bynomeaa^
I ^OmM^lMnmoM, vsif IV,««-Bc«iri Cyetop«dia l^y^Dr. Bur»ey,
♦28 JACOB;
remarkable for ill-natnr^y on reading his '^Love in a Wood/*
wfpte the following very severe lines in the title-page :
Parent oi darkness ! genuine son of night ;
Total eclipse, without one ray of light ;.
Sorn when dull midnight bells for Minerals chime.
Just at the closing of the Bellman*s rhime*
He also published several poems : ^* A Journey to Bath
and Bristol," " The Lover*s Miscellany," ** Essays relating
to the conduct of Life/' and '^An Essay on Criticise^
&c/' But as a law-writer, few men have left more ample
4estimonies of industry, and one at least of his productions
still preserves his nante. He published, 1. ^*Tbe Accom-
plished Conveyancer," 1714, reprinted in 17S6 and 175(V
3 vols. 8vo. 2. " The Clerk's Remembrancer," 1714^
reprinted 1730. 3. "The Grand Precedent," 1716, 8vo.
4. " A Catalogue of all Writs and Processes^ of the Courts
at Westminster," 1717, 8vo. 5. " Lex Mercatoria, or the
merchants' companion," 1718, 8vo, reprinted 1729. ^.
*^ The Laws of Appeals and Murder," from the MSS. of
Mr. Grale, an eminent practi^er, 1719, Svo. 7. " Lejc
Coostitutionis, or the gentleman's law,'^ 1719, Svo, re-
printed 1737. 8.^'The Modern Justice, containing the
business of a justice of peace, with precedents," 1720,
reprinted in 1726 and I729. 9. " Review of the Statutes,'*
1720, and again the same year. 10. <^ A Treatise of the
Laws, or a general introduction to the common, civil, and
canon law," 1 7 2 1 , 8 vo> 1 1 . *< The complete Court Keeper,
or lord steward's assistant," 1724, 8vo, reprinted 1740,
'1752, 1764, a\id 1781, which last edition, much improved,
is called the seventh. 12. <<The Student's Companion,
cor reason of the law," 1725, again in 1734 and 1743.
13. '< The Common Law common*pIaced," 1726, 8vo,
reprinted in fol. 1733. 14. " The new Law Dictionary,"
1729, reprinted in 1733, and often since, with the valu-
able improvements of RufFhead, Morgan, and lastly of Sir
Thomas Edlyne Tomlyns, in 1797 : an abridgment of
it was published in 1743. 15. <* The complete Chancery
.Practitioner," 1730, 2 vols. 8vo. 16. «* Tables to the
Law," 1736, fol. 17. "Whe complete Attorney's Prac-
tice," 1737, 2 vols. 8vo. 18. ** City Liberties" 1732,
and with a new title only, 1737. 19. << General I^w of
Estates," 1740, 8vo* 20. " Game Law," 1740, 12me.
the seventh edition. 21. << New complete Conveyancer,"
1744, 8v6. 22. « The Sutute' Law commoo-placed/*
J A C O fi. 429
1748, 8vo, fifth edition. 23. <* Law Grammar," 17«
and 1754, 12mo. and again in folio, to bind up with the
author's Law Dictionary.*
JACOB (Henry), the.founderof the first independent
•or congregational church in England, was a native of Kent»
-and received his academical education at St. Mary^s hall,
-Oxford. Having entered into holy orders, be was made
precentor of Corpus Christi college, and afterwards ob«
tained the benefice of Cheriton in Kent. In the year
1604 he published '^Reasons taken out of God^s word^
and the best of human testimonies, proving the necessity
of reforming our churches of England." The publication
of this, and of another work against what was falsely called
^Mearned preaching," wpuid have brought him under
ecclesiastical censure if he had not fled to HoUamjL . At
Leyden he became a convert to the Brownist principle^
^since known by the name of Independency. In Holland
be published several treatises^ and upon his return be
avowed a design of setting .up a separate cohg^regatioli
upon the modiei of those in Holland. This, in a short
time, he carried into effect, and thus laid the foiiindatioa
of the first independent congregational church, in England.
He was elected pastor of the church, and continued with
bh people till the year 1624, . when be went to Virginia,
where he soon afterwards died. He was author of many
publications which were highly esteemed in his day, parti**
cularly, 1. ^' A treatise of the Sufierings and Victory of
Christ in the work of our Redemption, &c. written against
certain errors in those points publicly preached in London,
159^7/* Lond. 15198, 8vb. The points which he endea-
Tours to confute were, 1. That Christ suffered for us the
wrath of God, which we may well term the pains of bell.
2. That Christ, after his deaih on the cross, went. not into
hell in his soul. 2. ^> Of the Church and Ministry of
'England, written in two treatises against the reasons .aod
objections of Mr. Francis Johnson,^' Middleburg, l5^B9t^
4to. Our author and Mr. Johnson, who was a Brownist,
and lived in Holland, had sev^pal disputes at Amsterdam
about the; church of £n4^land*s being a true church. , 3.
/•* Defence of a treatise touching the ijuiferings and Victory
of Christ in the work of our Redemption,'' 1600, 4t9.
* PoeficaURegistcr.— Biog. Dram. — Bowles's edition of Pope's works, where
Jftcolxbas a place^ is \;be BaneUd.'^BndgiQan's i<egjkl B^Iio^raph;^. ^ s
4. ** Reafloim tAej^ out ef Gpd^s word/' &c. alresi^y men^
tioosdy 1604, 4to. 5. '^ A Position against Tain-gbriopf^
and that which is falsely ealled learned preacbing/' 160f,
Hvo. 6. <' The di?ine beginning and institution of Cbristf*
tnic^ visible^ and nsaterid Church/' Leydeu, 1$10, ii^eL
1, ^^ Plaiu. and clear Exposition of the Second Comrnvrnd-^
inent/' 1610, 8vo. S. << Declaration and opemng of at-
tain points,, with a sound confirmation of some others, Iq
ft treatise entitled * The divine beginning,' &c/* Middle-
jburg, 1611. He wrote and published likewise several
peeea, as the ^ Counter- Poison,'' &c. which being printed
privately, or on the continent, are rarely to be met with.'
JACOB (Henry), son of the preeeding, was. born either
in 1606 or 1607. As bis &tber was warmly attached to
puritanical principles, he was sent abroad for education;
i» the course of which he was put under the tuition of the
eelebiatedErpeniua, prjofe^ar of Arai>ic in the uoiveciiity
«f Leydeo,. and by the help of strong nattiral parts^ united
wkk a Vigorous application, be m a short time made a
aurpriaing progress in philological and orientil Uteraliure.
When be was about twenty-two years of age be returned
to England, and waa tecommeiided by Mr. William Bei^
^eil, a noted orientalist of that time, to William earl of
Pembroke, chaocellor of Oxford, as an pxtraordinAiy
yottng man, who deserved particular encouragement Ac-
cordingly, that genoroua nobleman immediately wrote to
Ike university letters in his behalf, requiting that lie might
lie created bachelor of arts ; to which degree he was ad-
joitted in Jan» 1 628-9. In the earl's recommendation, Jacob
was described as having profited in oriental learning above
the ordinary measures c^ his age. Soon after he obtained
the patronage of John Selden, Henry Briggs, and Pet^
Turner, and, by their endeavours, was dected probationer
fellow ctf Merton college in 1 630. Not, however, being
ittfficiently skilled in logic and philosophy to carry him
through the severe exercises of that society, the ward^i
and ^Uows tacitly assigned him the situation of philological
lecturer. He was thea^^or a while, diverted from his
atudies by att^sding to some law-suits concerning bis. patri-
enonyy at the conclusion of which he fell into a dangerous
sickness, and, by the sudden loss of his patron, the earl ^f
Pembroke, his life was in danger. Bishop Laud, that great
/ACOBL Ml
etToonrager of literature^ having socceeded the e«rl in tlie
cbanceHorship of Oxford, a way was (bund out, fram Mer^
ton college statutes, to make Mr. Jacob Soeius Gramma**
ticas, that is, Reader of Philology to the Juniors^ a place
which had been disused for about a hundred years* B^ng
now completely settled in his fellowship, be occasionaiijr
resided with Mr. Selden, and assisted him as an amanueiista
in one of the works which he was publishing, end which^
Ire apprehend, must have been the ** Mare clausiim.^
Seiden, in acknowledging his obligations, styles hioij
^ doctfssimus Henricus Jacobus.*^ h is even understood,
that Jacob added several things to the book, which Mr«
Belden, finding them to be very excellent, permitted to
stand. Nay, it is said, that Jacob improved Selden in
the Hebrew language. In 1636, Mr. Jacob wa» created
master of arts, and in June 1641, he was elected superior
beadle of divinity. At the beginning of the November of
the following year, be was admitted to the degree 6f ba«
cbelor of physic : '' but his head,*' says Anthony Wood,
** being always over-busy about critical notions (which
inade him sometimes a little better than crated), he
tieglected Us dtriy so much, that he was stispended <mee.
If not twice, from his place, and had his beadle's atuti
taken from him.'' In consequence of the rebellion, and
liis attachment to archbishop Laud, he soon became ex«
posed to other calamities. Sir Nathaniel Brent, the repub*
lican warden of Merton coHege, silenced Mr. Jacob as
philological lecturer; and at length he was totally^ deprived
of his fellowship by the parliamentary visitors. Being now
destitute of a sufficient maintenance, he retired to Lon-
don, where Mr. Selden assisted him, gave him his clothes,
.and, among the rest, an old scarlet cloak, the wearing of
which rendered poor Jacob an object of mirth to some of
his acquaintance, who, when they saw it upon his back,
used to call him ** Young Selden." ** But being," say«
Wood, " a shiftless person, as most mere scholars are,
and the benefactions of friends not sufficing him," he sold
a small patrimony which he had^ at Godmerstiam in Kent,
to supply his necessities, and died before the money was
spent. He had brought on a bad habit of body by bis
close application to his studies. In September 1652, be
setired to. the city of Canterbury, where be was kiivdty
entertained by Dr. William Jacob, a noted physician of
that place ; but who, though of the same naiiie, ' wai not
/
4$Z
JACOB.
fetateid to our atitbor. By thw gentleman be was cored of
a gangrene in bis foot ; but this being followed hy a
tumour and abscess in one of bis legs, the discbange
fMToved. too violent for bis constitation, and be died Nov;* 5^
1652* The next day Dr. Jacob buried him in a manner
answerable to his quality^ .in the parisb*churcb of AU
Saints in Canterbury. Anthony Wood* says, that Mr*
Jacob died about the year of his age forty-^fourf Bu^
if the circumstances of his history be carefully cQmpare4
tpgether^ it will be found that he was probably not less than
forty-six years old at tbe time of his decease. Ais to bis
character^ it appears that be was an innocent, harmless^
careless man, who was entirely devoted to tbe pursuits of
literature^ and totally ignorant of the world.
From the catalogue of Mr. Jacob's writings here annexed,
it will be evidenttbat be was a person of uncommon eru-
dition. ^^ Oratio inauguralis^ sub Aditu prcslectionis Phi<*
lologicse puUice habita apud Collegium Oxonio-Merton."
4 Aug. 16S^. ^< GrsBca et Latina Poemata.^' >^ Descrip*
^on of Oakley-bole^ near Wells,'^ an. 1632, written in
JEnglisb verse. *•* Annotationes : in earn Partem Orationis
maug. in qua dicitur, Oratione soluta scripsit Arial^ssus
Proconnesius." These four pieces were published at
Oxford, while tbe author lived, in 1652, in quarto, by bis
intimate friend^ Henry Birkhead, fellow of All Souls
college.
Mr. Jacob's other works, which have never found their
way to tbe press, excepting tbe ** Delphi Pboenicizantes,'^
of the credit of which he is said to have been robbed by
Dr. Dickinson ^, were as follows : *^ Etymotecbnia Catbo*
* In our article of Dickinson we
Kave spoken with hesitation on this
autijeot. We shaU^ - however^ subjoin
what 'Anthony Wood says, to which
Dr. Kippis, in the new edition of the*
.Biog. Britatmica, tpems mcHhed to al-
low great weight Wood says, *'. Before
I go any farther, the reader is to un-
derstand, that this our author, Jacob,
being ejeieted ia 1648, from Mertoo
college, and so consequently from his
chamber, wbeiefn he had left a trunk
fufi of bdoks^ as well written as printed,
left Oxon^ and taking no care, or ap>
pointing any friend for its security, his
chamber-door, before a year was ex-
'- pired, was broke open for a new comer,
who Hading the trunk tb«re» 4^^ let it'
remain in its place for a tim^. At
length, when no man inquired after it,
as the then possessor thereof pretended,-
he secured it for his own use, broke it
open, and therein discovered a choice
treasure of books : one^of tbem» being
a manuscript, and fit for the press, be
(viz. Dr. Dickinson) disguised, and al-
tered it with another style; and at
Jeagth, after he had learned Hebrew, •
and the Oriental languages, to blind
the world, and had coavers^ openly
with those most excellent 4n them, as
Pooock and Began, of Corpus Chrlsti-
college, and any Grecian or Jew that
came accidentally to the aniTefsity» he
published it under this tkle« *« Ddphi-
Phmoicizaates,*' fcc
3 A C O -B. 43 J'
)ict/^ CDhiiiining fbor diatribes coocerning Ae oHgiiiftl of
]etterf. The first, *< De Ordine Aiphabeti ^" the second^
«<'Oe Transita Alphabet! ;" the third, *< De Numero^ Fi^
gura, Potestate et DiVisiooe Literaram^'' and the foorth
called **. Geographistor £tyinotechniGus." <*' Gramraatica
Ebrea." <^ £BX1, vel Osiris inventus; de Coptiatis Ori-*^
giudbus CooEiinentatio.'' — Geographumena/' in which are
many Assyriac and Egyptic antiquities discovered* '* Pan-
caipia, opus ex artibus et linguis misceilan/' imperfect.
** Magnetobgia, in lib. 3, agentibns de triplici Motu Mag-
netico) Lapidali, Coelesti et Animali," &c* *< De Mart
robro,'' and another) ^< De Historia Beli et Draconis.**
*^. Libri Ebreo Rabbinici in Bib. Bodleiana recensiti>^' an*
1629.*
JACOB (Ben Hajim}) was a rabbi of the sixteenth cen-
tury, who rendered himself famous by the collection of.
the Masoni, which was printed at Venice in 1525 with the
text of the Bible, the Chaldee paraphrase, and the com*^
mentaries of some rabbles upon Scripture. This edition
of the< Hebrew Bible, arid those which follow it with the
great and small Masora compiled • by this rabbi, are much
esteemed by the Jews ; there being nothing before exact
or accurate upon the Maspra, which is properly^ a critique
upon the books of the Bible, in order to settle the true^
reading* In the preface to bis great Masora he shews the"
usefulness of his work, and explains the keri and ketib^
or the different readings of .the Hebrew text: he puts the
various readings in^ the margin, because there are just
doubts concerning the true reading ; he observes also, that
the Talmudish Jews do not always agree with the authors
of «the Masora. Besides the various readings collected by
the Masorets, and put by this rabbi in the margin of his
Bible, he collected others himself from the MS copies,
which must be carefully distinguished from the Masora.*
JACOB (Lewis), an industrious French author and
bibliographer, was born at Chalons sur Saone, Aug. 20,
1608. He was educated among the Carmelites, and
entered into that order in 1625, and, during bis studies,
the distingutsfaed progress he made in theology and the
belles lettres, procured him easy access to the libraries
and the collections of literary men of eminence, who con-
. 1 Atb. Ox^Wiog. Brit art. DickloiOB.
* Mor«ri.-<-Simon'i Crit Diet,
Vol. XVIII. F t
434 JACOB*
tributed vary fvadily to ipromote his tattd ^for -UhKogt^pby
and literary history. In 1639 he went to Italy, and residoi
some time at Rome, consuhing the libearies, and cdlleotiDg
materials for his future ^works^'parkicularlry bis ^'Bibliotl^ec»
Pontificia,'* whi<5h he undertook At «be solicitation of (3a^
brielNattd^, tad published at L3ron8 in 1j642.; but ibis is
by far the. worst specimen of his talents, aod has many
ridiQulous errors, whidi we can only ascribe to bis iiaviag
hastily copied erroneous catalogues, without consttUng the
books themselves. On his return to Paris be b^ame
librarian to de Gondi, aftisrvrords cardinal de Retz, and
was likewise appoirited counsellor and almoner to the^king.
We find him then librarian tto de Harlay, first president of
the parliament of Paris, in whose house he lodged, and
where be diisd May 10, 1*670. He was a man of gceat
industry and application, and continually employed in
inquiries into the history of literature and 4itecary men ;
but he was defioicDt in critical taste, undertodk too many
things at once, and henoe eommitted errors wtnch btMm
thrown a suspicion on the general <accuracy of all) his
works. Niceron has enumerated tbirty-seven of his
publications, of which the principal are, 1. ^^ BifaUotheca
Pontificia," already mentioned, Lyons, 1643, 4t30. 2^
^^ Trait6 des plus belles Bibliotheques do monde,'' Pavis,
4644, avo. 3. ^< Bibliotheca Parisina, hoc ^est Catalogns
omnium librofum Parisiis annis 1643 fc 1644 inelusvve
<excttsorom,^' Paris^ 1-645, 4to. This eatalogue, Corsueb
it simply is, without any thing but the titles joi the books,
4ie continued to the year 1650 ; and by way orsnppleas«Bt
:compiled his ^' Bibliotheca Gallica universalis,^' fior the
^ame or a greater number of years, including books puls*-
lished in other parts of France. 4. ^^ De Claris Scriptori-
bus Cabilonensibus, libri tres," 1652, 4to. Among die
many plans which he meditated, one was an ^universal
(library of French authors, which he is said to have com-
piled, but what became of it is not knovan. If conaqdeted,
;as Mr. Dibdin sa^s^ in 1638, it could not have been a
.work of much accuracy, for he bad then scarcely attained
«his thirtieth year, and published long .afterwards wods
^which sufficiently shew that he never attained mach OT^
.^perienceitnd corcectness-in hisireBearohes.'
. iNiceroD, voL 2a.-«^CUattft!pk.-->Mpmit.--^'Moiltt>ffPo]y]^
iBlbUoBianisu
i A C O B ^ U SL »3$
3AG0hMVS (OLtQElt), % proinMT oi (itiyne iMd phl«
jl9iOf>bjr at C!openluigeDy waft born iit July 2650-1; i|
tA^^aen in the peninsula of Jutland, whem his hther waf
jbisbop, who took all possible care of faia aoif s ediacatioa (
but dyiiig in 1671^ he was aeiMt by hi& mother^ the &Qiotis
«Ca^ar BaitfaoHn's daughter, to ihe. u^iveisity of Oojiien*
^agen, where be took the wsual degnees^ and then 'tnu»
.yelled to Fiance^ Iitaly> Gemattoy^ Hnngary^ England, and
4he JNetherlands, with a view to imjp«ove; liinuelf ia hia
^MKtfes»ien« On his return home in 1679, he i^eceived
Jetiters frooei his prinoe, appoickting htm professor of phjrsic
Mid philosophy in liie cupittll of his Idngdem* He entered
.upon the discharge of this post in 16BO^ and performed
^e functions of it widhi the highest repmaiion; so that^
Aeddes the honour conferred on him by ifehe univershyy
Christian Y. king of Denmark, ooaBnikted.toium the charge
Joi au^nendsg and putting auto omder tSiat celebrated
-cabkiet of curiosities which his pisedecessors had begun ;
MiA iFnederic IV. in- 1;6S8, made him a counsellor in his
xourt of justice. Thus loaded with bonoaxs,' as well as
.helored and reapected by his compatriolis, her passed his
.»days la tranquillity, tiU the loss of his wife, Anne Margue-
tete, ilaughter of I'homas Bartholin, who, alter iseTenteeu
yeaiB of marriage, died in 1608, leaving him lather of six
boys« This ithrew him into a raelanofaQly, wshioh at length
{proved fiital. In vain he sought for a remedy, by the
tadvioe of his friends, in a second marriage with Anne
Tistorph: his melancholy increased ; and, idfter languish-
ing under it near three years, he died, in 1701, at the age
«f fifity-oae.
ffis works are as follow : 1. ^^ De Ranis ^lissertatio, Ro-
wtm^^ 1676, iof which a :better edition was published at
' Paris in 163^^ dva :2. << Bartbolomei Scalse equitis flo-
aenliini bistoria FioDentiaorani/' &c. Romse, 1677-: the fa-
-aamia JMagliabeocbi fomished him with this MS. from the
-Medioeao ilibraiy . 3 . ^ Oratio in c^itnm Tfao. Sartholtni,^*
hQUft. '4s ¥ Coqip^idium institutionum medicarum,^' Haif-,
SiiflB^ Ii64d^ a.nx i5* ^<De Sanis Jk Laoettis dissertaitio,'*
1686. 6. ^^ Francisci Ariosti de oleo mentis Zibinti, seu
' peicolee agri Mutineiisis^^' &:c. 1690l 7« ^* Pane^ricus
fihosfeiaoo ¥to diolns," 1«^1« 8. ^ Gaadia Arotoi oiMg
ob thalamos augustos Frederic! & Ludovicse," 169). 9,
^^ JMuseum regium, sive catalogus rerum, &c. qu^ i|i Jba*
silica bibliotheca Christiani V. Hafuiae lisservantur,'' 1696^
*M J A C O B JE U 3.
fbl. reprinted withr vfthiable additions in 17 10. He bdd a
great talebt for poetry^ and composed several excellent
poems upon varioiis subjects, some of which have been
published. He left the character of a good husband, a
good master, a good neigbhoor, and a good friend.'
JACOBATIUS, orJACOBAZZI (DoMiNieo), bishop
of Locera, was employed in rarious important affairs by
Sixtus IV. and his successors, and created cardinal in 1517,
by Leo X. He died July sf, 15S7, aged 84. He left a
^ Treatise on the Councils,*' in Latin, which is sold very
dear, though justly considered by the learned as worth
very little. It is in the last volume of P. Labbe's councils^
the first edition is Rome, 1538, fol. but the edition of Parisii,
made for Labbe's councils, is the only one which ia
esteemed, and no copy of Labbecan be complete wittMMit
it. The re^impression of Venice is not valued.*
JACOBS (Lucas), commonly <;all^ Lucas Vasi Ley^
den, and by the Italiaifs^ Luca d'OUanda, was born at
Leyden, 1494, He was the disciple of bia father Hugh
Jacobs, and after him of Cornelius Engefbreobty and ctiatin^-
guished himself in very early life as a painter and engraver.
Vlf^ith fewer faults than his contemporaries, he possessed
qualities to them unktiown, more freshness and meilowiness
of colour, more aerial perspective, and equal' dexterity itk
oil, distemper, ^nd on glass. • He delightcnl in subjects of
extensive composition, though he was ignorant of Hgte
and shade in inasses. His forms, like those of Albert
Durer, are implicit cojnes oi the model, but with less va-
riety and less intelligence, lank, meagre, ignoble. Of
expression he had little more than the vulgar ^maoe.
Though he was without attenction or knowledge of the cos-
tume in the genera] attire of his figures, his drapery is often
ample and broad, but rather snapt than folded. Many
pictures of this master in oil and distemper ^ill exist'tti
public places and private collections, at Leyden, Amster-
dam, Parb, Vienna, and elsewhere. His name^ however,
chiefly, survives in the numerous {prints which he> engraved
with equal diligence and focility of touch. He died ia
JACOPONE (DA ToDi), an ancient Italian poet, a eoa-
temporary and friend of Dante, whose true name waa Ja-
> Moreri.— Niceron, vo\, I. — ChaufepLe. — Saxii Onomast. ^ .
* Moreri.— Diet, ilist, 3 Pilkiiigtoii and iStratt— Argeoville, tol. III.
J A C O P O N E. 497
«opo de^ Benedettii was born at Todi of a noble family*
Lace in life be became a widower, updn wbicb be- distri-
buted bis wealth to tbe poor, and entered into the order of
minors, where, through humility, he remiained always in
the class of servitors. He died, at a very advanced age,
ki 1306; and the reputation of sanctity h;^ had acquired
procured him the title of The happy. He composed
sacred canticles, full of iire and zeal ; which are still ad*
aoired in Italy, notwithstanding their uncultivated style,
which abounds with bai;iiarous words, from tbe Calabrian,
Sicilian, and Neapolitan dialects. He wrote also some
poems of the.same stamp in Latin, and was the author of
the ^ Stabat Mater." The completest edition of bis can*
ticiet is that of Venice, printed in 1617, in quarto, with
' JACQUELOT (Isaac), an eminent Protestant divine,
and celebrated preacher, was born December 16, 1647, at
Vassy, of which place his father was minister. He distin*
guisbed himself so much by Jiis studies that he was or-
dained at the age of twenty-one, and appointed colleague^
and assistant to his father. Oa the revocation of tbe edict
of Natttes, Jacquelot quitted France^ and retiring to Hei-
.delfaerg, received public marks of favour from the electress
Palatine. He went afterwiirds to the Hague, where he,
gained great reputation by bis sermons ; and tbe king of
,Prussia being in that city, and having beard him preach,
desired to have him for his French chaplain at Berlin, and
settled a large pension uponhkn. Jacquelot went into
Prussia, 1702, And died at Berlin, October 15^ 1708. His
works are, 1. ^^ TraM de TExistence de Dieu,'' Amster-
dam j i€97, 4to. 2. " Dissert^lioos su4r le Messie," Hague^
. 1699, S¥0. . 3. Three books against Bayle's Dictionary ;
tbe first entitled ^^ Conformity de la Foi avec la Raisou,'*
8vo ; the second, <^ Exameu de la Th^ologie de M. Bayle,'*
12mo; and the tUrd, << R^ponse aux Entr^tiens composes
par M. Bayle,'' 12ma 4. ^< Trait£ de Tlnspiration des
Livres Sacnis," 1715, Svo^ two parts, the first of which is
excellent To these fiiay be added two small pamphlets,
entitled, '^ Avis sur le Tableau du Socinianisme.^' This
hist work occasioned much trouble to Jacquelot from Jurieu,
author of tbe " Tableau du Socinianisme." He wrote also
twenty-eight '' Letters^' to the French bishops, persuading
* Mqr^--TlraboMhi,— GiDgaeu^ Hist Lit. P'iUOie.
4m: JJECaUBtOT.
tbem tb 8 snild conduct towardt the CalrinMts ; and pub^
Itsbed^^ Sefmotis/' 2 vols. 12fao. All hifs w^Ab arc JUs-*
tinguifihed by learning and strength of argumeot, but am
thoagbl 10 be defective in method. '
JACQUES (Fkerr). See BAULOT.
J:£GKR (John Wolfgang), a Lutheran divine^ waar
boni at Stutgard, 1 647^ of a father who was counsellor of
the dispatdbes to the duke of Wirtetnberg, After be had
finished hid studiei^i he was entrusted with the eduoatioa
of duke Ebdrhard III. with whom he traveled into Italy
in 1676, as pteceptor. This charge beipg completed, he
taught philosophy and divinity ; and in 16^8 was nominated
a councilor to the duke of Wirtemberg. The following
;f ear he becfime oonsistorial counsellor and preacher to 4he
cathedral of Stutgard, and superintendant-general and
abbot of the monastery of Adelberg. At laisl he was pro-
moted in 170^ to the places of fir^t professor of divinity^
chancellor of the university, and provost of the church of
Tubingen. He died in 1720. His principal works are|
1; ^* Ecclesiastical History compared with Profane History,''.
8. ** A System or Compendium of Divinity.*' 3. " Se^e«
ral Pieces tipon Mystic Divinity, in which he refutes Poitet^
Fenelon,'* &c. 4. ^< Observations upop Puffendorf and
Grolius, de jure b^lli & pacis.*' S. " A Treatise of Laws.'*
6. ** An Examination of the life and doctrine of SpiiK»a.'*
7. " A MorsLl Theology,*' &c» All his works are in Latin.*
JAGO (RrcHABD), an English poet, descendedof aCor-
:ftiflh family, was the third son ef the rev. Richard Jago,
l^tor of Beaudesert, or Beldesert, in Warwickshire, by
^Mstrgaret, daughter ef William Parker, gent, of Henley in
Arden, and was born Oct. 1, 1715. He received his clas«
sicai education under the rev. Mr. Crumpton, an exceHent
schoolra^ter at Solihull in the same county, but one whose
severity our poet has thought proper to record in bis
^* Edge'rhi)!/' At tbii» school he formed an intimaoy, which
death only dissolved, with the poet Shenstone, whose let*
ter^ to him hare since been published. In their early days
they probably exchanged their juvSnile verses, and after-
Waras communicfi^ted to each other their mone serious stti«
dies ai^d pursuits. Somerville also appears to have eoc£Ni>«
raged o^r author's first attempts, which were made at a
«
' Chaufepie. — Niceroo, vol. VI.— Mc^reri^^^Dict, Qii^t,
s JV|orer)«--.{4'ATOGat«-RpS4^u Qnoia^it*
JAG Ol. 435"
yofe eadier period, when under bis fi|tber!s; humble soof.
|f]H>ia' siebool be was entei^d as a semtor of University col-*,
l^gff^ Oxford, where Shenstone^ tben>aicoinim)n«ii'of: Pern*-
hroke^ the late rev.. Richard Greaves,. Mr* Whisiler, and:
qlber9 who appear Bxnong Shenstone*s eorrespondents,.
sj»9)VQd himevery respect, ootiivitbstanding tbflf> inferiorityr
of his rank*. Ayoung^ roan, of whatever merits who- was>
^drvitai;, was usually : visited, if visited at all, with seorecy,
l^i;tU». prejudice is sow so^mtich abolished that the same
qireumafseclion' is not thought nectesaaiy. He took hismas'^
1M's d^ree Jluly 9, 1738, having entered into the churck
l^er ye&frbefone, and served the curacy of Snitt^field, near
Sti:a|:ford-upon-Avon» His father died iui 1740. la 1744^
Qr( aQeonding to Shenstone^s* letters,, in Ir7.4r3^ he* married
Po/othea.Susanna Fancourt, daughter of the rev**.-n-r
•r^m-rmm
laoeouft.of! Kimoote in Xeioestershin^ ay^oungilady wbooi
he had known from her childhood.
Foff* several years aftei^ bis marniage, he resided at, Har«
bucy^ to which living he was presented in 1 1746 ; lordWil»«
loug^by de:Broke.gaveihim>al80itheliiiapg of Ghestenton,
9k 9f %mil distance from Harbury. These* two benefices
together did not produce more than one hundoed* pounds
ayeac In 1751 he had the misfortune to lose his.wdfe^
who appears to have been an amiable and accomplished
mromao^ and was left with, the oare of seven veiiy young chih*
dren. In 17^4^ lord Clare^ the late earl Nugent, procured
for him firoqa Dr. Madox, bishop of Worcester, the vicar*
age of Snitterfield, wontb about 140/. In; 17^9 he married
ti second wif^ Mai^net, daughter o{ James Underwood^
esq. o£ Hudgely, in Staffordshire^ who^survived him, but
by^ whom he had no children.
Some, of his- smaller pi^oes^ o£ poetiy had i before this
time; been, inserted ia Dodsley^s. collection^ but. he put
101 for higher .claims, by puhli^ing the poem of << Edge-
WIV* in li767;. and in lT|5d, his* mofe popular fable of
f^ Labour and Gjenius.'' In 17T1 he was presented by< his
fetnd patron locd Willoughby/ de Broke, to the living of
'Kimcote> formerJy held by bi» 6xst wife's falher, which
being wosth near. ^00/. a yeiar^ enabled him toiu^aintain his
family, wudi. qase and comfort^ especially as. he retiuned
Soitterfield^ and resigned only the tsifiing living of Har*
bury. During the latter part of his life, when the infirmi^
tiea of age made their approach, he resided almost entirely
«ut Soittecfield^ where he amused himself with improving
I
*
440 J A G O.
die ^icaVage-hou8e> and ornamenting his gronnds, a taste
he probably caught iVota ShenstonCi but which be contrived
to indulge at a much less expence. He died after a short
Hiness, May 8th, 1781, aged sixty-five years, and ww
buried according to his desire, in a vault which he had
made for his family in the church at Snitterfeld. Three
of his daughters, by the first wife, survived him.
His personal character is thus given by his bio^pher i
^ Mr. Jago, in his person, was about the middle stature.
In his manner, like most people of sensibility, he appeared
reserved among strangers ; amongst his friends he was fre«
and easy ; and his conversation sprightly and entertaining.
In domestic life, be was the affectionate husband, the ten-
der parent, the kind master, the hospitable neighbour, and
sincere friend ; and both by his doctrine and example, a
fiitithful and worthy minister of the parish over which he
presided.*'
In 1784, bis poems, as corrected, improved, and enlarged
by the author a short time before his death, with some ad-
ditional pietes, were published by his friend, the late John
Scott Hyhon, esq. of LapalUhouse near Hafes Owen, who
was likewise the correspondent of Shenstdne. To this
publication Mr. Hylton prefixed some account of Js^o'4
life, which, however' meagre and unsatisfactory, is all that
xi&n now be procured. A very few particulars, indeed, but
perhaps of no great importance, have been gleaned frona
8henstone^s Letters, &c. His life, it may be presumed,
was that of a man not. dependent on fame, and whose pro*
ductions formed the amusement of his leisure hours. It
would appear by one of Shenstone^s letters that he occa*
sionally used his pencil as well as his pen. His rank as a
poet caniiot be thought very high. Yet we have few more
|>eautiful specimens of tenderness and sensibility than in
bis elegies on the Blackbirds and Goldfinches. The fable
of ^' Labour and Genius" has a pleasing mixture of ele-*
gance and humour. The *^ Elegy oh Blackbirds^' appeared
first in the ^ Adventurer,^' to the editor of which it was
sent by Gilbert West, and published as his. The author
claimed it, however, wheu' added to Dodsley^s collection,
a circumstance which Dr. Johnson. has noted, but not with
sufficient precision, in his life of that excellent cnan. Evea
when Mr. Jago put his name to it, a manager of the Bath
theatre endeavoured to make it pass for his own, and with
great efFroutery asserted that Jago was a ^ctitious naisf
^dppted from the play of Othello.
J A G O* 4#|
longest poem, <^ Edge-hill/' has some pauagea iwfc
Restitute of animation^ but it is so topographically exacts
thai to enjoy it the reader most have a map coostaotly be-
fore him ; and perhaps with that aid^ if he is not conver**
sant with the various scenery, the effect will be languor
and indiifereuce* Even his friend Shenstone seems to
speak coldly of it. '^ You must by no means lay aside the
thoughts of perfecting £dge-hill| at your leisure. It is
possible, that in order to keep clear of flattery, I bavo
said less in its favour than I really ought — ^but I never oon-
^dered it otherwise than as a poem which it was very ad«
Tiseable for you to complete and finish." Sbenstone did
not live to see it 'published in its finished state ; and what*
ever his objections, probably bestowed the warmest praiM
pn the tender and simple episode of Lydia and. the.bliud
lover, taken from a story in the Tatler.
His other pieces require no distinct notice. — Shenstoiie,
in a letter dated 1759, mentions an *^ Elssay on Electricity/*
vrritteo by Jago, but whether published we have not beea
able to discover. In 1755 he printed a yery sensible an4
seasonable di^ourse, entitled ^^ The Causes of Impenit^noe
considered, preached at Harbury, May 4, 1755, on occar
sion of a conversation said to have passed between one of
the inhabitants and an apparition, in the church-yard be-
longing to that place.*' From this incident, which he doe*
jiot consider it as his business either to confirm or disprove
be take; an opportunity to enforce the necessity of repent*
ance. Another Sermon, 1763, is attributed to him m.
Cookers Historical Register^ of which we can find no moni-
tion any where else. \
JAMBLICUS, a native of Chalcis in Coelosyria, an
eminent philosopher, flourished about the beginning of the
fourth century, and was the scholar first of Anatolius, and
afterwards of Porphyry. Having become perfect master of
the mysteries of the Plotinian system, he taught it with
great credit and success, and gained the profound rever-
ence of his scholars by certain wonders which he professed
to perform, by means of an intercourse with invisible beings.
His writings discover extensive reading, but his style is
deficient in accuracy and elegance, and he borrows freely
from other writers, particularly Porphyry, without the
Sfliallest acknowledgment* His philosophical works are
? Jobqion ai^4 Ch^en's Fo^tf, 31 Toli, 8yo, 1810.— Niels's iawycTt
MS J A M B L I C U S.
eJicetJiiigty ot^cHr^ but vahuibie as M^betitie documents
yespeetimg tbe Aleis^ndriM scbook^ TtM>6e extant are^
^ The LiId of Pythagoras ;*^ «< A» exhertaiiion t^. isbe st«dy
•f Pbilosoph J ;'^ ^' Three beol^s oi» M ibfehematicat ieapim^ ;**
^^A oemnieDlayy upon Nico«>aeb«rs'9 Institutes of Aritk-^
snetsc/' and a *< Treatise on the Mysteries of the- Bgyp-»
tians^ ChaldeaiiSy and Assyrians/^ • Tbe time aiNi place- Qf
Ikis deatb are uncettmi ; bat 10 oppiears provable that bd
died about tbe year 3SS. Tbts Jkmblieus must be distant
Hmsbed iVocn the person of tbe isaioe name, to whoai the
cmpevor J«Uan dedicates bis epistfes-; Amp JuKan- waa
«earoely bom at the* time wben Fovpbyry'y successor died.
- Tbe sobool of Jaasblicu^ produced many ectee«ie pbite*
aopbers, who were dispersed! tbrough varioos parte of the
HoMMA empires But the fate of one of* their iiumbei^
Sopater, who was put to death by order ef tbe emperor
(probably for inaicttous praetiees against the peae6' o(^ the
atate)^ and the discredit into wbicb tbe Pagan tbeotogy waa
BOW, through the general spread of Gbrfstiani^, almost
tmirenaUy fatten^ indtteed these philosephets to propagate
tbeir tenets^ and praetise tbeii^ mysteries^ with cautton and
eoneeaknent. In tbis state ef deppesskm- Aie. seet een^*
tiutted tbroegb the re^ifs of Constaattne and GonstantniSh
Bet oiMter the esipeFor Julian, who apostatised from tbe
Christian faith, the AleaDandrian sect revived, and a^in
floerisbed in great Ttgoer. The best editioiis of Jambli-
oas*a works are those '^ ]>e Mfyst. ^gypt. Cbald. et Assyr.
BeoDOR et alii Tknttatus Pbtlosopblei/' printed by AMus^
at Venice^ 1497, fol.; <^De Mystv ^gypt. necnon Por-
phyrii Epistola, &c. Gr. et Lat* ex Ihterpretattone et euoti
Notts TbomsB Gale^"^ Oston, (67», fol.$ and «< De Vita
Pythag. Lib^. Gr. etLat. ex emeadatioae et cum notb
Lildolphi Kusteri,'^' Amster. 1707, 4>to.^
JAMES I. kiQg of Soodand, of 1^ bouse of Stuart, was
l>om in 1394. In lt40S bis- fether Robert III. sent bint to
France^ in order that be might eseape the dangers to which
be was exposed front bis uncle thi^ dtrke of Albany, but
being taken by an EngHsb squadron, be and bis- wbofe
suite werecarried prisoners to the Tower of Londcm. Hiere
tbe yenng prince reoetTed an excellent education, to
' which Henry IT. of England was remarkably attentive,
thereby making some atonement for bis injustice in do*
JA M £ S li 44*
Uioing bim. 1^ John Pelhai% a man ,pf woriib and le«BB«
^^g was appointed bU governor, under whose twiioii ha
made so rapid a progress, that be soon became a prodigv
of talents and accomplisbmentsk. Robert died in tbem^
kvfing y«ar, and James was proclaimed kin^ hot daring
the remainder of the reign of Benry IV, and the whole <2
that of ^enry V. be was kept in confinement, wifcb a vima
of preventing the strength of Scotland from being itrnted
to that of France against the English arms. At lengthy
voder <;be regency of the duke of Bedford^ James waa re«
stored to his kingdom, having been full eighteen years •
prisoner in this country. James was now' thirty 3ireara of
agOf well furnished with learning, and a proficient in the
eibgant accoo^isbmenta of life, and dextrous iu the manly
^sercisesy which at that period were in high ettimatioa*
He married Joanna Beaufort, dauglUec of the duchesa of
Clarence, a lady of distinguished beauty, descended from
the royal family of England ; and on bia return to Seotlaftd^
finding that the duke of Albany and his son bad alienaled .
Qiany.of the most valuable possessions of the crown^ in*
atantly caused th^ whole of that family and their adhc^enta
to be arrested. The latter were chiefly discharged ; bat
the late regent, bis two aons» and bis father^in^law^ lia
caused to be convicted, executed, and their estates to b4
confiscated to the crown. Whatever other objections wtn
made to James's conduct, be procuied the enactment of
many good laws in his parliaments, which bad a tendeiM^
to improve the state of society ; but at the same time bia
desire of improving the revenues of the crown led bun to
many acts of tyranny, which rendered bim odious ta his
nobility, In 1436 he gave his daughter Margaret in mar#
riage to the dauphin of Fmnce, and sent with her a splen*
did train and a vast body of troops. The English, who bad
\n vain attempted to prevent this union by negociatioiiy
now endeavoured to intercept the Scotch fleet in its pas^
Mge, but they missed their object, and the princess wt^
rived in safety at Rocbelle* James, exasperated at tbta
act of hostility, decjlared war against England, and sum*
mooed the whole array of bis kingdom to assist in the siege
of Roxburgh ; which, however, he abandoned upon an inti**
mation of a conspiracy baing formed against himself by bia
0>vn .people* He now retired to the Carthuiian monastery
of Perth, which he had himself founded, where he lived in
privacy, but tbis> instead of preventingi focilitated the sac**
44# J A M E S I.
eest of the plot fonned against his life. The chief actors
Uk this tragedy were Robert Graham, and Walter earl of
Atfaoly the king's uncle. The former was actuated by re-'
venge for the sufferings of some of his family, the latter
by the- hope of obtaining the crown for himsel£ The
assassins obtained by bribery admission into the king't
apartments ; the alarm was raised, and the ladies attempted
to secure the chamber^door ; one of them, Catharine
J3ouglas, thrust her arm through a staple, making there*
with a sort of bar, in which state she remained till it waa
dreadfully broken by the force of the assailants. The in-
atant they got admission, ihey dragged the king fix>m his
concealment, and put him to death with a thousand wounda
on Feb. 20, 1437, in the forty-fourth year of his age. He
ia introduced in tbi^ work chiefly on account of bis literary
reputation, for he was a poet as w«ll as a sovereign, and
his works, descriptive of the manners and pastimes of the
age, were once extremely popular, and are stiU read wilb
delight by those who can relish the northern dialects - He
is sajd by all the British historians to have been a skilful
miisiciaD ; and it is aslserted, that he not only performed
admirably on the lute and harp, but was the inventor 6f
DMuiy of the most -ancient and fovourite Scottish melodies^
but this Dr. Burney is inclined to doubt Where thfo
prince acquired his knowledge in music is not ascertained ;^
but it is probable that it was in France, in his passage
home from which country he was taken prisoner by the
Eugiisb. Before the reformation we hear of no musid
being cultivated in Scotland but plain-song, or chanting
in the church; nor afterwards, for a long time, except
psalmody.
> The genuine and ancient Scots melodies are so truly na«
tional, that they resemble tio music of any other part ef
JEurope. They seem to have been wholly preserved by
tradition till the beginning of the last century, when a coU
Jection of Scots songs was published by a Mr. Thomson of
lEIdinburgh, for which there was a very large subscription* ;
and in Jfebruary 1722, a benefit concert was advertised for
the editor, to be terminated at the desire of several persons
of quality, with a Scottish song. To this publication and
concert may be ascribed the subsequent favour of their na-
tional, singular^ and often touching melodies^ south of %^
J A M E S L 44i§
I
Tasfloni, iodeedy (lib. x. cap;i23.) tells us^ diaH^Jaoiefil.
king of Scotland, had not only composed- sacred* musics
.but involuted a new species of plaintive melody difieffent
from all others ; in which be has been imitated by the
priJQce of V^nosa; who/' he adds, '^ in our times has em^
bellished music witlji many admirable inventions." This
assertion, says Dr. Burney, greatly increased our desire tk
examine works in which so many excellencies were con>»
centred ; particularly as we had long been extremely de^
sirous qf tracing the peculiarities of the national melodies
of Scotland, from a higher source than David Rizzio. But
in a very attentive perusal of all the several parts of the
whole six books of the prince of Venosa's madrigals, we
were utterly unable to discover the least similitude or,imih
tatioQ of Caledonian airs in any one of them ; which, ao
far from Scots melodies, seem to contain no melodies at
^all^ nor, when scored, can we discover the least regularity
of design, phraseology, rhythm, or, indeed,* any thing r»»
Huurkable in these madrigals, except unprincipled modular
tioo, and the perpetual embarrassments and inexperience
of an amateur, in the arrangement and filling up of the parts.
As a poet, however, there is less room to doubt Jaknes^s
talen^. He has found abundance of editors, but no eoB»-
plete ajid accurate impression of his works has hitiiefto
made its appearance. Mr. Park, in his excellent editioa of
the ^^ Royal and Noble Authors," has given a list of Ihen,
and more particulars may be found in our principal autho-
rities'. •
JAMES I. king of England, and VI. of Scotland, was ttte
son of the unfortunate Mary queen of Scotland, by her eonaki
Henry, lord Darnley, and was born at Edinborgh-caatle
inJ.une 1566, at the time when- his mother had fixed*her
a0(9ctions on the earl of Bothwell ; th^ young prince, hdw-
ever, was committed to the charge of the earl of Mar, atid
in the following year, his mother being forced to resign
the crown, he was solemnly crowned at Stirling, and all
public acts from that time ran in his nan^. He was edu-
cated, by the celebrated Buchknan while he was at Stifling
castle; his progress in school- learning was rapid, and he
jnanifested talents which presaged the future great man :
but he became the pref. of flatterers, who urged htm to
1 Irvine's Live* of the Scottish Poets.— Park's Royal ai^d Noble AttUi9n«7^
Etrisli SpeGimei».^Kef«*t Cy^lopsNlia, by Dr. Barney.
m» J A Sl£ s t
.tepgy tthhr tMaaaro, wkkbin 1S%2 prodaoed ia oonspiracj
4»f the Aobles against him, who Hook possession of hts pet^
wan M> Rothven castle. From thence he was conveyed t6
the palace of noil}noDd-^faoQBe, and treaited with much ex^
temal tveapect, frtiile in veality he was held in the HtmoA
aMBtndnt. A new conledenicy of other nobles prod uced his
libcTBtion, and he put :hitts6lf under the sway of his farvottr^
Ita the earl ^of Anrany who was Tiolent and anprineipleAy
«ld who carded on measures oi^evetitj against the nobles
fat the fcrmer conspiracy, and against the clergy wht^ &«
mmred them. He oontrmd to engage the mind of the
ycning king wathanconstant round of amusement, and he
iumaelf escercised with unlimited sway all the regal antho-
mtjff and iby ins insolence and rapacity rendered hicnseff
^RiiTersaiiy odious. Queen ElizabeUi'of England had lon^
mmfisfed her arts to maintain a party in the country, wh'icfa.
^policy was become more necessary on account of lier eon-
-dacttoits qiseen. Tiiough James had hitherto been induced
•to treat bis mcther (very irreverently, yet when her life ap-
:peared to be in imminent danger, :iVom the sentence pro-
•nonoead against her by an English court of j>n^ature, he
Mk fatmseif bound to interfere, and wrote a menacing let*
to EtiBflbetii on the oocasion. He ako applied to other
for their asststanoe, and assembled his own nobles^
*iirko promised to stand by him in preventing or avenging
^smIi an in^iustice. When be leamad the fatal catastrophe,
4to«ijMted wMi a proper spirit of indignation tfie 1iypo«
critical excuses of Elizabeth, and set about preparations
hostilities ; but reflecting oii his own resources, which
inadequate to the purposes of carrying on a seriotn
hcTesolved to restime a friendly correspondence wifh
:f be£nglisfa court. It is to the honour of James that one
•of ibe $nst acts of iiis fbll ^majority, in 158T, was an sit*
4empt to put an end to all family feuds among the nobility^
end personally to reconcile them with each other at 'a
solemn .festival in Holyrood-boose. When the invasion of
England was resolved upon by Philip, king of Spmn, he
fut ith kingdom into a state of defence, resolving to sup-
f Oft the <fueen -against her enemies. His people ako were
geatowlior the preservation of Protestantism, and entered
Jinto« national bond for the maintenance of tree religion,
which was the origin and pattern of all future engagements
of the kind^ under the name of solemn leagues and cove*
Hants.
JAMES L 44t
In ISH9 Jie married Anne^ •^bmgbter •( WaAede Ung
of Denmarki aiid as oooiiraiy winds presented ber^oviiiig
to Scoclacid^ be mewt to fetcii her^ mid pa«ed tli6 mnter ir
^ secies of feasting aad amusemewts a^ Copenhagen* Oa
bis return be was frequently m danger fvon oonspiiBcaiea
l^ainst his life, particiihiiiy fron tbose excited liy tbe cnrl
of Bothwell. In ISQO^ wbiie tbe country was in a stsae'oC'
unusual tmnqtiiility, a very extraordinary event took place^
the nature and causes of, which wetie never discovered.
While the king was upon a banting excursion, be was ac»
costed by tbe brother of Rndnren earl! of Gowrie, wbo^
by a feigned tale, induced him and a small train to ridel 4n
the earrs house at Perth. Here he was led to a resAote
cbsifaber on pretence of faanring a secret commonicated w
bim, where he. found a man in complete armour, and m
clagger was put to his breast by Ruthven, with throats of ^
immediate death. His attendants 'were alarmed, and came
to bis relief ;'in tbe end Gowrie and bis brother were slain^
and the king escaped unhnrt. In 1603, on the death nf
queen Elizabeth, James was proclaimed faer soccessof^
nnd .proceeded, amidst tbe acclamautiorfs of his new 'sub^-'
jeots, to London. One of his first acts was to bestoMr n
{MTofusion of honours and tittles upon the great men, as well
of bis own country as flhoae of Elogland. A conference
tieldat Haaoplon-court in a 604, between tftie divines of tbe
established church and tbe Puritans, afforded James « good
opportunity of eKbibtting bis d^ili in tbeological eonCns^
versy, and the ilUwili he bore to popular sohemea of
4^buFcb*goy«rnment. Abfaongb tbe king had distingnishnd
bimself in bis own country by lenity to the Roman Oatbo-
lies, yet those of that rdigion in England were so tnnch
^disappointed in their expectations of bis ftivour, that %
most atrocious plot was formed by tbe zealots of that pnfty
4x» blow up the House of Lords at tbe first meeting <^ pariic-
ixnent, and with it the king, queen, and prince of Wales,
yand all tbe principal nobility and gentry of the kingdom,
m»A iben to «6t upon tbe tbvone the young princess Eliza-
beth, and establish tbe Catholic religion. This plot was
4£)itunately discoveited on the >e?e of the designed esecu*
ftion, and the principal persons in it awffened the punisb'-
.foent due to their crimes. Uis next object was to 'reduce
jneland to a settled .fiMrm of law and government.
No circumstance, bowerer, in James's reign was mora
(unpopular than his 4ireataieot 4d the celebvaned sir Walter
44S SA IVTE S' t
Raleigb, aftdr^the detedtion of a coniBpiracy #ith l6rdl
Grey^ and lord Cobham, to set aside the succession in fa-*
Yonr of Arabella Stuart : he was tried and capitally con ^
vietedy but being reprieved^ he was kept thirteen years in
prison. In 1615 he obtained by bribery his release fron^
prison, but the king would not grant him a pardon. He
went out on an expedition with the sentence of death hang-
ing over his head ; he was unsuccessful in his object, and
on his return the king ordered him to be executed oa
his former sentence. James is supposed to have been
more Influenced to this deed by the court of Spain than by
any regard to justice. The influence of that court on James
appeared soon after in his negociations for marrying his
son prince Charles to the infanta. The object wasy how-
ever, not attained, and he afterwards married him to the
French princess Henrietta, with the disgraceful stipulation^
that the children of th^t marriage should be educated by
their mother, a bigoted papist, till they were thirteen yeara
of age. As he advanced in^years he was disquieted by a
concurrence of untoward circumstances. The dissentions
of bis parliament were very violent, and the affairs pf his
son-in-law^ the elector palatine^ now king of Hungary,
also were in a very disastrous state. H^ had undertaken
the cause of the protestants of Germany, but instead of
being the arbiter in the cause of others, be was stripped of
bis own dominions. In bis defence, James declared war
against the king of Spain and the emperor, and sent troops
over to Holland to act in conjunction with prince Maurice
for the recovery of the palatinate ; but from mismanage-
nient> the greater part of them perished by sickness, and
the whole enterprise was defeated. Oppressed with grief
for the failure of his plans, the king was seized with an
intermitting fever, of which he died in Mar6h 1625. It
would be difficult, says Hume, to find a reign less illus-
trious, yet more unspotted and unblemished, than that of
James in both kingdoms. James possessed many virtues^
but scarcely any of them pure or free from the coni|gion
of neighbouring vices. His learning degeneratea into
pedantry and pr^udice, his generosity into profusion, bis
good nature into pliability and unmanly fondness, his love
of peace into pusillanimity, and his wisdom into cunning*
His intentions were just, but niore adapted to the conduct
of private life than to the government of kingdoms. He
was an encourager of learning, and was himself an author
J A M £ S .^ I. 449
of no mean genius, cotisidering the times in which he
lived. His chief works were, ** Basilicon Doron ;" and
** The true Law of free Monarchies ;*' but he is more
known for his adherence to witchcraft and demoniacal pos*
sessions in his ^* Demonology/* and for his *^ Counterblast
to Tobacco/' He was also a poet, and specimens of his
talent, such as it was, are to be found in many of our mis-
cellanies. He also wrote some rules and cauteU^ for the
use of professors of the art, which, says Mr. Ellis, haye
been long, and perhaps deservedly disregarded* Thf^ best
specimen of his poetical powers is his '^ Basilicon Doron,"
which bishop Percy has reprinted in his ^^Reliques," and
declares that it would not dishonour any writer of that time*
Both as a man of learning, and as a patron of learned men,
auificient justice, in our opinion, has never been done to
the character of James I.; and although a discussion on the
fubject would extend this article too far, it would not be
difficult to prove that in both respects he was entitled to a
ceiisiderable degree of veneration.*
JAMES (Thomas), a learned English critic and divine,
was born about 1571, at Newport in the Isle of Wight;
Had, being |>ut to Winchester*school, became a scholar
^pon the foundation, and thence a fellow of New college
in Oxford, 1593. He commenced M. A. in 1599; and
tiie sactieyear, having collated several MSS. of the Philo*
biblion of Richard of Durham, he published it in 4to at
Oxford, with an appendix of the Oxford MSS. and dedi-
eated it to sir Thomas Bodley, apparently to recommend
himself to the place of librarian to him, when he should
have completed his design. Meanwhile James proceeded
with the same spirit to publish a catalogue of all the MSS.
io each college«> library of both universities; and in the
compiling of it, having free access to the MSS. at Oxford,
be perused them carefully, and, when he found any so-
ciety careless'' of them, he borrowed and took away what
he pleased, and put them into the public library. These
instances of bis taste and turn to books effectually pro-
cured him the designation of the founder to be the first
keeper of the public .library ; in which office he was <5on-
iirmed by the university in 1602. He filled this post with
Igteat applause ; and comn^encing D. D. in 1614, was pro*
1 Hiime's History.— Park's edition of the Koyal aR<1 Nobl« Autbarf«^£llt$'«
flpeciUiens.— Irvine's LiVCs of tbc Sc6ttiih Poets.
Vol.. XVilL Go
450 JAMES.
f moted to the subdeahery of Wells by the bishop of that
see. About the same time, the archbishop of Canterbury
also presented him to the rectory of Mongeham in Kent,
together with other spiritual preferments. These favours
were undeniably strong evidences of bis distinguished me-
rit, being conferred upon him without any application on
his part. Iti 1620, he was made a justice of the peace;
and the same year resigned the place of librarian, and ap-
plied himself more intensely to his studies. Of what kind
these were, we learn thus from himself : " I have of late,*'
says he in a letter, May 23, 1624, to a friend, "given
myself to the reading only of manuscripts, and in them I
,iind so many and so pregnant testimonies, either fully for
our religion, or against the papists, that it is to be won«
dered at." In another letter to archbishop Usher, th€^N
same year, he assures the primate he had restored 30O
citations and rescued them from corruptions, in thirty quiret
of paper. He had before written to Usher upon the same
subject, Jan. 28, 1623, when having observed that in Six-*
tus Sinensis, Alphonsus de Castro, and Antoninus*s Sum-
mae, there were about 500 bastard brevities and about lOOO
places in the true authors which are corrupted, that he had
diligently noted, and would shortly vindicate them out of
the MSS. being yet only conjectures of the learned, be
proceeds to acquaint him, that he had gotten together the
flower of the English divines, who would voluntarily joia
with him in the search. " Some fruits of their labours,'*
continues he, " if your lordship desires, I will send upw^
And might I be but so happy as to have other 12 thus be*
stowed, four in transcribing orthodox writers, whereof we
have plenty that for the substantial points have maintained
our religion (40/. or 50/. would serve) ; four to compare old
prints with the new; four other to compare the Greek
translations by the papists, as Vedelius hath done with Ig-^
natius, wherein he hath been somewhat helped by my
pains ; I would not doubt but to drive the papists out of all
starting-holes. But alas ! my lord, I have not encourage-
ment from our bishops. Preferment I seek none at their
hands; only 40/, or 60/. per ann. for others is that I seek,
which being gained, the cause is gained, notwithstanding
their brags in their late books." In the convocation held
with the parliament at Oxford in 1625, of which he was a
memlrer, he moved to have proper commissioners appointed
to collate thfe MSS. of the fathers in all the libraries iiv
JAMS S. 451
IChglaild, with the popish editions, in olfder to detect the
forgeries in the latter. This project not meeting with the
desired encouragement, he was so thoroughly persuaded
of the great adyantage it would be both to the protestant
religion and to learning, that, arduous as the task was, he
set about executing it himself. We may form a probable
conjecture of his plan, from a passage in the just cited
letter to Usher, where he expresses himself thus: ^^ Mr.
Briggs will satisfy you in this and sundry other projects of
mine, if they miscarry not for want of maintenance : it
would deserve a prince's purse. If I was in Germany, the
state would defray all charges. Cannot our estates supply
what is wanting ? If every churchman that hath 100^. per
annum and upwards, will lay down but 1^. for every hun-
dred towards these public works, I will undertake the re*
printing of the fathers, and setting forth of five or six
orthodox writers, comparing of books printed with printed
or written ; collating of popish translations in Greek ; and
generally whatsoever shall concern books or the purity of
them. I will take upon me to be a magister of S. Patalii
in £ngland, if I be thereunto lawfully required.''
He had niade good progress in this undertaking, and no
doubt would have proceeded much farther towards com-"
pleting his design, had not he been prevented by deaths
This happened August 1629. He was buried towards the
upper end of New college chapel at Oxford. Wood in-
forms us, that he left behind him the character of being
the most industrious and indefatigable writer against the
papists, that had been educated in Oxford since the refor-
mation ; and in reality his designs were so great, and so
well known to be for the public benefit of learning and the
church of England, that Camden, speaking of him in his
life- time, calls him ^^ a learned man and a true lover of
books, wholly dedicated to learning; who is now labo-
riously searching the libraries of England, and proposetb
that for the public good which will be for the great benefit
of England."
His works are, 1. " Philobiblion R, Dunelmensis," 1599,
4to. 2. " Ecloga Oxopio-Cantabrigiensis/' Lond. 1600,
4to. 3. '* Cyprianus Redivivus, &c." printed with the
** Ecloga." 4. " Spicilegium divi Augustini : hoc est,
libri de fide ad Pet. Diacon. collatio & ca%itigatio," printed
also with the '^ Ecjoga." 5. '' Bellum papale seu con*
cordia. discors Sext. V. & dementis VIIL circa Hieronjm.
G Q 2
i6$ i AMES.
Ediiion/' Lond. 1600, ^o^ and 167B| gvo. 6. ^ Cataiot.
gus Libroriun in Bibliotheca Bodleiang^^' Ox&rd^ 1605, 4to^
reprinted with many additions in 1620, 4€o, to nhich was
added an i^endix in 1636 : in thia catalogue is inserted
that of all the MSS. then in the Bodleian library. 7.
^^ ConcordantisB SS. patrum, i.e. vera & pialibri Caaticorum
per patres universos, &c." Oxford, 1607^ 4to. 8. ^' Apo*
logy for John Wiekliffe, &o.'' Oxford, 1608, 4to: to this
is added the "Life of John Wickliffe." 9. *< A Treatise
of the Corruption c^ Scriptures, Councils, and Fathers^
&c.'' Lond. 161 1, 4to, and lodS, dvo; this is reckoned his
principal work. It is amply analyzed by Oldys in his
*^ Librarian.'^ 10. ^^ The Jesuits' Downfull threatened*-^
for their wicked lives, accursed manners, heretical doctrine^
and more than Machiavelian policy/' Oxford, 1612, 4to ; ta
this is added "The Life of father Parsons, an English.
Jesuit." 11. " Filius Papce papalis," ch. K Lond. 1621 ;
translated from Latin into English by William Crashaw r
the author's name is not put to it. 12. " Index generatts
ianct. Patrum ad singulos versus cap. v. secundum Mat*
thaeum, &c." Lond. 1624, Svo. 13. "Notes ad Georg.
Wicelium demethodo concordioev ecclesiastics,*' &c. 1695,
8vo. 14. " VindiciiB Gregorianas, sen restitutus Grego»-
rius Magnus ex MSS. &c. de Genevaj," 1625. 15. " Ma-
nuduction, or Introduction unto Divinity, &c." Oxford,
1625, 4to. 16. " Humble and earnest Request to the
Church of England, for and in the behalf of books touching
Religion," in one sheet, 1625, 8vo« 17. " Explanation or
enlarging of the Ten'Articles in his Supplication lately ex-
hibited to the clergy of the church -of England," Oxford,
1625, 4to. 18. "Specimen Corruptelarum pontificiorum
'in Cypriano, Ambrosio, Greg. Magno, &c." Lond. 16^6.
19. 'Mndex librorum probibitorum d ponttficiis, Oxford,"
1627, Svo. 20. " Admonitio ad theologos protestantes de
Kbris pontificior-um caute legendis," MS. 21. " Enchiri*
dion theologicum," MS« 22. " Liber de suspicionibus &
conjecturis," MS. These three Wood says he saw in the
Lambeth library, under D. 42, 3 ; but whether printed, says
he, Ifcnow not, — ^^perhaps the " Encbiridioa" is. Dr.Jamea
likewise translated, from French intb English, " The Moral
Philosophy of the Stoics," Lond. 1508, 8vo; and published
two short treatises against the order of begging friars^
written by Wictiife ; with a book entitled " Fiscus pa-
galis^sivecatafo^usindulgentiatUDi," &c. Lond. 1617, 4to:
JAMES. 459
but sdBie were of opinion this book was published by Wil-
liam Crashaw, already mentioned. Several letters of our
author are in the appendix to Parr's ^^ Life of Usher." *
JAMES (Richard), nephew of the preceding, was born
at Newport, in the Isle of Wight, in 1592, and admitted «
scholar of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, Sept. 23, 1608.
in October 1611, he took the degree of B A. and in Jan.
1615, that of M. A. in which year also he became proba^*
tioner fellow of his college. Having entered into holy
order% he preached frequently, and arrived to the degree
of bachelor in divinity. Upon what occasion we know not^
he travelled abroad ; and was in Russia, in 1619, a tour to
which country was very uncommon in those days. He was
esteemed to be vrell versed in most parts of learning, and
was noted, among his acquaintance, as a good Grecian and
poet, an excellent critic, antiquary, atid divine ; and was
admirably skilled in the Saxon and Gothic languages. As
for his preaching, it was not approved of by any of the
UDtversity, excepting by some of the graver sort. Of
tbfee Simons, delivered by him before the academics, one
of them^ concerning the observation of Lent, was without
a text, according to the most ancient manner ; another
was againsl^ it, and a third beside it; '^shewing himself
thereby,'* says Anthony Wood, " a humourous person .'•
Selden was much indebted to him for assistance in the
composition K>f his ^* Marmora Arundeliana,'* and acknow*
ledges him, in the preface to that book, to be ^^ Vir multi*
jugae studiique indefatigabilis." Mr. James also exerted
the utmost labour and diligence in arranging and classify-
ing sir Robert Cotton's library ; and it is somewhat singu*
lax that bishop Nicolson imputes the same kind of blame
to bim, of which Osborn, the bookseller, more coariiely
accused Dr. Johnson, when compiling the Harleian Cata*
logue, viz. ^' that being greedy of making extracts out of
the books of our history for his own private use, he passed
carelesslyovera great many very valuable volumes." Nothing
was wanting to him, and to the encouragement of his stu-
dies, but a sinecure or a prebend ; if he had obtained
either of which, Wood says, the labours of Hercules would
have seemed t^ be a triHe. Sir Symonds D'Ewes has de-
acribed him as an atheistical profane scholar, but otherwise
* Biog. Brit. Supplement *-<*-G«n. Di€t. — Ath. Ojc. to}. l.--Usher's Life and
Letters.— Oldys's Librarian.
454 JAMES.
witty and moderately learned. ^^ He bad so screwed him*^
self," adds sir Symonds, ^^ into the good opiqion of sir Ro«
bert Cotton, that whereas at first he pniy permitted bim '
the use of some of his books ; at last, some two or three
^ears before his death, he bestowed the custody of hb
whole library on him. And he being a needy sharking
companion, and very expensive, like old sir Ralph Starkie
when he lived, let out, or lent out, sir Robert Cotton's
most precious manuscripts for money, to amy thut would
be bis customers ; whicb,*^ says sir Symonds, *^ 1 once
made known to sir Robert Cotton, before the said James's
face.'* The whole of these assertions may be justly sus*
pected. — His being an atheistical profane scholar does not
agree with Wood's account of him, who expressly asserts
that he was a severe Calvinist; and as to the other part of
the accusation, it is undoubtedly a strong circumstance iq
Mr. James's favour, that he continued to be trusted, pro-
tected, and supported, by the Cotton family to the end of
bis days. (See our account of Sir Robert Cotton, vol.
X. p. *S26 et seqq.) This learned and laborious man fell
a victim to intense study, and too abstemipus and morti-
fied a course of living. His uncle, Dr. Thomas James, in
a letter to Usher, gives the following character of him :
*^ A kinsman of mine is at this present, by my direction,
writing Becket's life, wherein it shall be plainly shewed,
both out of his own writings, and those of his time, that
be was not, as he is esteemed, an arch-saint, but an arch-
rebel ; and that the papists have been not a little deceived
by him. This kinsman of mine, as well as myself, should
be right glad to do any service to your lordship in this kind.
He is of strength, and well both able and learned to eiFec*r
tuate somewhat in this kind, critically seen both in Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin, knowing well the languages both
French, Spanish, and Italian, immense and beyond all
other men in reading of the MSS. of an extraordinary style
in penning ; such a one as I dare balance with any priest
or Jesuit in the world of his age, and such a one as I
could wish your lordship had about you ; but paupertas
inimica bonis e^t vimnbusj and both fatherless and mother-
less, and almost (but for myself) I may saj^ (the more is
pity) friendless."
Mr. James published several Latin sermons, as, L ** An-
ti-Possevitius, sive Concio habita ad Clernm in Acad. Oxon.
an. 11525, in 2 Tioi. iv. 13." Oxford, 1625, in 4to. 2,
JAMES. 455
V Concio babita ad Clerum Oxon. de Ecclesi^, in Mattb.
Z¥i. 18/' Oxford, 1633, in 4to. And several English ser«
mons, as, l. *^ Sermon concerning the Eucharist, delivered
on Easter- Day, in Oxford, on Matth. xxvi. ver. 26, 27, 28,"
London, 1629, in 4to. 2. '^ History of Preaching, or con-
cerning the Apostles' preaching and ours, on 1 Cor. ix.
16/' London, 1620, 4to. 3. <^ Sermon concerning the
observation of Lent-fast," London, 1630, 4to. There is
SQ text prefixed to this sermon, but it is grounded on-
Luke. iv. 2. , 4. *^ Sermon concerning the times of receiv-
ing the Sacrament, and of mutual Forgiveness, delivered
m Corpus Christi college at the election of a president, on
1 Cor. xL 25." London, 1632, 4to. 5. *< Apoiogetical Es«
say for the Righteousness of a miserable unhappy People,
preached at St. Mary!s in Oxford on Psalin xxxvii. 25,"
Loodon, 1632, 4to. He published also *^ Poemata qusdam
in mortem clarissimi Viri Roberti Cottoni & Thomse Allen,"
Osibrd, 1633, in 4to. With these poems he published sir
Thomas More's Epistle written from Abingdon in Berk-
shire in 1519 to the university of Oxford, for the cultiva*
tioi} of the Greek tongue, which had been for mauy -
years neglected among the members of it He likewise
translated into English Minutius Felix's ** Octavius," Ox-
ford, 1636, 12mo. All the above-mentioned pieces, ex-
cept the translation of the ** Octavius," he gave bound up
in one rojume to the Bodleian library, with a copy of verses
of his composition written in a spare leaf before the first of
them, beginning thus :
" Dear God, by whom in dark womb*s shade
I am to fear and wonder m^e, &c.'*
He wrote these verses, when he was closely confined by
order of the House of Lords. He left behind him about
45 manuscripts either of his own composition, or collected
by him from various authors, all written by his own hand,
which came first into the hands of his friend Dr. Thomas
Greaves, and afterwards into tlie Bodleian library. Those
of his own composition are, 1. *' Decaaonizatio Thoms
Cantuariensis & suorum," folio. This book, containing 760
pages, begins thus : ^' Viam regiam mihi patefacit ad de-
cauoni^ationem ficti & fucati Martyris,*' &,c. ; and the be-
modo ad textum sacr» bi&torise deveniam, ubi prius," &c.
^SB JAMES.
Botk parts ooutaia about twelve shectaw S^ ^ Note in ali-
cfuot loca Bibli»/' in three sheets^ 4to. Tiaie beginning is,-
'^ Videte sub ficu, Para|;>hraste8 sub uaibrosS. ficu,'* fce.
4. *^ Antiquitates Insula Vict»/^ in seventeen pages, 4to.
The beginning is ** Angli Saxones MarciamiP)'* &c^ an<i of
the epistle to the reader^ ^^ Utrum mortar priusqiiaiD boo
opus perficiam, Deus novit," &c. It is only a specimen
or a foundation for a greater work to be built upon. 5.
<^ Epistolse ad amicos sues doctos/' The beginning of tho
first epistle, which was written to Dr. Sebast. Beneield of
Corpus Christi college, is, ^^ Sancte Deus,'' &c. This ma*
nuscript is a tliick 4to, and contains epistles cbiefiy wTitteo
to those of his own college, epitaphs, and some English
copies of verses. 6. <' Epigranns in Latin and Engtisb,^*
wUh other ^^ Poems/' 7. ^* Reasons concerning the al«
tempts on the Lives of great Personages," &c. These
reasons, which are six or more, have this beginning, <' Sir,
if you please to learn my mind concerning the attempts
on the lives of great personages," &c. written in two sheets
folio. 8. ** Two Sermons : the first on James v. 14, the
second on John xii. 32," both written in folio. 9. << Iter
Lancastrense." It is in English verse, and was written in
1636, and hath this beginning, << High Holt of Wood,"
&c. It contains two sheets and a half. 10. ^^Glossarinm
SaxonicumoAnglicum. It is a long pocket-book. ll.^^Glos*
sarium Sax. Angl." another part in 8vo. 12. ^< A Russian
Dictionary, with the English to it. 13. ^ Observations
made in his Travels through some parts of Wales, Scot-
land, on Shetland, Greenland,\' i(c. in four sheets, 4to.
14. *^ Observations made on the Countrey, with the Man-
ners and Customs of Russia or Rusland," ann. 1619, 8vo.
It was intended to be transcribed, and to have other things
added to it. Besides these fourteen books, Mr. Wood had
another of ^* Epigrams," chiefly in Latin, and some in
Greek, in Svo, dedicated to his tutor Dr. Sebast. Benefield.
His collections are in twenty-four volumes in 4to, and
^even it) folio, and contain for the most part notes from
ap^ient manuscripts, and sometimes from printed authors,
Celaiing to history and antiquity.*
JAMES (Dr. Robert), an English physician of great
eminence, and particularly distinguished by the prepara-
» Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Biog. Brit. Supplement ^Gcnt. Mag. vol. XXXVII. p.
336,— -NtcobMn's Ili»t. Library, preface^ p. 1,
J A MS ». 457
tioii oi a celebr>t«d fever-powder, wm bora it Kinveraton
in StafFordabire^ A. D. 1703. His father was a major in
the army^ bis mother a sitter of sir Robert Clarke. He
waa educated at St. John's c(dlege in Oxford> where be
took the degree of A. B, and afterwards practised physic
auccesaively at Sheffield, LichBeld, and Birmingbam. He
then removed to London, and became a licentiate ia the
ebllege of physicians ; but in what year we cannot say.
At London, he applied himself to writing, as well as prac^
tiaing physic; and, in 1743, published a ^' Medicinal I>ie<*
tioaary,'' 3 vob. folio. Soon after, he published an Eng^
liab translation, with a supplement by himself, of *f Ra«
mazzini de morbis arti&ciira ;'' to which ha also prefixed a
piece of Frederic HoffioMn upon^^ Endemial Distempers^'*
8vo. , In 1746, " The Practice of Phyac," 2 vols. 8voj
in 1760, "On Canine Madness," 8vo; in 1764, ."A Dis-
pensatory," 8vo. On June 25, 1755, when the king was
at Cambridge, James was admitted by mandamus to the
doctorship of physic. In 1778, were published '^ A Dia*
sertation upon Fevera,'' and " A Vindication of the Fever-'
Pt>wder," 8vo ; with " A short Treatise on the Disorders
of Cbildten," and a very goad print of Dr. James. This
was the efgbth edition of the '^ Dissertation," of which the
first was printed in 1751 ; and the purpose of it was, to set
forth the success of this powder, as well as to describe more
particularly the manner of administering it. The ^^ Vindi^
cation" was posthumous and unfinished : for he died at his
house in BrutSn*street, March 23, 1776, while he was em*
ployed upon it. The editor informs us, that ^\ it is only a
part of a much larger tract, which included a defence of
bis own character and conduct in his profession ; and was
occasioned," he says, '< by the violent and calumnious at«
lacks of bis«brethren of the faculty."
The aifectionate ren«mbrance of Dr. James, by John-
soil in his Life of Smith, deserves to be preserved among
the honourable testimonies to the character of the former.
'^ At this man's table," says the biographer, speaking of
Mr. Walmsiey, ** I enjoyed many cheerful and instructive
hours, with companions such as are not often found ; with
one who has lengthened, and one who has gladdened life ;
with Dr. James, whose skill in physic will be long remem*
bered : and with David Garrick, whom I hoped to have
gratified with this character of our common friend : but
what are the hopes of man V* &c« It appears from the Mfe
45S JAMES.
df Johnson, that be had gained some knowledge of physic
from Jamesy which he in return made useful to his friend,
by assisting him in his Medicinal Dictionary. ^^ My know-
ledge of physic/' said he, ^^ I learnt from Dr. James, whom
I helped in writing the proposals for his dictionary, and also
a little in the dictionary itself.'' Boswell adds, ^* I have in-
vain endeavoured to find out what parts Johnson wrote for
Dr. James. Perhaps medical men may." There can be
very little doubt, from the style of the address, that the
dedication of that work to Dr. Meaid belongs entirely to
the pen of Johnson. The elegance and originality of the
compliments in it sufficiently mark the hand of that great
master. It may not be amiss to insert it here, as a model
of dedicatory address, highly honourable to Dr. James if
his own, and creditable even to have deserved from Johnson.
** Sir, That the Medicinal Dictionary is dedicated to you,
is to be imputed only to your reputation for superior skill in
those sciences which I have endeavoured to explain and
facilitate : and you are therefore to consider this address,
if it be agreeable to you, as one of the rewards of merit ;
and if otherwise, as one of the inconveniences of eminence.
However you shall receive it, my design cannot be disap-
pointed; because this public appeal to your judgment will
shew, that I do not found ihy hopes of approbation upon
the ignorance of my readers, and that 1 fear his censure
least, whose knowledge is most extensive. I am, sir, &c.
R. James."
The dictionary is, in effect, considered as a work highly
honourable to the author, and retains its credit unimpaired
after the continued progress and improvements of medicine
for several years. Dr. Johnson certainly held James in
high esteem, and though he'^did not burst out into any
passionate exdamation of grief, on reading of his death
(as his biographer relates), he doubtless felt considerable
regret, as appeared not only by his manner of returning to
the subject; but by his mention of' him above*cited from
the life of Smith. The regret which remains upon the
mind after reflection, is as sincere, if not as violent, as that
which shews itself at first in impatient lamentations. <* No
man," said he, on some occasion, ** brings more mind to
his profession than James *," and undoubtedly no man was
better able to judge of mind, than the person who pro*
oounced that opinion. -
Dr. James was rough in his manners, and, if ^ not very
JAMES. 4S&
generally misrepresented, for from temperate in his ba«
bits; but strong sense usually appeared in bis coarse ex-
pressions, and no man had more sagacity^ when his head
was clear, which of a morning was always the case. Se-
veral whimsical stories, perhaps of no precise authority,
are told of his evening prescriptions : and he is said, in-
•comparing his patient^s pulse with his own, sometimes to
have confused the two ; and, finding that one was quick-
ened by intemperance, to have bluntly accused tbe patient,
perhaps a delicate lady, of being in liquor. But James,
whatever failings he might have, was without doubt an able
and acute physician, and his dictionary will remain a
noble monument Of his industry and knowledge. His per-
son had not more delicacy than his manners, being large
and gross.
His fever powder was for a long time violently opposed
by tbe faculty, who, as the composition was kept a secret,
considered it as a nostrum, and refused to prescribe or
'countenance it. The admirable effects experienced from
H forced it into general use, and it is now considered as
the most efficacious medicine for fevers that is known. Dr.
Pearson, who, in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. LXXXL
tool^ great pains to analyze it, concludes that ^^ by caU
eining bone ashes, that is, phosphorated lime,, with anti*
mony in a certain proportion, and afterwards exposing the
mixture to a white heat, a compound may be formed con-
taining the same ingredients, in the same proportion, and
possessing the same chemical properties ;" and the London
Pharmacopoeia of 1788 contains a prescription, under the
title of Pulvis Antimonialis, which is intended to answer
the same purposes. ^* It is well known,'' says Dr. Pearson^
f ' that this powder cannot be prepared by following the
directions of the specification in the court of chancery.'*^
He therefore instituted a laborious chemical inquiry, first
analytical, and then synthetical, in order to ascertain the
composition.
Whether Jamps was the real inventor of the powder, may
admit of a doubt. ** Tbe calcination of antimony and
hone-ashes produces," says Dr. Pearson, '^'a powder called
Lile's and Schawanberg's fever powder ; a preparation de-
scribed by Schroeder and other chemi$ts450 years ago."*-
According to the receipt in the possession of Mr. Brom*
field, by which this powder was prepared forty-five years
^go, and before any medicine was known by tbe name of
MO J A M E Sk
James's powder, (wo pountis of lurtibcHrii shavingft lliti»lb€
boiled^ to dissolve all Uie mucilage, and tbep^ being dried,
be calcined with o»e pound of crude antiflaonyf till the
smell of sulphur ceases, and a Ugbt grey powder is pro^
duced. The same prescription was given to Mr. Willis
above forty ^ears ago, by Dr. John Eaton of the college of
physicians, with tbe material addition, however, of order--
ing tbe calcined mixture to be exposed to a given beat in a
close vessel, to render it white/'<-^^^ Scbroeder prescribes
equal weights of antimony and calcined hartshorn ; aod
Pc^erius and Michael is, as quoted by Frederic Hoffman^
merely order the calcination of these two substances to-*
getber (assigning no proportion) in a reverberatory fire for
several days/' It has been alleged, that Dr« James oIk
tained tbe receipt for his powder of a German baron nanCied
Scbwanberg, or one Baker, to whom Schwanberg bad told
it. This account we have not been able to verify, but if
it be true, baron Schwanberg, as he is called, was pro->
bably the descendant of the Schawamberg mentioned s6'
long agow Be it as it may, Dr. James was able to giv«
that credit and currency to tbe medicine. which otherwise
it would not have had, and the public are thereHore in^*
debtee^ to btm for publishing, if not for inventing, a pre-»
paration of most admirable effect.
Dr. James, was married^ and left sons and daughters^
His eldest son, Robert Ifercouct James> was educated at
Merchant Taylors' school, and afterwards at St. John's
college, Oxford, for the profestton of physic. '
JAMES (Sir Wiluam), an eminent English officer in
tbe East India service, was bom at Milford Haven about
1721, and embarked in a sea life at twelve years of age.
He was not more than twenty when he obtained the com-
mand of a ship. He was with sir Edward Hawke in the
West Indies in 1738, as a junior officer. Some years after
he commanded aahip in the Virginia trade ; but in her he
was taken by the Spaniards in the gulph of Florida, and
carried a prisoner to the Havannah. After he and bis crew,
consisting of fifteen {lersons, were released from tbe Spa^
nish prison, they embarked in a small brig fqr Car<dina.
The second day after putting to sea, a very hard gale of
wind came on, t^e vessel strained, and soon became so
leaky tliat the pumps and tbe people baling could not
1 Preceding; edition of this Diet.— BoswdPs Life of Johnson.
JAMES, 461
keep her free ; and at lengtbi being worn out witk kboar,
^$even of tfaem, with Mr. James, got into tbe eiily boat
tbey bad 9 with a small bag of biscuit and a keg of water :
tbe vessel soon after disappeared, and went down. Thej
were twenty days in this boat without a compass; tfaehr
iHscdtt soon got wet with the sea, which for two digra made
a breaeb oyer the boat ; a snuff-box sir William had witb
him served to distribute their daily allowance of watery
and after encountering every diflgcuky of famine and se**
vere labour, on the twentieth day they found tbemselvias
on the istand of Cuba, not ten miles from whence they
had been embarked out of a Spanish prison : but a priaon
bad no horrors* to them. The Spaniards received them
once more into captivity ; and it is remarkable, that only
I>n8 out of the seven perished,, though after they got on
shore few of them had the use of their Iknbs for many daya*
In the b^inning of 1747 Mr. Jamea went to the East
indies as chief officer of one of the East India compaiiy^s
ships, and performed two voyages in that station. In 1749
the East India company appointed him to the conraiand of
a new ship, tbe Guardian, equipped as a riiip of war. In
her he sailed to Bombay, to protect the trade on the Ma-
kthar coast^ which was maoh annoyed by the depredations
of Angria, and other pirates, with which those seasawarmed;
and during the two years occupied by him in convoying
the merchant ships from Bombay and Surat to the Red
Sea, tbe gulph of Persia, and along the Malabar coest from
the gulph of Cambay to cape Comorin, be waa frequently
attacked by the vessels of the different piratical states. At
one time when he had near seventy sail under his protee*
tion, he was assailed by a large fleet of Angria*s frigates
and gallivats, not badly provided with guns, and, *as usctat,
full of men. Having formed the line with his little squa-
dron, consisting of the Guardian, Bombay grab, and I>rake
bomb-ketch, he engaged the enemy, and kept them in
close action while bis convoy got safe into Tellicherry. In
this conflict, which seems on the part of both to have been
disputed with great animation, the brave English com-
mander sunk one of the enemy's largest gallivats, and
obliged the rest to take shelter in Gheriab and Severn^droog.
About the beginning of 17^ 1 he was appointed comman*
der in chief erf the East India company's marine forces,
and. hoisted his broad pendant on board the Protector, a
fine ship of 44 guns. On April 2, 1755, he was sent with
468 J A M £ S.
the Proteetor, Guardian, Bombay grab, the Di^ke tyomt^
and some gallivate, to -attempt such of the ports belonging
to Angria as lie to the northward of Gheriah, hia principal
fortress and capital. The chief of these fortresses was
SeTerndroog, which was well defended by batteries along
•the shore, and the entrance of the harbour was secured by
a strong castle, on which were mounted seventy pieces of
cannon. Having reconnoitered the place, and informed
himself of its strength, captain James made his attack, and
in less than three hours the governor surrendered the
castle and the vessels in the harbour : this was quickly fot
lowed by the surrender of Victoria and four other forts.
When captain James returned with his victorious fleet to
Bombay^ he found admiral Watson there, with three line of
battle ships, and some frigates, &c. The governm^it
of Bombay consulted with the admiral about means to
destroy the power of Angria; and the Mahratta states joined
in the confederacy, having suffered by his depredations.
He was accordingly sent with his little squadron to recQil»
noitre Gheriah, a place represented to be almost impreg*
nable from the sea. He judiciously stood close in to
the walls, under the cover of night, and with his boat
sounded and examined the channels leading to the harbour
and outer road ; in the day-time he stood in within gun*
shot of the walls; and having in two days made himself
perfectly master of the enemy's strength, he returned to
Bombay. This piece of service be performed with so
much promptness and skill, that l\e received the thanks of
the governor and admiral; and they were so well per-
suaded, from his report, of the practicability of the enter**
prize, that no time was lost in equipping the ships, and
embarking the troops.
The squadron formed off Gheriah, the 10th of February,
17^6. Captain James, in the Protector, led the squadron
to the attack in one division, while another division of fri-^
gates led the bomb-ketches in another line ; a heavy and
tremendous fire began on our part from the ships of^tbe
line, while the shells were thrown with great success from
the bombs into the harbour, where all Angria's ships were
hauled for safety ; these were soon set on fire by the
bombs; the fire from the cast ie and batteries soon slack-
ened, and before the evening set in, the castle surrendered,
and Gheriah, and all its dependencies, fell into our hands*
Thus shortly ended an enterprise, which, for many years.
J A TVI E S. 46«
had beeii in contemplation by (be European goTernmentfl
in India, but which was never before attempted, from an
idea that no force sufficient could be brought against the
walls of this castle. Lord Clive, at this time a lieutenant*
colonel, commanded the land forces.
On the Malabar coast, soon after this, he fell in with a
French ship from Mauritius, very much his superior in
aien and guns ; she was called L'Indienne : after a smart
action she struck, and he carried her in triumph to Bombay.
Captain James, in an eminent manner, displayed his
nautical abilities by shewing, that in despightof a contrary
-monsoon, a communication between Bombay and the Co«
romandel coast may be effected iu cases of exigency. This
4^assage was attempted by him in the first instance, and he
accomplished it in nearly as short a time as it usually was
.done io the favourable monsoon. It was of the utmost
•moment that he succeeded at the time he did, for by it he
confirmed to admiral Watson (then in the Ganges) the in-
telligence of the war with France, and brought to his as-
sistance five hundred troops, by which the admiral and
colonel Clive were enabled, in March 1757, to take Chan-
denagore, the chief of the French settlements in Bengal.
In effecting this passage James crossed the equator in the
meridian of Bombay, and continued his course to the
southward as far as the tenth degree^ and then was enabled
to go as. far to the eastward as the meridian of Atcheen
head, the north-west extremity of Sumatra, from whence,
with the north-east monsoon, which then pirevailed in the
bay of Bengal, he could with eas^ gain the entrance of the
Ganges, or any port on the Coromandel coast.'
In 1759 captain James returned to his native country.
The East India company presented him with a handsome
elegant gold-hilted sword, with a complimentary motto,
expressive of their sense of his gallant services. Soon
afterward he was chosen a director, and continued a mem-
ber of that respectable body more than twenty years ; in
which time he had filled both the chairs. He was fifteen
years deputy, master of the corporation of the Trinity-
house ; a governor of Greenwich hospital ; served two ses^
fiions in parliament for West Looe ; and on the 25th of
July, 177S, the king was pleased to create him a baronet.
He planned the reduction of Pondicherry during the Ame«
Clean war, and received a rich service of plate from the
India company, as a testimony of their sense of his skill
and judgment in that affair.
464 J A M C S.
Ondie 16th of December 1783^ sir WiUiam di^, ag^
aixty-*two. In the year foUowiBg, a haodsome bi]ildRij§r
was erected on his estate in Kent, near the top of Shooter's*
hill, in the style of a castle, witb three sides, and com-
manding a most extensive Tiew. The lowest room is
adorned wkh weapons, peculiar to the different oounttier
of the east The room above has different views of iHLVal .
acdcHis and enterprises painted on the ceiling, in which sir
.William bad been a considerable actor. The top of cbe
bwldiag is finished with battlements, about aiicty feet f^oot
the base. The top of the battlements is four bilfidi«d and
eighty feet above the lerel of Shooiter's^hil}, and more ^fto
one hundred and forty feet higher than the top of 9t. P«id*s
cupola. On a tablet over i£e entrance door is thia in*
seription :
•' This buU^Kng was erected Muccixxxtt, by the r^efntisentsctit^
ti tile kite rir WiHam Jseaes^ bart. to commemorate tfaaft gtAaiit
cffiotr's adneftmeBts in the Bast InMes, daring his ^wauijand of
the company^s niarine forces in tlH^se seas y and in a par^eular maao*
ner to record the conquest of .the castle of Sevemdroog, on the
coast of Mialabar, which fell to his superior valour and able con-
duct On the 9d day of April, M,DCC,LV."
Of sir William, it is said, by a person who knew him
intimately near thirty years, and was well aequaiut^d with
bis professional abilities, that as a thoroug;h practical sea*
man, be was almost without an equals as an officer, he
was brave, vigilant, prompt, and resolute ; patient in di£»
JficuUy, with a presence of mind that seemed to grow from
danger. ^
JAMES m VoRAGiNE, a celebrated Dominican, so called
from the place of bis birth in tlie state of Genoa, was born
about 1230. He was provincial aad counsellor of his
order, and afterwards appointed archbishop of Genoa, by
pope Nicholas I V^. 1292. He ruled his church with great
wisdom and . prudence, held a provincial council in 1293,
and died July 14,^1298. He left a " Chronicle of Genoa,'*
Eulilished in tow. XXVI. of the collection of Italian authors
y Muiatori; a. great number of " Sermons," 1589^ and
1602, 2 vols. 8vo, and other works ; among the most ce-
lebrated is a collection of legends of the saints, known by
the .napae of ** The Golden Legend ;" the first edition is
Colo^na, 1470,. foL scarce; the Italian translation, Venice^ .
** ^^onittranicatei by' Mf James to l^r,- Pacunmt.-^Aviatte AtmvttAtbtgHtxMt
vol. II.
JAMES. 465
1476, fol. 18 also very scarce, as is the first editioa of the
French translation by John Batallier, Lyons, 1476^ folio.
This work contains so many puerile am) ridiculous fables,
that Mekhior Cano said, <^ the author had a mouth of iron,
ai heart of lead, and but little wisdom, or soundness of.
judgment."'
JAMES D£ ViTRi, a celebrated cardinal in the thir- '
teentb ceatury, born at Vitry, a village near Paris, was
eaiioa of Ognies, then pastor of Argenteuil, attended the
crusades, staid a long time in the Levant, and was made
bishop of Acre, otherwise called Ptolemais. Gregory IX.
created him cardinal in 123Q, and gave him the bishopric
of Frescati. He was afterwards legate in France, Brabant,
and the Holy Land ; in all which offices his zeal and pru-
dence were remarkable. He died April 30, 1244, at Rome.
He left many works, the most curious and most sought
after among which, is an ^^ Eastern and Western History,"
in Latin, in ^< Gesta Dei per Francos," by Canisius. The
third book has been published, with some alterations, in the
third volume of P. Martenne's " Thesaurus Anecdotorum."*
JAMESON (Geoagb), an eminent artist, the Vandyck
of Scotland, was born in Aberdeen in 1586. At what age
he went abroad is not known, but he studied under Rubens,
with Vandyck, and returned to Scotland in 1628. After
his return, be applied with indefatigable industry to por-
trait in oil, though he sometimes practised in |iistory and
landscape. His largest portraits were generally somewhat
less than life. His excellence is said to consist in delicacy
and softness, with a clear and beautiful colouring. When
king Charles L visited Scotland in 1633, the magistrates,
knowing his majesty's taste, employed Jameson to make
drawings of the Scotish monarchs, with which the king
was so much pleased, that he sat to him for a full length
picture, presented him with a diamond ring from his finger,
and on account of a complaint in his eyes or head, the
king made him wear his hat, a privilege which he ever
after used, and commemorated by always drawing himself
with bis hat on. So far also he imitated his master
Rubens.
Many of the considerable families in Scotland are pos«
-sessed of works by this great artist. The greatest collec-
•xiop is that at Taymouth, the seat of the earl of Breadal*
> Cave. — DupiD.— Moreri.-— Saxii Ottomast. • Ibid.
VoL.xvni. hh
vJ
46* JAMESON.
bate, Sit ^(Art Campbell of Olfeitorchy, hi§ lordship's
ancdstdr, baviftg been the ehi^f aird earliest patitth 6f
JatHesdn, ivhd h^d attended that gidnttefnan in bi» tfavels.
In dlflR^tette getirteiti^n*^ houses in the ecHitity of Abefdeert^
therfe are portraits by Jaihesotr, as wdf as Iti the baill* of
IVIarischal and King's colleges. The most inter^^tiog <tf
bis pictures is that belonging to the earl t)f Findlate^i at
Cut1eti-h6nse. This piece represents Jattie^on Uriti^self^ as
latge as lifi^, with a rotind hat on his head.- He h k>dkfi^
yt)U in th^ face, ^ith his left hnndi in which is his paH«i»
on a table, dnd hi$ right over it, the fofefinger of wbieb
points to several small pictures in the baek grouted. Dliess,
^ bidck jacket with a whit^ falling band. In the back
gfbund are ten squares, of about six indbe*, rept^#ebting
portraits, sbni^ of them fbll lengths ; sotne of tbe ^qaares
bave two or thfeid figures, and one of them h a sea-piece
Size bi th^ picture, within the frame, two (ett ten inehes
in breUdth, by two feet eight in height In the same
bbiise is anbtbet picture attributed to the stime artist^ tbn^e
fe^t sijt inches high, by two Feet ibight broad. Th« subject
ihuist allude to the civil war, as it repr^ents a croWn^ bot-
toiti. Upitiost ; sceptre, baton, roy&l standard, beskped neai^
it ; a prtnted s^croU, a casket cbvered with crimson velvet,
lid open, with necklaces and toys. At the bottom, on the
right band, is a soiall figure ^bout four inchds long, badly
^^^cuted, of Charles I. which seems as if done with rad
chalk on a white ground.
Mr. Jameson died at Edinburgh in 1€44, fthd was ia^
ifeirred in the churcbyard of the Grey Friars, but withooit
&ny Aionument. By his will, written With his own hand in
1641, And bredthing a spirit of much pitety and benevo*.
fencie, ht provides kindly for his* wife and children, and
leaves diany legac^ies tb his relations and friends. Of hii
family, his daughter Mary was thrice married : firAt to
Mr. Burrt'ett, of Elrick, in the county bf Aberdeen ; Sifhtr*
wards to Jattibs Gregory, the celebrated mathematician ;
and lastly to Mr. Eddie, one of the magistrates of Aberdeen.
By all these gentlemen she had cbildren, and many of tbe
descendants of the two first have numerous families in the
county of Aberdeen. Mary seems to have inherited a
portion of her father's genius. Several specimens of bet
needlfe-vvork remain, particularly Jephtfaa's rash vow ; Su-
sannah and the Elders, &c. probably from a design of her
father's ; these now adorn the East end of St. Nicholas'
church, Aberdeen.
J A M B » O N. «6T
Tbotigh JaneiQKi w^ Utile kaovi^ii in Eo^and, and lia»
no^ been .nolioed hy any Snglish wriiev on ih^ a? ts» except
locd Orfovd, bis obaraeter^ 99 well aa b>a works^ were bigblj
eateesned in bis own Qom>uy« Arthur Johnsten^ the poet^
^dressfid to him an elqgant Latin^pigram^ on i^e pieture
«f the 0tarcbioQei»9 of Huntley, which may be seen in the
works.of tbat aulhor, printed at Middleburgh in 1642.'
JAMYN (AMi0i8)^ a Fre«Qh poet, was, in his yqntb^ a
great tra^eUer, and ran over* Greece^ the isles of the
ArohipelagOi and Asia Minor. Poetry being his delight^
be applied, bimaelf to itfroioa his^ infancy ; and bis writings,
both in verse and prose, shew that be baid careful Jy studied
the Greek and Latin authors, especially the poets. He is
Qsiaieoied the rural of Bonsard, ivho was hia eontemporary
and friend; but be i| net so bombasiical, nor so rough in
4ie use of Greek words, and. bis style is more tiatural,
aimpie, and pleasing. Jamyn wits secretary and ehamber-
NXMder in ordinary to Cha/les IX. and died about 1585.
We have, 1.- Jws " Poetical Worhs," in 2 vols. 2. *• Dis-'
conn d« pkiiosophie a Psssieharis & k Pediinthe,'^ wftb
•even aeadeqoioaL diaoourtos, the whole in prose, Parir^
1584, >2mo, S. S^ A Translation of Homer's Iliad,'' in
Freoeh verse, begun by Hugh Selel, and finished by
Jamyn froni the I2th book inclusive^ to which is added a
translation of the three first books of the *^ Odyssey.^'
Ha appears to biwe had some notion of the style into which
Homer ought to be translated, but he has rendered his per-
feriaaaee sofikieiitly ridiouldua by giving modern titles to
the Greeks,, snob aa ^be duke Idemeneus, and the ebeva-
liers Neptofie and Nestor.'
JANEWAY (Jawes), a nonconformist divine, some of
wboae Works are 'Still highly, populav, was born in 163-6.
He was the son of a clergyman in Hertlbrdsbire, and tbii
third of five brothers, who were all bred to the ministry,
were all consumptive, and all died under forty years of
age. In 1655 he became a student of Christ Church,
Oxford, and took bis mastet^a degt^e, but wks ejected
soon after she Restoration for nonconformity. Hd then set
up a meeting at Rotherbitfae.^ He was a young man of
great industry and strictness of life,' and his preaching is
said to have been attended with signal effects upon many,
1 Walpole's Aoecdotes.^.<»Piiifc€rUui's Soofetisb GalUry.— Thom't History oi
Aberdeen.— Pennant's Tour in Scotland. 9 Bicu Hist. '
H H 2
46t J A N £ W A V.
especiatly in the time of the plague, when he entered xnUf
the deserted pulpits, and preached to great numbers. He
also made it bis business to visit the srck at that dangerous
period. His labours, which were too many for his delicate
constitution, are said to have hastened bis death, which
happened March 16, 1JS74. A considerable number of bis
** Sermons*^ are in prtnt« He also published the Well-known
Life of his elder brother John, a young man of extraordinary
piety, which, with his very popular ** Token for Children,**
has often been reprinted. His ^* Legacy to his Friends,*^
before which is his portrait, contains twenty-seven fanloas
instances of remarkable deliverances from dangers by sea.^
JANICON (Francis Michael), a political writer of
some note, was born at Paris in 1674, the son of a Pro-
testant, and sent early into Holland for education. For a
time he quitted his studies for the army, but at th^ peace
of Ryswick he resumed his literary labours, and became
concerned in the gazettes of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and
'Utrecht. A simple and historical style, with a clear head,
and much political sagacity, seemed to promise great
success to these labours ; but his press being silenced^ on
account of a political tract (in which; however, he had no
concern), he retired to the Hague, and became agent to
the landgrave of Hesse. He died of an apoplexy iii 1730,
at the age of fifty*six. Of bis works there are, 1. His
^' Gazettes,** written in a good style, and with sonnd po-
litical knowledge. 2. A translation of Steele's " Ladies*
Library,'' published in 1717 and 1719, in 2 vols, duo*
decimo. 3. A translation of an indifferent satire against
monks and priests, written originally by Antony Gavin, and
printed in 1724, in 4 vols. 12mo. 4. <* The present State
of the Republic of the United Provinces, and their de*-
pendencies," published in 1729, in 2 vols. ISmol This is
the most correct work that is extant, though it has been
considered by Niceron as not altogether devoid of faults.'
JANNONIUS. See GIANNONE.
JANSENIUS (Cornelius), a learned Flemish prelate,
was born ajt Hulst in the year 1510, and educated at Ghent
and Louvain. He became a proficient in the Hebrew, as
well as Greek and Latin languages, and devoted himself to
the study of the Scriptures, ^e was appointed professor.
t _■ ■_•' * *
* Ca1amy.«-4}raBg€r, toI. in.*— Ath. Ox. vol. II.
• « Niccroo, vol. XVII.— Diet Hist.
J A.N S £ N I U S. 469
#f divinity at Louvaiii^ and admitted to the degree of
doctor, of diTinity. In the council of Trent he commanded
respect by bis learniog and vjnodesty, and ^ upon his return
to Flanders in 1568^ was nominated the first bishop of Ghenl^
vrbere be died in 1 576. His works were, ^* A Paraphrase
On the Psalms/^ with copious notes, in^ Latin^ printed. at
Louvain in 15^9. *^ Notes pn the Books of Proverbs^
Ecclesiasticus, the Canticles, and , the Book of Wisdom/*,
printed i^ 1586. ^' .Commentaries upon some passages io
the Qld Testament,*' &c. His- chief vico^f;^^ however, wast
the '* Concordia Evangelica^L't^rst priifted in 1549, and
frequently reprinted. Of thi^ Wbtk Dupin says^ that it is
the most pet^ggf, harmony of the four Gospels which bad
till that time appeared. To the author be pays a veryi
distinguished tribute of respect, as a very able expositor,
of Sc;riptur^, and eminently characterized by bis learnings
judgment^ and perspicuity.' *
JANSflN, or JANSENIUS (Corneuus), bishop of
Ypres, principal of the sect called Jansenists, was born ifi ,
a village called Akoy, near Leerdam in Holland, of Roman '
Catholic parents, John Ottie and Lyntze Gisb^rts ; and,
having had his grammar-learning at Utrecht, went to Loua
vain in 1602, and from that to Paris, where, he met with
Johtt.du Verger de Hauraone, afterwards abbot of Saij^
Cyran, with whom be had contracted, a very strict friend-
ship. Some time after, du Verger removing to. Qayonne,
be followed him thither; where, pursuing their studijfss with
unabated ardour, they wfsre noticed by the bishop of tha^
province, who, conceiving a great esteem, for. them, .pro^
cured du Verger a canon ry in his cathedral, and set JansQi;!
at the bead of a college or school. He spent five or six:
years in Bayonne, applying himself with the same vigpur
to the study of the fathers, Sjc. Austin in particular ; and,
as he did not appear to be of a, strong constitution, du
Verger's mother used sometimes to tell her son, that he
would prove the death of that worthy young Fleming, by
making him overstudy himself.
At length, the bishop being raised to the archiepi.scopal
see of Tours, prevailed with du Verger to go to, Pari^; so
that Jansen being thus separated from his friend, and not
#ure of tb^ protection of the new bishop, left Bayonne;
and after twelve years residence in France returned (9
470 . - J A N B E N. '.
LonwiiH vfime 'lie> m$Ji cbos^n jpruic^ml of the college of
St. Pafcberia. But Ihis pla^e ^wbm^ not altagetber 9o> agree-
able, ta» it did not affoi'd fano iessure to pursue bis Mudteo
sl> much M 4i^ witb^d, f(dr wtniek reatofi be rcifoied to teach
pbilosophy. He took his degft^ of D. D. in l61t,, witb
greftt reputatiohfty was adniivted «• professor la erdinary, aA4
grew into so mHcb estttem^ tfaafe iche university ^eiit h\m
tym^ in 1624^ and the ^ntuing yeii(> upw» a^Tarrs of
great <KniSi^neuce^ into Spaing and Iht^ king of Spahn l^it^
severeigtH n^de^ biei professot of the -Holy 8cript«ifes in
LottvaiA, in I63CS ncAvurithatanditig the Spanish inqui^itba
lodged 4i6aiei«ifon|uMiioii <igainst him in i62t, wkh Basil
de Leoii) xb^ principal do^t^ of «be imiTersity i>f Saki*
maiyca) lat ^b^se house be lodged^ aesertitig cbat he waa
a DtttobtnatH a.iid eonsequeujtiy an beretk:; but -Bftsil
answalvd tbem so fisueh to the ivdivantage of Jaus^n, thaft
his enemies were disappointed. MeafRwMIe, the king dt*
SpasifA observing ^th a jteabus eye the intriguing politics
and growing power of the t^reneh^ employed bis new pro^
fesaor to wntie a book, in&inuatiag tiiat they were no good
Cathoiios, irinee tbey made no scrtipte of fdrming alliances
mth Pmtestant <staC6$< Jan^ieii performed the task in faia
^^'Mars Gailicua/' which is i^lete with invidious exclama*
vions against the ^r vices Fravice continuully verndered t6
the P4H>te«tants ^of Holland and Germany^ to the great
kfjury of t^ Romish religion ; and the Dutch are treated
ais rebels^ who owii the republican liberty they enjoy to an
iftfanieus usurpation.. It was this service that prq$:ure4
bnn tbt n&lre, in 16^5, when be i^as promoted to the see
^f Ypres.
SoflDe yeaiis befoi^> h^ had maintained a controversy
against -the Protestants upon the subject of grade and pre*-
dfi^t4i>atk)e> o^tsasioned by the following* circumstances:
the States^General published an edict in 1€299 forbidding
the public exercise of the Ronmh religion in Boisleduc;
atnd having appropriated the eeclesiasticai reveryaes of tfce
mayoralty of that city to the service of the Piwdsta'ftC re-
ligton, appointed four ministers to preach fhere. These,
bearing that mtifiry telaiiders co^cetning their doctrine were
iedretly spt*ead,' p«blished a manifesto, d^laring that tbey
tanghtnethiwgbutthe pure gOspel, and intrelating their
adversaries -to- propose whate^r objections they^mt^t have
to make in a public manner. This, was answered only by
Jansen, in a piece entitled " Alexipharmacum," in 1630*
*
QiU^ft Vo^tts^ one of the {out ipinisjter^ who pr^^cj^^ in
BQisleducp wr^»te ^ B^A^rks/' ^oUitled^ ^* Pbil^fU^s Bp-^
manus correctus/' which Jansen refuted in anotl^er piecp^
entitled *^ Notarum Spongia," ip i^^i, Tjx^ ^ut^d.r of
Ch^se ^* Rooiarks/' replying in a large book, entitled
*^ Desperata <:ausa Pap^tua^'' in 1,6.3.5 ; jLbifi was answerif d
by Fromond, a friend -of Jansen^^ wbo ^^tyled his pjec^i
. *' Causae desperatsp Qisb^rti Ypietii, adve^sus Spongi^^
Jansenii, Crisis ostei|sa." This wap p^in^ed m Axitw^tp in
. 1636, and refuted by Martin SchoockiuSy prof^sor pf hji|s*
tory and eloquence at Deventer, (he title of whose answer
was '< Desperatissima causa Pap^tus >'' tjiis was published
\xx 1638: aad here the dispute eaded, unless the piece
belongs to it which was published by Fromondus ii^ tbe
year 1640, entitled ^ Sycopb^ta; epi&tola «d pisberttuQi
Voetium.*'
3ut Janseo bad another war to maiat^in^ wbicb /i^y be
called a Protesta^ftt one; for Theodore Siwpnis, .^ w^v^jjig
Roii^l' Catbolic, \ybo wanted a master^ ^raited 4ipo^ hi|n
at LouvaJQ, 4e«iring hioi to clear np sooie doubts be had
about the pope's iufailibility, the worsbip of the euoh^rist,
fnd sQone other points. Jansen, beijig puzz.led with this
.man's objections, K)ld him one day, that be would vi^ dis*
^p^tfs ^itb hiiQ by word of HK>uch, but in writing; ^d tj|;^t
he sa.w plj^nly he h^d to do with a Roman jProte^tant Ca-
. tbolic, wbp wpuld soon go tg Holl^nd^ .^lod ^^r^ bo^ist bie
.bad overcome biin. Siioonis, with ^oiaie difiic|U)lt|f, €9in-
. plied iviiih th^ proposal :; b^tafte;r bpth bad written twice
on lib^ subj-eet in questipa, hi^ lodgings i^eire fu^rounde^'
with soldiers, and hinsself threatened w^i^b (k^punisbmeut
d^e to hereuca. The duke d'Arobot'^ ^^^nefary ^^biim^
alQud agaipat him* and^aid, that .tli^^^a^ wppd et>pugh
in bis inaat0r's forests to burn that heretic* Biit as tbe par-
spn wbo examined Simonis, in the naqie pf tbe archbishop
of Malines, depii^red that ^be bad found, him lagood Ca-
tholic, and fully re^splved to pie.r^v^»e in jth^ Bomi^h com*
•mii^niion^ the t]ti'i.spner was set .a( liberty, and Jansen
obliged ^0 p^O^ tb^ expences of tUe soldiers. Xet this Sgi-
:ii>pnis, twp years. after, turned Piotestant;, atid pubUsbed
a book, entitled ^< De static eS- iveligione piropria Papatus ^d^
.versus Janseuiuip." He.appea4's to have been >a tt)an of no
^stability, for be firs^ quiitpd^the Lutheran communipn to go
,over jtio that of Ufim^ then .turned Lutheran a^in»^andat
iUiSJ: SpQinian. ;H^ \Yft$. princVpiil pf the Socinrtaa QpU^e of
473 J A N S E N. ^
Kisselin in Lithuania, was well versed in the Greek tonguer
and translated Comenius^s *< Janua linguarum'* into that
lailguage.
Janseu was no sooner possessed of the bishopric of Ypres,
than he undertook to reform the diocese ; but before he
had completed this good work, he fell a sacrifice to the
plague. May 16, 1638. He was burled in his cathedral,
where a monument was erected to his memory; but in
1665, his successor, Francis de Robes, eaused it to be
taken down privately in the nigbt ; there being engraved
on it an eulogium of bis virtue and erudition, and parti-
cularly on his book entitled ** Augustinus ;^* declaring, thai
this faithful interpreter of the most secret thoughts of St.
Austin, had employed in that work a divine genius, an in-
defatigable labour, and his whole life-'time ; and that the
church would receive the benefit of it upon earth, as be did
the reward of it in heaven ; words that were highly inju*
rious to the bulls of Urban VIII. and Innocent X. who thett
had censured that work. The bishop destroyed this mo«
nument by the express orders of pope Alexand.er YII. and
with the consent of the archduke Leopold, governor of
the Netherlands, in spite of the resistance of the chapter,
which went sucb lengths that one of the principal caoona
• had the courage to say, ^* it was not in the pope's nor the;
king's power to suppress that epitaph */' so dear was Jan*
sen to this canon and his colleagues. He wrote several
other books besides those already mentioned : 1. ^ Oratio
de i/iterioris homints reformatione.'' 2. ^^Tetrateucbus
sive commentarius in 4 evangelica.'' 3. ^< Pentateuchus.
sive commentarius in 5 libros Mosis." 4. The Answer of
the Divines of Louvain, ** de vi obligandi conscientias quam
habent edicta regia super re monetaria." 5. Answer of
the Divines and Civilians, ^' De juramento quod pnblica
auctoritate magistratui designato imponi solet." But hk
^* Augustinus*' was his principal work, and he was employed
upon it above twenty years. He left it finished- at his
death, and submitted it, by his last will, in ibe completes!
manner, to the judgment of the holy see. Hi^ executors,
Fromond and Calen, printed it at Louvain, in 1640, but
suppressed bis submission. The subject is^divjne grace, fVee^
will, and predestination. ** In this book,*' says Mosheim^
^* which even the Jesuits acknowledge to be the production
of a flian of learning and piety, the doctrine of Augustine,
concerning man's natural corruption, and the nature and
JANS E N. 47J
iriBteey of that divine grace which alone can efface this
tttihappy strin, is unfolded at large, and ilkistratedy for the
most part; in Augustine's own words. For the end which
Jansenios proposed to himself in this work, was not to
give his own private sentiments concerning these important
points ; but to shew in what manner they had been un-
derstood and explained by that celebrated father of 'the
church, whose name and authority were universally revered
in all parts of the Roman Catholic world. No incidierit
oould be more unfavourable to the Jesuits, and the pro-
gress of their religipus system, than the pubtication of this
hook; for as the doctrine of Augustine differed butverv
little froin that of the Dominicans ; as it was held sacred^
nay almost respected as divine, in the churth of Rome, on
account of the extraordinary merit and authority of that
illttstriouS' bishop ; and at the same time was almost diame-
tricaUy opposed to the sentiments generally received among
the Jesuits ; these latter could scarcely consider the book
of Jansenius in any other light, than as a tacit but for-
midable refutation of their opinions concerning Autnan /t-
berty and drvine grace ; and accordingly they not only drew
their pens against this famous book, but also used their
most strenuous endeavours to obtain a public condemna-,
cion of it from Rome.-' In Louvain, where it was first
poblished, it excited prodigious contests. It obtained se-
veral violent tidvocates, and was by others opposed with no^
less violence, and severai theological theses were written
against it. At length they who wished to obtain the sup-r
pressioa of it by papal authority, were successful ; the
Roman inquisitors began by prohibiting the perusal of it,
in the year 1641 ; and, in the following year, Urban VIII.
condemned it as infected with several errors that had been
long banished from the church. I'his bull, which was pub-
lished at Louvain, instead of pacifying, inflamed matters
more ; and the disputes soon passed into France, where they
were carried on with equal warmth. At length the Bishops
of France drew up the doctrine, asthey cslted it, of Jaii-
sen, in five propositions, and applied to the pope to con-
demn them. This was jdone by Innocent X. ll>y a bull pub*
lisfaed May %l, 1653 ; and he drew up a formulary for that
purpose, which was received by the assembly of the French
dergy. These propositions contained the following doc-
irities:
474 J A N S fi N.
, 1. That there ure. divine preceptSi w]i}i3fa goQ^ l»9Pi
.jootwiibfit^ding their desire to o{bserv« tfheoi, are Qew-
thdli^sf absolutelj unable to obey; nov ha^ Qod givj««i
thei^ t|A<^ mea^ui'e of grace which is essentially nOfp^iMry
to i^eis^r them capable of s^ obedience, ii^ That no
p^r^n^ in. this x^orrypt state of rta^uxe* can ri^aist tim io-
Jiueoce of divine grace, when it op^^iates upoQ the oaiiiul.
,:i. Tbat, in order to render human fictions |[neritof icms^ ilt is
not requisite (hat they be exempt froiQ neosssUy^ but only
^ fifat tJney be free from constramL 4. That the Senupe^
lagi^s err grievously in ipaintaitiing that the hwDM will is
.^odowed with the power of either receiving or reyi^tio^ the
laids and influences of preventing grace* ^* That wboerer
aff rms tbut Jesus Christ made expiation by bis.suffertoga
ajad deaili, for the sins of all man|u.nd> is a Semipelagimi*
Of these propositiotns itUe pontiff declared the. ifirtt four
.oojiy heretical; but be pronounced the fifth rash* im-
pious, and injurious to the Supreme Beiog. Janseniosy
ho^vever, aras qot named in the bull) nor was. itdeclured that
. these five propositions were maiatained mxhe book eotided
^^ Augustious,'* in the sense in which the pope k^d con-
demi>ed them. Hence Antony Arnauld, doctcH^ of the
. Sorbonne^ invented a distinction, which the other. Jaoae-
uiats took up as a defence. He separated the matter of
doctrine^ or rights and of/act^ io the controversy ; and ac-
knowledged that they were bound to believe the five poo-
positions justly condemned by the Roman pontiff, but did
not acknowledge that these prepositions were to he found
.in the book of Jansenius, in the sense in which tbey were
condemned. Hence arose the famous dbtioctiao between
the fact and the right. They did not, however, k>ng en-*
joy the benefit of this artful distinction. The restless and
JAviacible hatred of their enemies pursued them in ercrj^
xjuarter, and at length engaged Atexander VII. ;tfae sue-*
«essor of Innocent, to declare hy a /solemn hull, issuett in
.i656, tliat the five propositions weise the tenets of Jaose-
j]iius, and were contained in his book^ The pontiflr did
i)Ot stop here ; .but to this flagrant instance of ifnpmdeooe
itdded aBotber still more shocking :. for, in the y«ar 1^65,
he sent into France the form of a declaration, which was
to be subscribed .by all who aspived to any prefenaeat ia
the church ; and in which it was affirmed that, the ^five
propositions were to be found in the book of Jausenias, ia
J'A:N^S'E^H «*
the stime g6B09 iAUfhjjbh-^ey b»d hiieti^ icojkitmmed. hj the
elii^rcb* This rdepUktittioOr tbe ^«ex9in{iJi«d tmnarityof
ivbid^ as weU'wits coptciuious ^eviol^iicy^ ^ppearisdiD^the
ii|o9t o^ioq^lighlt, jlot^onljf ta tb« fenMnistft^! InK tko to
tb^wia^'parlgf tlfte £reA€h fiatiiMi, |)lnoduC€lclihiBmost dfiii-
piqrable dUiflA0Aa4ind tutnults^ It w«s.kiunediatei]^opponDl
wi^hyigcm hy the JaofteiiisD^y who^.thus provoked^ wenfc
«# fitr!a«r'i<^.in)»tniiiiii tb^9'in!77i0/;[(tf7Vi^>iu:#9 tlw pope wob
fnUible, >«8pQi9iAUy .wWn hte /decwoiip mtereiterety petBO^
§tfl^ M)4 np( ^)Q9fivmed. by« geoeral council ; and cdnflb-
il^W^. 'tbAt tt was neiiber obligateiry ^)lr necessary to rtb-
scribe this papal iioolaf alioo^ i^bibb bad| at they Alleged,
mljr- a watt^ of fact for its objeiBt. > / Tfae atscterfbly t>f the
^^ergjjTi nevertheless, iiifiated «pQfii.9ubscrtptiMi. to the. fom
milbiry s Itad all ecclesiastics, mobka, Anna,, and others, ia
every ^diocese, ^'wcre obliged tn aobscribe.* Those who re<-
fiAaed, wene interdicted and excowaiimioated; andtdiej
0ven talked of entering a process agntnst four bishops, who
in their |)ttblic instruments bad. distinguished tlie fact fram
the right; and declared, that they desired only a respectful
9iBd submissive silence in regard to the fact. 7*be afiair was
f^t length accommodated in 1668, under the pontificai«. of
Clemeut IX. who was satisfied that the biisboips sfaoidd Btfib*>
9cr4be themselves, and make others subscribe purely and
simply ; tliough they declared expreaaly, that tfaey did not
jde^>e tbe same submission for the fact, but £or the right.
This accommodation, styled the Peace of Clement, was for
a lime complied with ; yet the dbpute about subscrU>ing
was afterwards renewed both -in Flanders and France; and
therefore Innocent XII. by a brief, in 1694, directed to
the bishops in Flanders, declared ^l^at no addition should
be mjade to the formulary, but that it should be sufficient to
4»ub8cribe sincerely, without any distinction, sestriclaoD, en:
letposition, condemning the pnopoaitions extracted from
Jansea'a book, in the plain land obiAoMS sense of the words.
A r^olution of a case of conscience, ^signed by forty ckMs«>
4or8, in which the distinction of the fket from the right
'Was tolerated, re-inflamed tbe dispute. in France about tbe
jbeginning of the last century : wlsen'ipope Clement XHI.
by la bull dated July 15, 1705, dadaood^ tbat>a respectful
silence, is not sufficient to testify the. dbedience due to the
constitutions ; but that all the faithful ought to condemn
as heretical, ivot only with their mouths, init in tfaeif hearts,
tbe sense of Jansen*s book, which is condemned* in tlie
♦76 J A N S E N.
five propotilionii as the tense which the words property
import I and that it is unlawful to sabscribe with any oihe;^
thought, mind, or sentiment. This constitution was re-
ceived by the general assembly of the French clergy in
1705, and poblished by the king*s authority^ Neverthe*
less, it did not put an end to the disputes, especially in the
Low Countries, where various interpretations of it were
made; it may even be said that the contest grew hotter
than ever, after the pope, by his constitution of Sept. iS|
i7l3, condemned 101 propositions, extracted from tbtf
*< Paraphrase on the New Testament,*' by Pere Qo^nel^
wlio was then at the head of the Janaenists.^
JANSSENS (Abraham), an excellent artist, was borv
at Antwerp in 1 569, with a wonderful genius f<^ paintings
and in his youth executed some pieces whioh set hitn abovel
all the young painters of his time ; but becoming ent^
moured of a young woman at Antwerp, whpm he obtained
in marriage, he gave himself up -to a dissipated- course of
life, which soon impoverished him, and affected his t^m*^
per. He grew jealous of Rubens, and sent a chailege td
that painter, with a list of the names of such persons aa
were to decide the matter, «o soon as their rei^ective
wocks should be finished; but Rubens, instead of' accept-
ing the challenge, answered that he willingly yielded bins
the preference, leaving the public to do them justice.
There are some of Janssens' works in the churches at
Antwerp. He painted a descent from the cross for the
great church of Boisleduc, which has been taken for a
piece of Rubens^; and is thought lio ways inferior to uiy
of the works of ^hat great painter ; but his chief worl
is his resurrection of Lazarus, in the Dosseldorf gallery.* ^
JANSSENS (HoNOams Victor), another artist, was
bora at Brussels in 1664. Having applied sedulously to
the practice of the art, ai%d made much proficimicy, be
was employed by the duke of Holstein at a pension of 800
florins, and afterwards enabled, by the same munificent
patron, to go to Itaiy^ where, at Rome, be stndied- the
works of Raphael, and became eminent in iuoie. He
afterwards associated with Tempesta the landscape painter,
and paitited'figunes in bis pictures. In general his pictures
lire small itk siae, and have somewhat of the style of Albaoa
1 Diipm.««>OeB. ]>ieUf--Moifrl*--Moflheim'i Cbveb History.
• PilkiBftOS.
J A N S S t N s. 4ir
His invention was copious^ and bis work« are Very pleasinjg^.
Be died in 173 9, at the age of 75.'
r JAN8SENS (CoHNEUUs), ealled also Johnson, a por-'
trait^pftinter of very extraordinary merit, was born at
Amsteidam ; when, is not exactly ascertained. It appears
that be painted in England as early as the year 1618^ i^
die feign of James I. Here he continued with very great
and deserved success till the arrival of Vandyke, whose
transcendent talents and taste Janssens was not quite equal
to cope with. On the breaking out of the civil war he
returned to his own country in 1648; leaving behind him
a number of excellent characteristic portraits in the great
families of this island. He retired first to Mtddleburg^
and afterwards to Amsterdam, where be died in 1665*
His ' style of design was formal and void of taste, but his
features are justly marked, and the faces of bis portraits
have great character, and an air of nature, possessing
mnch sweetness of tone in the colouring, and finished very
highly ; too much so, indeed. His pictures are generally
on wood, and with black draperies ; an arrangemept
adopted frequently by Rubens and Vandyke.*
'JAQUELOT. See JACaUELOT.
JARCHI (Solomon Ben Isaac), otherwise Raschi and
ISAAKI, a famous rabbi, was born in 1104, at Troyes in
Champagne in France. Having acquired a good stock of
Jewish learning at home, he travelled at thirty years of
age ; visiting Italy, Greece^ Jerusalem, Palestitie, and
^gypt) where he met with Maimonides. From Egypt he
piassed to Persia, and thence to Tartary and Muscovy ; and
last of all, passing through Germany, he arrived in bis
native country, after he bad spent six years abroad. After
his return to Europe, he visited all the academies^ and
disputed against the professors npon any questions pro*
posed by them. He was a perfect master of tbe Talmud
and Gemara, but filled the postils of the Bible with so
many Taiiiiudical reveries, as totally eKtniguish~ed both the
literal and moral sense of it. Many of bis commentaries
are printed in Hebrew, and sotne have been translated into
Latin by the Christians, among which is^fiis "Commentary
upon Joel,'' by Genebrard ; those upon Obadtab,: Jonah,
and Zephaniah, by Pontac ; that upon Esther, by Philip
Daquin. But the completest of these translations is that
r * -
» PilkiDgtoiv * Pilkington — M^alpole's Anccddi^s;
4n jr A R C H L
of bis Coaittentanieis on the Pentateuch, and some otiMf
books, by Fred. Breithaupt, who hai^ added Ieartie# notM
The style of Jan^hi is so concise, that k is no easy things to
understand kim in several places, withoof the help of other
Jewish interpreters. Besides, when he mentionB the tt^a^
ditioms'of the Jews recorded in their writingi^ he never
quotes the chapter nor the page; which gives no small
trouble to a translator. He introduces also several French
words of that centavj, which have been Tery roucbcoif-l
rupted, and cannot be easily understood^ M. BreHba^pt
bas overcome all those difficulties. The «liy)e of his^ trans*
lation is not very elegant : but it is clear, and fully ex-*
presses the sense of the author. It was printed at Gotba
in 1710, 4to. There are several things in this writer that
may be alleged against the Jews with great adivantagfe.
if, for instance, the modern Jews deny that the Messfas is
to be understood by the word Shilob, Gen. -xVix. 10, th^
may be confuted by the authority of this interpreter, wllo
agrees with the Christians in his explication of that wordw
M. Reland looks upon rabbi Jarchi as one of the best
interpreters we have ; and tells us in bis prefilce to the
^* Analecta Rabbinica,'' that when be met with any diffi*
Ctflly in the Hebrew text of tbe Bible, the explicaltions of
that Jewish doctor appeared to him more satisfactory than
those of the great critics^ or any other commentator.
Jarchi wrote also Commentaries upon tbe Talmud, and
upon Pirke^Avon, and other works. It is said that he was
skilled in physic and astronomy, and was master of several
languages besides tbe Hebrew. He died at Troyes in
1 180 ; and bis body was carried into Bolietuia, and buried
at Prague. His decisions were so much more esteemed, as
be had gathered them from tbe months of all the doctors
of the Jewish academies in tbe several cotfntries thrt>ugh
which be had travelled. His ^* Conmientary upon the
Gen^ara,*' appeared so full of erudition, ' that it procured
him the title of " Prince of Commentaries.'* His Com-
nientariesvpon the Bibles of Venice are extant ; bis gldsses
or Commentaries upon the Talmud are aUo printed witli
tbe text. They were published collectively in 1660, in 4
vois. i2mo. He was so highl}' esteemed among tbe Jews, as
to be ranked among the most illustrious of their rabbies.
He married, and had three 'daugbt^vs, who all were tMrried
to very learned rabbies.'
' Qen. Diet. — MoreiL
JAIUDINS; 470
JARf>INS (Mahy Catharikb des), % Frenah ladjr, fa«
moos for her wvitiirgSy wa» born about 1640, at Alen^on
in Normandyy where her fatbeif vra* provoat. Her patsionsf
as well as her genius came forward very early* Beingf
obligned to quit Alen^on^ in cdnsequence of an intrigMi
with one of her cousins, she w;ent to Paris^^ wb^re she
undertook to ^pport herself by her genius, studied the
drama, and published at the same time some little novels,
by which she acquired a name. She bad^ by her own de*
scrtption,' a lively and pleasing couhtendinoe, though n&%
amounting to beauty, nor entirely spared by the smalUpox.
Her attractions^ however, soon furnished her with lovers,
and among them she <iistTngui8hed M. Villedieuy a young
oaptain of infantiy, of an elegant person and lively geniosv
H^ had been already married about a year, but she per^
snaded him to endeavour to dissolve bis marriage. Thi«
pr<>t«d impracticable ; nor was it likely from the first to bil
effe^rted ; bt^t the attempt served her as a pretext for hei^
attftiihment. She followed her lover to eamp, and returned
to Paris by the name of madame de Villedieu. This irre^
^ttlar linlon was not long happy ; and their disagi'eeolents
bad arisen t6 a considerable height, when Viiledieu wai
erdered to the army, where soon after be lost his life. The
preten.ded widow comforted herself by living among pro-
fessed wits and dramatic writers, and leading such a life a«
is common in dissipated societies. A fit of devotion, brought
on by the sudden death of one of her female friends, sent
her for a time to a convent, where stye lived with miMih
propriety, till her former adventures being known in the
society, she could no longer remain in it. Restored to the
world, in the house of madame de St. Romaine, her sister,
she soon exchanged devotion again for gallantry. She
now a second time married a man who was u#ily parted from
his wife ; this was the marquis de la Chasse, by whom she
had a son, who died when only a year old, and the father
not long after. The inconsolable widow wa^ soon* after,
united to one of her cousins, who allowed her to resume
the name of Villedieu. After living a tew years longer itt '
society, she retired to a little village called Clinchemare in
the province of Maine, where she died in 1683. Her
works were printed in 1702, and form ten volumes 12mOy
to which two more were added in 1721, consisting chiefly
of pieces by other writers. Her compositions are of varipus
kinds: 1. Dramas. 2« Miscellaneous poems^ fables, &c.
>.
4m J A R D I N S«
S. Romances; among which are, *' Let Diiordres de
r Amour ;" ** Portraiu des Foiblesses Humaiaes ;'* ^' Les
Exil^ de la Com d'Auguste ;*' which are reckoned her
best productions in this style : also, ** Cleooice,'* *^ Car-
Biente,'* ** Les Galanteries GreoadioeS)^^ *' Les Amours des
Grands Hommes/' '^ Lysandre,** *^ Les Memoirs du Serail/*
lie/ 4. Other works of an amusing kind, such as, '^ Les
Annates Galantes/* ** Le Journal Amoreus/' &c.
The style of this lady is rapid and animated, but her
pencil is not always Correct, nor her incidents probable.
Her short histories certainly had the merit of extinguishing
the taste fidr the old tedious romances, and led the way to
the novel, but were by no means of such excellence in .
that style as those that have since been written by Duclos,
Marivaux, Marmoutel, and others. She has also the fault
of attributing her feigned adventures to great personages
known in history, and thus forming that confusion of ficti-
tious and real narratives which is so pernicious to young
readers. Her verse is inferior to' her prose, being languid
and feeble.'
JARRY (Laujience Juiixard du), a French preacher
and poet, was bom in the village of Jarry, near Xantes,
about 1658. H^ went young to Paris, where the duke of
Montausier, M. Bossuet, Bourdaloue, and Flechier, became
his patrons, and encouraged him to write. He gained the
poetical priase in the French academy in 1679 and in 1714,
and it is remarkable that, on this latter occasion, Voltaire,
then very young, was one of his competitors. The suc-
cessful poem was, however, below mediocrity, and con-
tained some blunders with which his young antagonist
amused himself and the public. One of his verses began,
'^ Poles, glac6s, brfllans.'* '^ These torrid poles,** could
not escape ridicnle. At the same time he^was celebrated
as a preacher. He was prior of Notre Dame du Jarry of
the order of Grammont, in the diocese of Xantes, where
he died in 1730. We have of his, a work entitled ^' Le
Ministere Evangelique ;*' of which the second ediiioij was .
printed at Paris in 1726. 2. ** A Collection of Sermons,
Panegyrics, and Funeral Orations,'* 4 vols. l2mo. 3. **Un
Recueil de divers ouvrages de Pietc,'* 1633, 12mo. 4.
^* Des Poeseji Cbretiennes Ueroiques & Morales,*^ 171$,
12mo.*
> Gen. Dict.-<-Moreri. * Moreri.— Diet. Ilist *
J A R Si 491
y JAAS (GABRiBt)> a French mineralogist, was born at
Lyons in 1732. His father was concerned in the mines of
ibe JLyonoois, and as the ,son discovered an esirly attach-
ment to the. art of metallurgy, he was placed in the esta-
blishment, under Trudaine, for the construction of bridges
and cau^eways^ in order to obtain a practical knowledge of
the business of a miner and civil engineer. He was sooii-
fixed on as.a fit person fpr introducing improvements, into,
the arjt of worUiig mines ip France ; and with this view, ia
1757,, &c. he visited and strictly scrutinized most of the.
mines. on the continent^ and in 1765 those in Scotland
and England. On bis return he set about arranging the
observations which he had been able to make, when a sud-
den death, jn 1769, broke off his designs. His works were
published by his brother at Lyons, entitled " Voyages Me-
tallujTgiques, ou Re^herches et Observations sur l^s Mines
et Forges de Fer, la Fabrication de I'Acier, celle du ^er-
blanc, et plusieurs Mines de Charbpa de Terre, &c." in .
three vols, 4to, 1774—1777. They are. said to form a
complete collection pf theoretical and practical metallurgy,
down. to the time in which the observat.ions were ma.c)e.^
JAUCOURT (Louis de), a man of a noble family, with
the .title of chevalier, who preferred study and, literary
labour, in which he was indefatigable, to the advantages of
birth, which in his time were very highly estimated, wa^
born in 1704. His disinterestedness and his virtues were
conspicuous, £ind his , knpwledge extended to medicine^
antiquities^ manners, morals, and general literature ; in all
which branches be has flemished articles that are reckon e4
to do honour to the French Encyclopedie. The abbe
Barruel says; that D'Alembert and Diderot artfully, engaged
a few such oien of unblemished character to engage iv\
that iindertakiog ; and Jauco^rt's name alone, they knew,
would, bethought a sulficient guarantee, against the bad
principles, of the work. Jaucourt likewise conducted the
*' Bibliotheque Raisonn^e," a j,ournal greatly esteemedj^
' from its, origin to the year 1740. In conjunction with thQ
professors Qaubius, Musschenbro^k,. and Dr. Massuet, fa^
published the ** Musaqum Sebaeanum," in 1734, a book
greatly esteemed, and of high price. He had also composed
a " Lexicon Medicum universale,'* but his manuscript,
which was just about to be printed in Holland, in 6 vols. .
I Diet. Hist. .
Vol. XVHL I i
4si J A U -C O U R 1".
fblio^ "v^s li^it with the v^s^l ifl which it Urtfs Utii to ihzt
ebdntry. SbtAe other wOrks by htm «re alto exunt, on
ifubjects bf ihedicine &ttd ifattiral 'philosophy. He iiv^s &
niember of the roj^l society of London, elected in 1756,
ind of the acadettites of Berlin and Stockholm ; and having
been a pupil of the itla^trioiis Boerbaave, was, by his
ihtefesty'strohgly intrited into the ^tvice of the stadtholder,
6n very s^dv^ntageous terms. But promises had no effect
tkpon a than iirho was, as he paints himself, *^ a man without
nede^itres, and without desires, without ambition, without
iVitrignes ; ' bold enotfgh to oflfer his oomplimeniis to the
gf^at, but sufficiently pruderit Yiot to fbrce bis company
upon theto ; and one who sought a studious obscurity, for
the iAe of prestf ving his tranqaiUity.*' He died in Fe-
bruary 1780.* ^
JAY (6 Di Michelle), lan advocate in the parliamieat
of Paris, very remarkable for his profound knowledge of
languages, is celebrated for -having printed a PotygMtt at
his own e^t pence, and- thus put'chosed gloi^ with the loss of
his fortune. The whole edition was otferedto 'sale in
England, but too great a sprite being set upon it, the
Polyglott of Walton was undertaken in *a=more commodious
fofm. ' Le Jay tnight still have madie great ' proBt by his
Work if 'he Would have sufi^ed it to'iippear undter she name
bf cardinal 'Ridbelieu, who wHs vei^y desirous tofemulate the'
&me 5f Xiiiidnfes in itAs tespeist Being 'now poor, end a
widower, Le Jay beestme an ecclesiastic, H^iis made dean of
Vezelai, tttidobtaineda biretet as coUAiseUor of -ittffe. He
dieidJuiy JO, 1675. The Polyglott of Le Jay is in ten
vdldtnes, large folio, 'a model 6f beautiful typdgrapiby, but
too bulky to be ust^d with t*dnvenienee. It iscimimon in
•f'i'ance, bbt of so little demand, that,' according ^ta-Bmaety
it s^lls at present for (4o francs, not 6/; of our'mdMy. . It
has the Syriac and Arabic verribns, which afeUdt'in the
Polyglott of Xim^ties. The publication commentidd in
1628, and was ci^ncltid^d in 1645. We cannot $uppose
the editor to fa^Vebeen less than two or three and-^btrtyy
when he had finished a volume of this kind, inwbich case
he must have been near eighty at the time of his death*
It is not improbable that he was still older.*
JANSONIUS. SeeJENSON.
JEANNIN (Peter), a native of burgundy, born ia
1540, and bred as an advocate in the parliament of Dijon,
1 Diet Hitt « Moreru— Dfc^ Hist,^Broact*t Manael iu XiiWiirt.
hiae iSy bis taaiesU and probity to die higbiisi: titutlifmt in
bis profetssion. The statea of Btirguudy employed him to
iuloiifiister the a&irs of that {nrovince, and had every reasoR
to fteliciiate tbeoiseivei upoA their choice. When the
i>rders for the massacre of St Bartholomew were |:^eired
at l>ijon, be opposed the execution of them with ail his
influence ; aod a few days after arrived a courier to forbidl
the fnurders. l^he appointments of counselbri president,
And fiaalfy chief pneodent, in the parliament of Dtjon,
were the rewards of his merit. Seduced hy the pridteiioes
of the leaguers to ^eal for religion and for the state, Jeannin
ibr a time united himself with that faction ; bi>t he soon
petmived their perfidy and wickedness, as well as the
eompletdj^iaft^ested views of the Spaniards^ aii4 repented
of the atepu Aftei" the battle of Fontaine Frangoise, in
which the finai'blow was given to the leagoe, Heniy IV*.
called him to his eooncii, and retained him in his court.
jFrom ^is tiqpi« he became the adviser, and almost the
friend of the king, who admired him equally for his frank^-
fiess and his sagacity. Jeaimin was employed in the nego*
•tiaiioft betvuteen the Dutch and the court of Spain, the most
dijfficnk that could be undertaken. It was concluded iii
16(ld. After the death of Henry IV. the queen* mother
^confided to him the greatest a&irs of the state, and the
««dmiQistration of the finances, and he managed them with
:iikn paralleled fidelity; of whidi bis poverty at his death
afforded afl undoubted proof. He died in 1622, at the age
of ieigbty-two, having se«i seven successive kings on the
throoe of Fiance. He was the author of a folio collection
of negociatiotts and memoirs, printed in 1656, and reprinted
in a beautifttl edition, 9 vols. 13mo, in the year 1659, which
were long held in the highest estimation. The regard
which Henry IV. felt for him was very great. - Complaining^
one day to his ministers that some among them had revealed
a state secret of importance, he took the president by the
band, saying, ^' As for this good man^ I wtU answer for
him.*' Yet, though he entertained such sentiments of hitn,
he did little for faiat; and, being conseiofis that he had been
remiss inthis respect, said sometimes, *' Many of my suh-
Jects I load with wealth, to prevent them from e3Eertin|f
their malice; but for the president Jeannin, I always say
iottch, aod do little.*' }
> Morerit^-Piot Hist.— P«rrattlt'a Let Honuati lUiistns*
112
484 J £ B Ji.
JEBB (John), son of Dr. John Jebb, dean of CasbeH^
was born in London, early in 17S6. He was a man much
celebrated among the violent partisans for unbounded
liberty, religious and political ; and certainly a man of
learning and talents, though they were both so much ab*
sorbed in controversy as to leave little among bis writings
of general use^ His education was begun in Ireland, and
finished in England. His degrees were tkken at Cambridge,
where he bore public offices, and obtained the vicarage g€
St Andrew's, and where he married a daughter of Dr. Tor-
ki^gtOD, of Huntingdonshire, who was grand-daughter to
the earl of Harborough. His college was Peter-house^ He
early took up the plan of giving theological lectures, which
. were attended by several pupils, till his peculiar opinions
became known in 1770, when a prohibition was published
jn the uni«^ersity. How soon he had begun to deviate froai
the opinions he held at the time of ordination is uncertain^
but in a letter dated Oct. 21, 1775, he says, ^ I have fcM*
seven years past, in my lectures,- maintained steadily the
proper unity of God, and that be. alone should be the
object of worship." He adds, that he warned his hearers
that this was not the received opinion, but that bis own was
settled, and exhorted them to inquire diligently. This
confession seems rather inconsistent with the defence be
addressed to the ari^hbishop of Canterbury in 1770. He
was a strenuous advocate for the establishment of annual
examinations in the university, but couid not prevail. In
1775, he came to the resolution of resigning his ecclesias-
tical preferments, which he did accordingly ; and then, by
the adv'ice of his friends, took up the study of physic. For
this new object he studied iiidefatigably, and in 1777, ob-
tained his degree by diploma from St. Andrew's^ and was
admitted a licentiate in London.
Amidst the cares of his new profession, he did not de«
cline his attention to theological study, 'nor to what be
considered as the cause of true liberty. He was, as he
bad been for many years, zealous for the abolition of sub-
scription, a warm friend to the cause of America against
England, an incessant advocate for annual parliaments and
universal suffrage (those pernicious engines for destroying
the British . constitution), a writer in newspapers, and a
speaker in public meetings. So many eager pursuits seem
to have exhausted his constitution, and he died, apparently
Qf a decline, in March 1786.
J E B B. 485
■
Dr. J^ohn Jebb was a man of variaus and extensive learn«'
ingy master of many languages, among which were He-*
brew and Arabic-; and during his last illness, he studied'
the Saxon, with the Anglo-Saxon laws and antiquities.
He was twice a candidate for the professorship of Arabic at
Cambridge. Besides his theological and medical know-
ledge, he was not a little versed in the science of law,
which he once though^ of making his profession, even after
he bad studied physic. He was also a mathematician and
philosopher, and was concerned with two friends in pub«-'
lisbingat Cambridge a small quarto, entitled ^^ Excerpta
quaedam e Newtonii principiis Philosophise naturalis, cum
notis variorum ;'' which was received as a standard book of
education in that university. His other works have been
collected into 3 vob. 8vo, published in 1787 by Dr. Dis-
ney,> and contain ciiiefly, (besides the plan of his lectures,
and harmony of the gospels, six sermons, and a medical
treatise on paralysis,) controversial tracts and letters, on
bis intended improvements at Cambridge, on subscription,
OH parliamentary reform, &c. He seems to have been an
active, enterprising, and rather turbulent, but a sincere
loan.^ •
JEBB' (Samuel, M. D:), a native of Nottingham, and a
member of Peter-house, Cambridge, became attached to
the nonjurors, and accepted the office of librarian to the
celebrated Jeremy Collyer. While he was at Peter-house
be printed a translation of ^^ Martyn's Answers to Emiyn/'
1718, 8vo, reprinted in 1719 ; in which latter year he in-
scribed to that society his *^ Studionim Primitise ;'' namely,
*^ S. Jusiini Martyris cum Tryphone Dialogus,^* 1719, 8vo.
On leaving the university, he married a relation of the
celebrated apothecary Mr. Dillingham, of Red-lion* square,
from whom he took instructions in pharmacy and chemistry
by the recommendation of Dr. Mead, and afterv(*ards prac*
tised physic at Stratford in Essex. In 1722 he was editor
of the ^' Bibliotheca Literaria," a learned work, of which
only ten numbers were printed, and in which are inter-
spersed the obs^tvations of Masson, Wasse, and other
eminent scholars of the time. He also published, I. ^^ De
Vita & Rebus gestis Marias Scotorum Reginse, Franciae
Potarias.^' <^ The History of the Life- and Reign of Mary
Queen of Scots and Dowager of France, extracted from;
^ life prefixed to bis Works*
A
48« J E B B.
■
originil recovds and fmlers of evedit/' ITSS, ivo. Ql. An
editioa of *< Amtides^" with notes^ 172^^ 2 vdi» 4t0i» a
iptery exceUeot edition. 3. A beautiful and correct edi**
tiou of *^ Joanois Caii Btitaitni de Canibus firiiaHmieia
liber unus ; de variorum Antmalium & Sdirpium, &c. hber
nnus; de Libris propriis liber unus; de Pronunciatione
Gr«cae & Latins Linguae, cum scriptioae novft, Ubetlns i
ad optimoritm exemplarium fidem recogniti ; a & Jebb,
M. p.'* London^ \12^y 8va 4. An editioa of Sacou'a^
'^ Opua Msiiusy'* folio, neatly and accurately printed for
W. Bowyer, 1733. 5. *< Humpbn Hodii, lib. 2. de Gr«cia
iUu»(ribus Lingus Gnecie Literaramque kumantorom in-
atauratoribus," &c. Lond. 1742, 8vo. <^ Premittitar de
Vita & Scriptis ipaius Hurophredi DinertatiOy anckore S.
Jebb, M. D." He wrote also the epitapb inscribed on iv
small pyramid between Haut-Buisaoii and Marquise, in tbe
road to Boulogne, about seven miles from Calais, in n^e-*
mory of Edward Seabright, esq. of Croxkou in Norfc^k,
three other English gentlemen, apd two servants, wbo wer#
1^1 murdered iSept 20, 1723*. Tbe pyramid, being de-
cayed, was taken down ikboot 1751, and a small oratory <Mr
chapel erected on tbe side of the roadf. In 1749, Dr.
Jebb possessed all Mr. Bridges*s MSS. rdative to the
^^ History of Northamptonshire," which were afterwarda
bought by sir Thomas Cave, bart« and finally digested,
and published in 2 vok. folio, by tbe rev. Peter Whalleyj^
in 1791. Dr« Jebb practised at Stratford with great snc*
cess till within a few years of bis deaths when be retired
with a moderate fortune into Derbyshire, where he died
March 9, 1772, leaving several children, one of whom i^^
tbe subject of tbe next article. He was uncle to the pre*
ceding Dr. John Jebb. ^
JEBB (Sir RicHARp, Bart), son of the preceding, waa
born in 172D at Stratford in Essex, where his father, the
anbject of the preceding article, prsetised as a physician.
He bad a liberal classical ednoatioii at Caacibndge ; but
being by principle a nonjutor, froan bis father, be could
not be matriculated, nor tak^ any degree at that university.
* See ** PoUticAl State," vol. XXVL f From tke inlbrmalios of a geotle.
p, 533, 443; and ** A Narrative of tbe man who has be^ in the chapel, whem
Iplraoeedin^t in Pranee, IW diiQoVerm|^ i»ia«, he i»a« told, ib ooeaaienalty per*
and detectia^ the Mur^ran of ib^ ibrtBedfar|beao«laoflhaferii«svb^
English Genticmen,'* where there i\ % fere murdered,
print of the pyramU, wit^ tbe Uu^rip-
tMNn. ^ » Nii^tob*! Bowyer.
J E B Be 4W
He afiberwards stuiHed in^iciae kii Loodon iM^d inX^y^^;
and froio tbe univ^r^ty in the latten cH^ faia obtained tb^
degree of' doctor oi i»edicine* Upon.sf^tiJiiig' iq Ii^ondon
he eRiared as licentiate of tlie cdlege of pby3ici«n»; and
in 176Si he wafi elected a fi^low of that body. (1/9 ms^ for
Bome^ tiipe phyEOciaii both to St. George's boapMial» and to
tbe Westmihsifir infirmany^ As. a practitioner he becs^e
so eminent^ that when the duke of Gloucester. feU dan-
gerously ill in Italy, be, was requested to go abroad t^pal^
tend the health of that prince; and on tbis.ocoasion his
conduct gave so much satisfaction tbs^ he wasi called abroad
^ second time to visit tbe same prin^ce, oa a future illness,
in 1^777. About this time he was made physician-ei(tra-
Of dinary to the king ; and in 1 780 u'as appointed pbyaician
in ordinary to the prince of Wales. Me not anly held
these offices about the royal family, but was for several
years one of the physicians cbiefly employed by tbem.
iJpon tbe death of sur Edward Wilmot, in 1786, be was apir
pointed one of the physicians in ordinary to his^ majesty: ;
bui; this office he did not enjoy many qaontbs ; , for, being
in attendance on two of ther prineesftes,^ wJio were, a&oted
with tbe measles, be was suddenly attacked with a, fever
in their apartments at Windsor, and feU a victim to. the
diseasey after a few days illness, o«t tJa^ ^th d^y of July^
1787, in the 58ih year of his i^gOi'
JEFF£RY (John), an Eugli^ divine, was b^tn Dee« 2(\
1647, at Ipswich, wbere be had bis grammar-learnings
and thence removed ia 1664 ta Catharine-hall, Cambridge^
uadeir the tuition of D^. John Echard. Here be took his ficst
degree, and as soon after as be could, be went iu^to ordera»
and accepted of the curacy of Dennington in Suffolk. Hie
applied very closely to his studies, liv^ quite retir^, and
was. not known or l^eatd of in. tbe world for sqkqg years. At
length, becoming known^ he was, in |6:1S, elected ousii*
ster of St. Peter's of Mancroft in Norwkb ; wheve his good
temper, exemplary Hfe, judicious preaching, and giieat
learning, soon recommended him to tbe ei^eem of the
%visest and best men in bis parish. Sir Thomas Brown> so
well known to the learned world, respected and valued him.
Sir Edward Atkyns, lord chief baron of the £3(cbei(|uer^
who then spent tbe long vacations in that city, took goeat
V Many particQlan Qf sir Richard Jebb*i character are discusied in Gent.
Mag. vol.LVn. 1
488 J E F F E R Y.
notice of his singular modesty of behaviour^ and rational
method bf- recommending religion in sermons; gave him
an apartment in his hoose, took him up to town with him,
carried him into company, and brought him acquainted with
Dr. Tillotson, then preacher at Lincoln^s-inn, who often
engaged Mr. JefFery to preach for him, and was probably
the means of niaking him known to Dr. Wfaichcote, three
Toiomes of whose sermons he afterwards published, and
to other eminent men. In 1687, Dn Sharp, then dean
of Norwich, afterwards archbishop of York, obtaineci
for him, without solicitation, the two small Tmngs of Kir^^
.ton and Falkenham in SufFolfk; and, in 1694, archbishop
Tillotson made him archdeacon of Norwich. In 1710 he
married a second wife ; and after his marriage, discontinued
bis attendance on the convocation : and when he was asked
the reason, would pleasantly excuse himself out of the old
•law, which saith, << that, when a man has taken a new wife,
he shall not be obliged to go out to war." He died in
1720, aged 72.
He published, *^ Christian Morals, by sir Thomas
Browne*" <^ Moral and religious Aphorisms, collected from
Dr. Wbichcote's Papers," and three volumes of sermons,
by the same author, 1702/ In 1701 be had printed a vo-p
lume of bis own discourses, and occasionally various ser*
mons and tracts separately, for twenty year^ befojse. All
thes^were collected, and published in 2 vols. Svu, in 175 K
Dr. Jeffery was an enemy of religious controversy, allegr
ing, *^ that it produced more heat than light.'^ He left
behind him many manuscript volumes, entitled, TA £IS
£ATTON, affording an irrefragfible proof of his great in*'
dustry.*
JEFFERY, or GEOFFREY, of Monmouth (apARTHUR)^
the famous British historian, who flourished in the time of
Henry I. was born at Monmouth, and probably educated
in the Benedictine monastery near that place ; for Oxford
and Cambridge bad not yet risen to any great height^ and
had been lately depressed by the Danish invasion ; so that
monasteries were at tbis . time the. principal seminaries of
learning. Tradition stsli points out a small apartment of
the above monastery as his library; it bears in the ceiling
and windows remains of former magnificence, but is much
more modern than the age of JefFery. He was made arch-
< Memoirs prefixed to his Sermons*— Birch's Tillotsoiu
J E F F E R T, 489
deacon of Monmouth, and afterwards promoted to the
bishopric of St. Asaph in 1152. He is said by some, to
have been raised to the dignity of a cardinal also, but on
DO apparent good grounds. Robert earl of Gloucester,
natural son of Henry L and Alexander bishop of Lincolti,
were his particular patrons ; the first a person of great
eminence and authority in the kingdom, and celebrated
for his learning ; the latter, for being the greatest patron
of learned men in that time, and himself a great scholar
and statesman*
Leiand, Bale, and Pits inform us, that Walter MapsBin^
or Mapes, alias Calenius, who was at this time archdeacon
of Oxford, and of whom Henry of Huntingdon, and other
historians, as well as Jeffery himself, make honourable
mention, as a man very curious in the study of antiquity,
and a diligent searcher into ancient libraries, and especially
after the works of ancient authors, happened while he was
in Armorica to meet with a history of Britain, written in
the British tongue, and carrying marks of great antiquity*
Being overjoyed at his discovery, he in a short time came
over to England, where inquiring for a proper person to
translate this curious but hitherto unknown book, he very
opportunely met with Jeffery of Monmouth, a man pro*
foundly versed in the history and antiquities of Britain,
excellently skilled in the British tongue, and besides (con*
sidering the time) an elegant writer^ both in verse and
prose ; and to him he recommended the task. Jeffery ac-
cordingly undertook to translate it into Latin ; which he
performed with great diligence, approving himself, accord-
ing to Matthew Paris, a faithful translator. At first he
divided it into four books, written in a plain simple style*
a copy of which is said to be at Bene't-college, Cambridge,
which was never yet published ; but afterwards made some
alterations, and divided it into eight books, to which he
adoed the book of *^ Merlin's Prophecies,'^ which he had
also translated from British verse into Latin prose. A great
many fabulous and trifling stories are inserted in the history,
upon which account Jeffery's integrity has been called in
question ; and many authors, Polydore Vergil, Buchanan,
and some others, treat the whole as fiction and forgeiy.
On the other hand, he is defended by very learned men,
such as Usher, Leiand, Sheringham, sir John Rice, and
many more. His advocates do not deny, that there are
leveral absurd and incri^dible stories inserted in this book I
^^rrzMx. I
*fc7'»awiA
Mitt «r B ' '"" °*«"W^ «tf
;^ J«5»«.. before be bj.
fmujmx%. Hence Iw. «. **^ '^ ^■<* »e«R«ed t«cMv-
mm WftUeo Terv cnn;/i.,.i y«aw before Jefferv^m ■■■■
«fc*Mr «ncieot Md .udkNitillL^L ** /®P«« "JJ" iwwut ihMn
JEFFERT. 491
^ -^^'jEaewlincJIy eartyapAck pedigree tt»Ad«BL fVnoilliese
'^maAontie§ it sppcen, dial the Hory cf Bliini> i» not the
**'prodifce'ef JefliTy'sinveBCioii, but, if k be a ietmiy bof
*^ Bocb older dbite.
There sre tm> e^tiens af Jefieiy^ hiaMrf extant ut
Latiii, one of wbicb was poMiabed in 4to^ hf Ascensim^
taJ^k^Mi at Paris, A. D. 1517; tbe other id fobo by CoamieKfle, at
Heidelberg, 1587, among die *' Reram Briiannicamiit
Seriptores yetiistiores & pnecipiii,** which is mnch the
fairer and more correct edition. A translation of it into
English by Aaron Thompson, of Queen's-coUege, was
poUisbed at London, 17 IS, in Sto^ with a bMrge ppefiM^
HI which the translator offers an elaborate vindication of the
work, and, defends Jeffisry with great skill and learning;
bm, after refbting the charge of forgery, he has foiled in
establishing it as an historical performance; fcMrhe bira«
self invalidates its authority by acknowiedgtng, that it was
only soch an irregnlar account as the Britons were able to
preserve in those times of destruction and confusion; be-
sides some other romantic tales, vrhich indeed might be
(esaia traditions among the Welsh, and soch as Jeffery might
IP i^ think entertaining stories for the credulity of the times.
ma^ We have, however, no need of any other arguments
ygi^j than the confession of JeflRery himself, who acknowledges
^it that the history of Britain was not wholly a translation of
^i9 the Welsh manuscript; be avows that be added several
g 9 parts, particularly Merlin*s Prophecies^ before-mentioned^
^tt and inserted some circumstances *' which he had heard
^$ from that most learned historian, Walter archdeacon of
^# Oxford.'**
\j^ The controversy, sajrs Mr. Goxe, in his ^ Tour in Mon^
mouthshire," is at length finally decided, and the heal
^ Welsh critics allow, that Jeffery's work was' a vitiated
^$ translation of the History of the British Kings, written by
,j# Tyssilio, or St. Talian, bishop of St Asaph, who 6ourldied
^ in the seventh century. Jeffery in bis work omitted many
^t ports, made considerable alterations, additions, and inter*
il polations, latinised many of the British appellado^s, and
r in the opinion of a learned Welshman *, murdered Tys«
( aiho : we may therefore conclude, that Jeffery ought to be
BO more cit^ as historical authority than Amadis de Gaul,
* Lf tt«r from Lewif Morris tQ Edirud Biohard, Cambrian Refiiter for 1791^
p.a47.
in J E F F E R Y.
or the. Seyep CbampioQs of Cbristendom. But, says the
tame judicious author, whatever ppiniou may be enter-*
tained in regard to its authenticity, JefFery's British His*
tory forms a new epoch in the literature of this country;
and next to the history of Charlemagne, by Turpin, pro-
bably written in the eleventh cenlury, was the first pro^
ductioa which introduced that species of composition called
romance.
The work of Jeffery is<extremely entertaining, and his
fables have been frequently clothed in rhyme. In the
thirteenth century, Robert, a monk of tbe abbey of Glou-
cester, wrote an history of England in ver^e, in the Alex«»
andrian measure, from Brutus to the reign of Edward I,
Warton justly observes, in his History of English Poetry,
^' that the tales have often a more poetical air in JefFery'a
prose than in this rhyming chronicle, which is totally des-
titute of art or imagination, and, from i^ obsolete language,
scarcely intelligible." This historical romance, however,,
was not only versified by monkish writers, but supplied
some of our best poets with materials for their sublime
9ompositions. Spenser, in the second bot)k of his Faerie
Queene, has given,
*' A chronicle of British kings>
From Brute to Arthur's rayne.**
In this historical romance is also to be found, the affecting
history of Leir king of Britain, the eleventh in succession
after Brutus, who divided his kingdom between Gonerilia
and Regan, his two elder daughters, and disinherited his
youngest daughter CordeilHi. From this account Shaks*
peare selected his incomparable tragedy of " King Lear,'*
but improved the pathos by making the death of Cordeilla
(which name he softened after the example of Spenser
into Cordelia) precede that of Lear, while, in the original
story, the aged father is restored to his kingdom, and sur-
vived by Cordeilla. — Milton seems to have been particu-
larly fond of JefFery's tales, to which he was indebted for
the beautiful fiction of Sabrina in the ^' Mask of Comus."'
JEFFREYS (Lord George), baron Wem, commonly
known by the name of Judge Jefireys, was the sixth son of
John Jeffreys, esq. of Acton in Denbighshire, by Margaret*
daughter to sir Thomas Ireland of Beausey, near Warring-
ton. He was educated first at the free-school at Shjrewst
;* ThooDpson'i Preface.— Bale, PiU, and Tanner.— NicoUon'* Hist library; '
J E F I' R E Y S, »S
bury, from which he was removed to that of Westminster^
where he became a good proficient in the learned lan-
guages; and wa» thence removed to the Inner-Temple^
where he' applied himself very assiduously to the law. Hii
father's iumily was large, and his temper parsimonious^
consequently the young man's allowance was very scanty^
and hardly sufficient to support him decently : but his own
ingenuity supplied all deficiencies, till he came to the bar;
to which, however, he never had any regular call, in
1666, he was at the assize at Kingston, where very few
counsellors attended, on account of the plague then raging.
Here necessity gave him permission to put on a gown;
and to plead ; and be continued the practice unrestrained^
till he reached the highest employments in the law.
About this time he made clandestine addresses to the
daughter of a wealthy merchant, in which he was assisted
foy a young lady, the daughter of a clergyman. The a&
fair^was discovered, and the confidante turned out of
doors. Jeffreys, with a generosity unknown to him in his
prosperous days, took pity on, and married her. -She
proved an excellent wife, and lived to see him lord chief
justice of England. On her death, he married the widow
of Mr. Jones, of Montgomeryshire, and daughter, to sir
Thomas Biodworth.
Soon after commencing his professional career, alder-
nian Jeffreys, a namesake, and probably a relation, intro-
duced him among the citizens ; and, being a jovial bottle
companion, he /became very popular among them, came
into great business, and was chosen their recorder. His
influence in the city, and his readiness to promote any
measures without reserve, introduced him at court; and
he was appointed the duke of York's solicitor.
He was very active in the <iuke's interest, and carried
through a cause which was of very great consequence to
his revenue, respecting the right pi the Penny-post-office;
He was first made a judge in his native country.; and, iu
1680, was knighted, and made chief justice of Chester, and
a baronet in 1681. When the parliament began the pro-
secution of the abhorrers, he resigned the recordersbip^
and obtained the placeof chief justice of the king's-bench;
and, soon after the accession of James U. the great seaL
He was one of the greatest advisers and promoters of ali
ihe oppressive and arbitrary measures of that unhappy and
4;yrannical reign; and his sanguinary and inhuman pra*-
4M J tt tntt s,
4
oeedngs against MoBmoiith's mwaakAe adherents id tfatf(
West will ever cemfer <bii a«aie itifamoua.- There isj bow^
ever, a «itigalar story of hioi in thw eitpeditHMiy which tead$
to Ills cnedit ; as k shews, that wbea he was not wiulef'
atate kifliieiiQe, he had a proper seate of the naitiiral and
chila%bts foi oieoii and an iuohasliioQ to protect fchem.
The mayor, aMenuen, and j«alioes of firiaiMri, kad been
uaed to traiiapdrt convicted cjaminab to dhe iVinerican plaa«
tations, and aeU them by wtay of liade; and {finding the
eomiDodity tum to a good account, they contrived a aie*-
thod to joake it more pbntiliil. Their L^gid oomricts were
but few, and the expiortatian was mcansideraUe. Wheiv
therefore, any petty rogues and pilfiesers were hrooght be-
fore them in a jodieial capacity^ they were vmrn to be
thneateBed with hanging ; and they had 'soine ;v>ery dMigenl
officers auenditig, who would ad^^ise the ign>Qrant,iatimi«-
dated creatures to pray for tcaasportation, as the only way
to save them ; and^ in general, by some means or -other,
the advice ovaa follAHied. Then, without any more form,
each alderman ita .ooocse took one and sold for his own* he^
nefit; and sometimes wacm disputes arose among them
about the 'next turn. This trade had been catried on un*
noticed -many years, when it 'came to the knowled^ of
the lord chief justice ; who, finding, upon inquiry^ that tihe
mayor was equally involved in the guilt of this outiageous
practice with the rest of his brethreit, made him descend
from the bench where be -was sitting, and stand at the har
in his acarlet and fum, and plead as a common criaanttL
He then took security of them to answer informations ; hnt
the amnesty after tbeirevdution stopt the proceedings, and
secured their iniquitous gains.
North, who informs ils of this circumstance, tells us Kke^
wise, that, when he was in temper, and matters indifferent
came before him^ no one /better became a seat of jiistioe^
and the following anecdote seems to prove that >he at least
knew what was right At a contested election for a mem-
ber of parliament for die town of Arundel in Sussex, go-
vernment interfered so openly as to send down Jeffireys^
then lord chancellor^ with instructions to use eiwry method
to procure the seturn of the court candidate. <^n the day
of election, in order .to intimidate the electors, he placed
himself on the hustings close by the returning offioer, the
mayor, who bad been an attorney, but was retired from
business, with an ample fortune and<fair cbaraoter ; he sfell
J E F!F RE Y:S. 4W
knew the cfaanoellor, but for prndentiml reftsons acted as if
he was a stranger both to his person 4HMI tank. In the
covirse <^ the poll, that omgistrate, who scratinized every
man before be permitted him 'to vote, rejected one of the
court party, at which Jeffreys rising in a beat, aifter sevemi
indecent reflections, declared the man should poll, adding^
<' I am the lord chancellor of this realm.'* The mayor,
regfirding him with a look of the highest contempt, re-
plied in these words, ^^ Your ungendemanlike behavioanr
couvinces me, it is impossible you should be the person
you pretend ; were you the chancellor, you would know
that you have nothing to do heve, where I aloQe preside ;'*
then turning to the orier, ^* Offioer,'* said he, '< turn that
fellow out of court ;'* his commands were obeyed without
hesitation, and the chanoeUor retired to his. inn, in great
confusion, and the election tenmnated m fiavour of the po-
pular candidate. In the evening the msyor, to his great
aurprise, received a message from Jeffrejrs, desiring the
Iftvour of his company at the inn, which be declining, die
ebancellor came to his house, and being introduced to him
made the following compliment: ^^ Sir, ootwithstanding^we
are in different interests, I cannot help revering one who
90 well 4nows, and da^s so nobly execute the law ; and
though I myself was somewhat degraded thereby, you did
but yeur d«ity. You, as I have learned, are independent,
but you may have some relation who is not so well pro-
vided for; if you have, let me have the pleasure of pre*
a^ntiBghim with a- considerable place in my gift, just now
vacant." Such an offer, and so handsomely made, could
not £ail of drawing the acknowledgments of the party to
whom it was made ; he having a nephew in no very afflaent
circttmstanees, named him to the chancellor, who im'me-
diately signed the necessary instrument for his appoint**
ment to«a very hacvative and. honourable emplojraseat.
On the bench, judge Jeffreys talked fluently, and ivith
spirit; -but his weakness was, that he could not Teprekend
without scolding, and in the very lowest language. He
caUedit << giving a lick with;diie rou]gh side of his tongue.'*
It(wa& ordinary to hear iiim say, '^'Go, you are a filthy,
leu^y^ nitty rasoal ;*' with much more of like elegance. 'He
took a. pleasure in Boortifying frandtilent attorney4i. 'His
viMce and visage made him a terror to real offenders, >and
fioirmidable indeed to all. A scrivener of Wapping having
a cause before him) •quo of the opponent's counsel said^
♦96 JEFttlfeYS;
** that be was a strange' fellow, and sometimes weflt td
church, sometimes to conventicles ; and none could tell
what to make of him, and it was thought that he was ^
Trimmer." At that the chancellor fired. " A Trimmer !'*
said he, '^ I have heard much of that monster, bat nevei^
saw one ; come forth, Mr. Trimmer, and let roe see your
shape:" and h6 treated the poor fellow so roughly, that,
when he came out of tb« hall, he declared ** he would not
undergo the terrors of that man's face again to save biar
life ; and he should certainly retain the frightful impres-
sions of it as long as he lived."
When the prince of Orange came, and all was in confu-
sion, the lord chancellor, being very obnoxious to the
people, disguised himself in order to go abroad. He was
in a seaman*^ dress, and drinking a pot in a ciellar. The
scrivener, whom he had so severely handled, happening to
come into the cellar after some of his clients, bis eye
caught that face which made him start ; when the chan-
cellor seeing himself observed^ feigned a cough, and turned
to the wail with his pot in his hand. But the scrivener
went out, and gave notice that he was there rand the mob^
immediately rushed in, seized him, and carried him to the
lord-mayor. Thence, under a strong guard, he was sent^
to the lords of the council, who committed him to the
Tower, where be died April 18, 1689, of a broken heart,^
aided by intemperance. He was first interred in the chnrcb
belonging to the Tower, and afterwards was removed to
that of St. Mary Aldermaobilry, and deposited near the
body of his son. His father survived him, and died in 1690.
Pennant records an instance of insult on this once great
man during his imprisonment. He received, as he thought^
a present of Colchester oysters, and expressed great satis-'
faction at the thought of having some friend yet left ; bat
on taking off the top of the barrel, instead of the usual con-
tents appeared an halten ' M* ;
This wretched man left an only son, who inherited bi»
title as lord Jeffreys, and also his intemperate hdlm. Two
poetical efforts, in the ^^ State Poems,'' 4 vols. 8vo, are at^
tributed to him, and he is said to have published ^^An Argu-
ment in the case of Monopolies," 1 689. He died in 1705,-
whjeiv bis. title became extinct, and was buried in St. Mary
Aldermanbury church. He married Charlotte, the daugh-
ter and heiress of Philip earl of Pembroke, by whom be ..
bad an only daughter^ vvbo married Thomas earl of Pomfinetr
JEFFREYS.. 497
After his death, the countess of Potnfret became a oitini-^
ficeat benefactress to the university of Oxford^ by presetit-
ing to it the noble collection of the Pomfret marbles.
Granger informs ui that this very amiable lady met witk
very rude insults from the populace on the. western road^
merely because she was grand-daughter of the inbumani
Jeffreys. Jeifreys^s seat, well known by the name of BuU
strode, was purchased by Williaoi earl of Portland, iti
queen Anne's reign, and until lately has been the princi*
pal seat of the Portland family. There is some reason to
think that judge Jeffreys was created earl of Flint, but the
fact has never been clearly ascertained^'
JEFFREYS (Ghorg£), an English poet, born in 1678,
was the son of .Christopher Jeffreys, esq. of: Weldron in
Northamptonshire, and nephew to James the eighth lord
Chandos* He was educated at .Westminster school undet
Dr, Busby, and was admitted of Trinity college. Cam*
bridge, in 1694, where be took the degrees in arts, was
elected fellow in 1701, and presided in the philosophy-
schools as moderator in 1706. He was also sub-orator for
Dr. Ayloffe, and not going into orders within eight years;
as* the statutes of that college required, he. quitted his fel-
lowship in 1709. . Though Mr. Jeffreys was called to the
bar, he never practised the law, but, after acting as se-
cretary to Dr. Hartstronge bishop of Derry, at the latter
end of queen Anne's and the beginning of George the
First's reign, spent most of the remainder of his life in the
faodilies of the two last dukes of Chandos, his relations. In
1754 be published, by subscription, a4to volume of ^^Mis-
cellanies, in verse and prose/' among which are two tra-
gedies, ** Edwin," and ^' Merope," both acted at the
theatre-royal in Lincoln's-inn-fields, and ^< The Triumph
of Truth," an oratorio. ^^ This collection,'' as the author
observes iu his dedication to the late duke of Chandos,
then marquis of Carnarvon, *^ includes an uncommon length
of time, from the verses on the duke of Gloucester's death
in 1700, to those on his lordship's marriage in 1753." Mr.
Jeffreys died in 1755, aged seventy-seven. In sir John
Hawkins's *^ History of Music," bis grandfather, George,
is recorded as Charles the First's organist at Oxford, in
• 1643, and servant to lord Hatton in Northamptonshire,
1 « Life and Death of George Lord Jeffrey:^,** 1693, Bvo.— Life and ChiMractor of,
l(c. 1725, 8vp. — Life of the Lord Keeper North.-^Burnet's Own Times.*- 'Gknt,
Ma|r-vol. LV. — Oraoger.— 'Uame's History. — Nichols's Leicestershire, toI. U,
Vol. XVIII. K k
498 JEFFREYS.
where he had l«id» of his own ; and also his father^ C%ii»k
topber, of Weldron in Northamptonshire^ as ** a stadeat
of Christ churchy who played well on the organ/' The.
anonymous verses prefixed to ** Cato/* were by this gen--
tleman, which Addison never knew. The alterations in
the Odes in the ^^ Select Collection'* are from the awthot's
eorrected copy.^
' JENKIN (RoBBRT), a. learned English divine, son of
Thomas Jenkin, gent, of Minster in the Isle of Tfaanet^
was born Jan. 1656, and bred at the King's school at Can*-
terbary. He entered as sizar at St. John's college^ Cam-
bridge, March 12, 1674, under ike tuition of Mr. Francis
Roper ; became a fellow of that society March SO, 1680;
itcessit 1691 ; became master in April 1711*; and held
also the office of lady Margaret's professor of divinity.
Dr. Lake being translated from the see of Bristol to that
of Chichester, in 1685, made him his chaplain, a»d-coU
lated him to the precentorship of that church, 1688^ Re«
#asing to take the oaths at the revolution, he quitted that
preferment, and retired to his fellowship, whkh was not
subject then to those conditions, unless the bishop of Ely,
the visitor, insisted on it ; and the bishop was, by the
college statutes, not to visit unless called in by a majority
of the fellows. By these means he and many others kept
their fellowships. Retiring to the coUege, he prosecuted
bis studies without interrnption, the fruits of which he gaire
to the public in several treatisies wh4oh were wvacfa es^-
teemed. Upon the accession of Geoi^ I. an act was
passed, obliging ail who held any p^st of 5/* a«year to
take the oaths, by which Dr. Jenkin was cMiged to «jet%
those fellows who would not comply, which gave him no
small uneasiness t, and he sunk by degrees into imbecilky^
In this condition he removed to his elder hrethei^s houae
* On the death of Dr. Humfrey required to be taken with eyery A»-
' Gower, who left him a country<seat at gree ; so that, after the reTOuition,
* Thrip^oe, wonh 90/. per annum, on the tw«nty.four of the fHleAi^ not -eoin)tt|»
I death of Mr. West, his nephew and hi to the oath «l allfgrnon* 4nit the
. heir; and 500/. to buy a liviog for the statutes requirhig ihem to commenee
college,, to which society he also left B.B. they were constrained to pan with
' two «xhtbilioii8 of 10/. «ach, and all his their fellowih^. As to «haK who bMtt
books to their liUary. taken the degree before the revolutioiH
•f- The true accovmt of the ejection there was no cause for rejecting them,
M'thit: The^ statutes of that colfegere* till Ihey refased the abjnr8tio»>oaih,
qtiifB. thelkUo«r«, as soon as they are which was eyactod upon the aceetakMi
4»f proper standing, to -take the degree of George i. .
pC fi. iX Bttl the »ath of allegiance is
** Nichols's Select' Collecticm of Poeiw.. * '
J E N K I Bf. 499
M Sduth ;ftu9gton» in Norfolk, where be died April 7,
i 17279 in bis seventieth year; and was buried, wiih bis
.wife Sttsaonah, ^(daughter of William Hatfield, e^q, al-
.dervian and merchant of Lgrnne, who died 17 13^ aged
'forty*six), his son Henry, and daughter Sarah, who botji
•died young in 1727, in Holme obApel, in that parish^ of
which his brother was rector. Another daughter.^ Sarah,
raurvived hifn. A small mural monnjaaent was erected iu>
his memory.
His works are, i, ^^ An Historical Examination of the
Authority of General Councils," 1688, 4to. 2. >^ A D&-
ienee of the Profiesaion which bishop Lake made upon Us
Death-bed,'' 1690, 4to4 2. << Defenaio S, Augustini ad-
.yerstis Jo. Phereponum,'' 1707, 8?o. 4. *^ An English
trtjiaiatioii of the Life of Apolionius Tyaoeus, from tbd
iFreneb of Tillemont," 1 70i2^ 8 vo. 5. *^ Remarks on Four
•Books lately published ; viz. Basnage's History of the
Jews ; Whiston's Eight Sermons ; Locke's Paraphrase and
Notes on St. Paul's Epistles ; and Le Clerc's BibUotheque
Ghoisie." .6. ^' The Reasonableness and Certainty of the
Cbrisdan Religion ;" of which a iifth edition, corrected,
lappeared in 1721. 7. '^. A brief confutation of the pre**
^jencea against natural and revealed religion," a^d 8. An
ififuagoral oration in MS.
Dr. Jeokin had an elder. and a younger brother, H£i3ftY
and John. John was a judge in Ireland, under the duke
pf Onoond. Henry, elder brother of the aiaster, was
.near of Tilney, ;n Norfolk, and rector of South Ruugton
Kui» Wallington, where he died in 1782.^ .
JENKIN (Willum), an eminent nouconformist divine,
iiKaa born at Sudbury, in 1612, where his father was mi-
tnstor, and died when this his son was very young. His
flMthet was grand- daughter to John Rogers, the prot9-
nartyr in queen Mary's persecution. He was sent to
Cambridge in 1626, and pUtced under Mr. Anthony Bur-^
l^ss. Henc he pursued his studies with great success, and
although a yoviig man of a sprig(htly turn, and mueh
icourtad by the wits of the univecsity, was distinguished for
a ctrcuoispeGt and pious behaviour. After he Jiad com^
frieted bis degrees in arts, he was ordained ; and coming
to LoodoQ^ was chosen lecturer of St. Nicholas Aroos^ and
thonae was invited to Hithe, near Golabestsry in Esaeai;
KK2 .
5<>o J i; N K I N.
but the a^ir oF the place disagreeing with him, be obeyed
the solicitation^ of bis friends, and returned to London in
1641, where he was chosen minister of Cfarist-chorcb,
Newgate- street, and some^ months ^fter, le<!tttrer of St«
Anne's Biackfriars. He continued to fill up tbk double
station with great usefulness), until^ upon the * destruction
of monarchy, he peremptorily refused to observe the pab^
lie thanksgivings appointed by the parliament, for wbioh
he was suspended from his ministry, and had his benefice
of Christ-church sequestered, and afterwards was impri-
soned in the Tower on suspicion of being concerned in
what was called Love's plot. (See Love.) On petition,
the parliament granted- him a pardon, and be was after^
wards re-elected by the governors of St. Bartholomew's
hospital to the living of Christ-churoh. On tbe'reatofa-
tion, as he did not conform, he was of coalrsecjiected'ffom
this, and retired to a house be had at Langl^y,n)rfr>iiei$i^.
fordshire, where he occasionally preached^ as be did a6er>-
ward9 in London, until 1684, wheo he was apprehended
for preaching, and committed to Newgate. "Here be woes
treated with the utmost rigour, and his^eatb^preqipitated
by the noxious air of the place. He 41ed before he bad
been imprtsbned> four months, on Jan. 19, J 695; . The in-
veteracy of Charles IL against this man seems unaecoitDt-
abie« He had been a great sofferer for loyalty to Charles I.
and was onie of those' who not only^ vesisfeed the decrees of
the parliament, but was even implicated in love's plot^
•the object of which was the restoration of .the king. When,
however, Charles li. was petitioned for his release, with
the attestation of his physicians, that Mr. Jenkin's iife was
in danger from his close^ imprisonment, no other answer
could be obtained than that *' Jenkin shall be -a prisoner as
-long as he lives.'V Calamy informs us that a; nobleman
having heard of his death, satd to the king, *^ May itplease
•your majesty, Jenkin has got his liberty." Upoti ^whtch
•be asked with eagerness,' *^ Aye, who gave itbim ?" The
nobleman replied, *^ A greater than your majesty, the king
•of kings !" with which the king seemed greatly .strad^
and feHftained silent. Mr. Jenkin was buried with great
pomp in Bunhill-fields, and in 171 5- a monument was
erected to bis memory in that place, with a Latin iQscrip*
tion. He published some controversial pieces and :a few
sermons. Baxter calls him a ** sententious elegant
* preacher/^ a character which may be justly applied to his
JENKINS. 501
-jprnicipal work," An Exposition of the Epistle of Jude,"
2 vols. 4to and fol. a book jet in high request.'
JENKINS (David), an English lawyer, distinguished
.for his learning and eminence^ in his profession, and fpi"
4i\$. loyalty to Charles I. was descended from an ancient
and honourable fan^ily, and born at Hensol, in Glamor-
ganshire, about 1586. He became cocbmoner of Edmund-
hall,. Oxlbrd, in 1597, and after takipg the degree of B. A.
mmored to Gray's-inn, studied the law, and when ad-
mitted to the bar, rose to a considerable share of practice.
In the. first of Charles L being a bencher, he was elected
summer reader, but, for what reason we are not toki, re-
fused to read. He was afterv^ards made one of the judges
ibr South Wales,, an office which he accepted purely out
of respect to the king, who gave him the patent without
liis|}aying any fees for it, as it cost him twice the anuual
salary j(80/.) io travelling expences. He continued, how-
ever« in this office until the rebellion broke out, at \yhich
.time he either imprisoned or condemned, to death several
persons in his circuity for being guilty of high treason in
bearing arn^ Against the kiog^i, At length, being taken
prisoner at Hereford, when that city was surpri:9ed by the
parliamentary forces, he was carried up to London, and
sent to the Tower, whence, being brought to the bar in
chancery, he denied the authority of that court, because
their seal was counterfeited, and consequently the com-
missioners of such a seal were constituted against law. On
this he was committed to Newgate, impeached of treason^
and brought to the bar of the House of Commons. On this
occasion he behaved with undaunted spirit, denying their
authority, and refusing to kneel. ^^ In your speech,^' said
he, ^^ Mr. Speaker, you said the House was ofFeoded with
my behaviour, in not making any obeisance to you upon
my coming here ; and this was the more wondered at, be-
cause I pretended to be knowing in the laws of the land
;(having made it my study for these five-and-forty years),
and because I am so, that was the reason of such my be-
haviour: For as long as you had, the king's arms engraved
on your mace, and acted under his authority, had 1 come
here, I would have bowed my body in obedience to his
authority, by which you were first called. But, Mr.
Speaker, since you and this house have renounced all your
dgty and allegiance to your sovereign and natural liege^
^ Calamy.
soi J E N K I N S,
lord the king, and are become a den of thicTes, should I
bow myself in this house of Rimmon, the Lord would not
pardon me ift this thing.*'
This provoked the House so much, that without any trial
they voted him and sir Francis Butler guilty of high trea-
son, and fixed the day of execution, 6n which judge Jen-r
kins " resolved to suifer with the Bible under one arm,
and Maorna Charta under the other ;*' but his enemies were
diverted from this design by a facetious speech of Harry
Marten, a kind of parliamentary buffoon. He' was, how-
ever, fined 1000?. for contempt, atid committed to New-
gate, and his . (estates sequestered. 'There seems some
confusion in the dates of this affair as given in oflr autho-
rities ; but it appears by Jenkins's own -account that he
was imprisoned, in various places, in all about fifteen years.
The parliament, however, were sensible of the weight of
his character, and would have been glad to hslve gainetl
him over by any means. While in Newgate,' the^ sctiVa
committee, and made an offer to bim, ihaf if he would
own their power to be lawful, they Would hot only take
off the sequestrations fromliis estate, which was about 500/;^
per annum, but would also settle a pension on him 6f lOOOi
a year. To this he answered, that he never would allow
rebellion, although successful, to be lawful. They then
made another proposal, that he sh6uld hate 'the 'same as
mentioned above, if he would suffer them to put iu print
that he ovvned and acknowledged their power to be lawful
tnA just, and would not gainsay it. To this he replied,
that he would not connive at their doing so for all the
money they had robbed the kingdom of, and should they
be so impudent as to print any such matter, lie would sell
his doublet and coat to buy pens, ink, and paper, and would
ket forth the House of Commons in their proper colour.
When they found him so firm, one of the committee used
this motive, " You have a wife and nine children, who all
will starve if you refuse this offer ; so consider for their
sakes^ they make up ten pressing argtiments for your com-
pliance." "What!" said the judge, ** did they desire
you to press me in this matter?" " I will not say they did,'*
Replied the other, " but I think they press you to it with-
out speaking at all.*' Oti this the old man's anger was
heightened to the utinost, and he exclaimed, '^ Had my
wife and children petitioned you in this matter, I would
have looked on her as a whore, and them as bastards.'*
J E N. K I N S. SOi
cTMe cominittee then departed/ and judge Jenkins remained
in Newgate, or in other prisons, until the restoration.
Wood says that in 1656 he was set at liberty, and lived a
labile at Oxford, but this seems a mistake.
After the restoration he was designed to be made one of
the judges in Westminster<«hal], but refusing to comply
witb the usual demands of the perquisites on that occasion,
wbidi he thought unreasonable aJfter having suffered so
much^, he retired to his estate in Glamorganshire, then
restored to him, and died at Cowbridge, in that county.
Sec. 6^ 1667, aged about eighty 'One or two. He was
jburied at the west end of that church. He died as he
livedo inculcating with his last breath, to his relations and
friends, loyalty to his majesty and obedience to the laws of
the hmd. He was & person of great ability in his profes«-
sioo, and was often consulted by sir John Banks and Wil*
liam Noy in their attorneyships. His vindication of him«-
self, and several other occasional tracts of his writing, ail
.very short, were printed in 1648, 12mo, under the title of
his '^ Wof ks*'^ Most of these were written in prison, and
have been often reprinted. He is also the author of <^ A
prepaiative to the treaty with the king," &c. 1 648 ; ^^ A Pro*
position for the safety of the king;^* and a Reply to an
Answer to it. But he is now chiefly known in the^profes*
sion by his ^ Reports,^' or ^^ Eight Centuries of Reports
solemnly adjudged in the exchequer chamber, or upon
writs of error, from 4 Hen. HI. to 21 Jac. I." originally
published in French, 1661, fol. andagdinin French 1734,
folio ; but the third edition was translated by Theodore
Barlow, escj. with the addition of many references, and a
table of the principal, matters, and published in 1771 or
1777, folio. Mr. Bridgman adds to his publications ano-
ther, which was published in 1657, 12mo, entitled ^* Pacis
consultum, or a directory to the public peace, briefly de-
scribing the antiquity, extent, &c, of several county cor<»
por^tion courts, especially the court-leet,'' &c.^
' * In saying this, perhaps we have and mental powers. It is w«H known
not the best autborfty. We have that Wood was prosecuted and severely
aiffoe seen a letter from sir Peter Pett puni»hed for having asMrted in his
to Anthony Wood, in which it is said, ** Athenai'' that he might have been
" that ba was represented at court as a made one of thejudges ** would he have
Bupesannuated man and unfit for sndi given money to the then lord chaocel-
aplaoaf'' and he certainly vas at this lor*' (Clarendon). Letters by emi-
time f^r beyond the age of active life nent Persons, 1813^ 3 volj. Sva
I I Ath. Ox. vol. II.— Biog. Brit. vol. VI. note C. in art. Talbot --*Ded^cation
"to his Works. — l4k>yd*« Memoirs, fol.— Grey's £xao>inayoa of Neal*8 Puritans,
veU IV. p. I,— Bridgman*« Legal Bibliography.
S04 J E N K I N S.
JENKINS (Sir I^boline), a learned ciriliaaand abtd
statesman, was descended from a family in Wales, being
tbe son of Leoline Jenkins, who wa$ possessed of an estate
of 40/. a year, at Llantrisaint, in Glainoi^gansbire, where
this son was born about 1623, He dbcovered an excellent
genius and disposition for learning, by the great progress
he made in Greek and Latin^iat Cowbridge-scbool, sear
Llantrisaint ; whence be was remolded in 1641 to Jesus*
college, in Oxford, and upon t\ie breaking out of the. civil
war soon after, took up arms, among other students, on
the side of the king. This, however, did not interrupt
bis studies, which he continued with all possible vigour;
not leaving Oxford till after the death of the. king^ He
then retired to his own country, near Llantrytbyd^ the seat
of sir John Aubrey, which, having been left void.by se<-
questration, served as a refuge to several eminent loyalists;
among whom was Dr. Maiisell, the late principal of his
college. This gentleman invited him to sir Jolui Aubrey ^s
house, and introduced him to the friendship of the rest of his
fellow-sufferers there, asFrewen^abp. of York, and Sheldon^
afterwards abp. of Canterbury ; a favour which tbcoiigb his
own merit and industry, laid tbe foundation of all iaLs fu-
ture fortunes. The tuition of sir John Aubrey^Si> eldest
son was the first design in this invitation; and be acquitted
himself in it so well, that he was soon after recommended
in the like capacity to many other young gentlemen of tbe
best rank and quality in those parts, whom be bred up in
.the doctrine of tbe church of England, treating them like
an intimate friend rather than a master^ and comfortiog
them with hopes of better times.
But this could not long continue unobserved by the par*-
liament party, who grew so jealous, that they were te-*
:soIved to put a stop to it ; and, as the most effectual
means of dispersing the scholars, the master was seiaed
hy some soldiers quartered in those parts ; and being sent
to prison, ^as indicted at the. quarter sessions for keeping
a seminary of rebellion and sedition. He was however
discharged by the interest of Dr. Wilkins, then warden of
Wad ham-col lege, in Oxford; to which place he removed
with his pupils in 1651, and settled in a house, thence
called Little Welch-hall, in the High-street. During his
•residence in Oxford, he was recommended to the warden
of Wadham by judge Jenkins, the subject of the preceding
article ^ and einployed on several messages and correspQud^
J E n:k I N s; SOS
ences between the judge, Dr. Sheldon, Dr. Mansell, Dr. Fell,
and others. But Dr. Wilkins, his protector, being promoted
to the mastership of Trinity-college Caoibriclge^ in 1655,
Jenkins was obliged to remove ; and being talked of as a
dangerous man, fought his safety by flight. He withdrew
with his pupils out of the kingdom, and resided occasionally
in the most celebrated of the foreign universities. He thus
kept a kind of moving academy ; and by that method the
best opportunities of improving the students in all sorts of
academipal learning were obtained; while they had tho
farther advantage of travelling over a great part of France,
Holland, and Germany. They returned home in 1658;
and Mr. Jenkins, delivering up his pupils to theit respec«
ttve friends, gladly accepted an invitation to live with sir
William Whittnore, at his seat at Appley, in Shropshire.
: He continued with that patron of distressed cavaliers,
enjoying all the opportunities of a welKfurnished library,
till the restoration, when he returned to Jesus-college, and
was chbsen one of the fellows. He was created LL. D. in
Feb. 1661, and elected principal in March following, upon
the resignation of his patron Dr. Mansell ; and sir William
Whitmore soon after gave him the commissaryship of the
peculiar and exempt jurisdiction of the deanery, of Bridge-
t)orth, in Shropshire. In 1662 he was made assessor to the
chslncellor^s court at Oxford ; and the same year Dr. Sweit
appointed him bis deputy-professor of the civil law there*
In 1663 he was made register of the consistory court of
Westminster-abbey ; and bis friend Sheldon, newly trans-
lated to the see of Canterbury, soon after appointed him
commissary and official for that diocese, and judge of the
peculiars. Jenkins was very serviceable to that preUte in
settling his theatre at Oxford ; of which, as soon as it was
finished, he was made one of the curators. He was useful
to the archbishop on other occasions also relating to church
and state ; and it was by his encouragement that Dr. Jen-
kins remoted to Doctors* commons, and was admitted an
advocate in the court of arches in the latter end of 1663.
Here h6 was immediately made deputy-assistant to Dr.
Sweit, dean of this court, as he had been to him before in
the office of professor; and this situation brought his
merit nearer the eye of the court. Upon the breaking
out of the first Dutch war in 1664, the lords commissioners
of prizes appointed Dr. Jenkins, with other eminent civi-
lians, to review the maritime laws, and compile a body of
\
%
50a. J E N K I N S;.
rale« fat tbe adjudication of prices in the court of adori**
ralty« wtucb afterwards became the ftaiuiard of tboae pro-
ceedings. Then, by tbe recommendation of Sbeldon, )m
t^as lu^de judge-assistant in that court, .Marcb 21,. 1664-5^
Pr^ £Kton, the judge, being then very aged and infirm ;
and upoD his death soon after, our author beca^m^ prin-^
cipft]> and sustained the weight of that important oiBce
alope, with great reputation. He had advanced the bo*
l^oue and esteem of that court to a high degree by a three
yqara service ; when finding tbe salary of 900/. per annum,
^ow^d by tbe king, not a competent maintenance^ be
petitioned for an additional 200L per annuto^ wbich was
granjted Jan* 29, 166a« He was now considered as to use->
ful a man by the government, that tbe king became bis
patron; and having recommended him to the arobbisbop
as judge of bis prerogative court of Cantefbiiry,^ wUch
appointment be obtained in 1668, employed him* tbe foU
lowing year in an aSair of near concern to himself. .
The queen-mother, Henrietta Maria, widow. of Charles
^J^dying Aug. 1, 166^, in France, her whole estate, both
^|peal aAd personal, was claimed by her nephew Lewis XIV.*
upon which matter. Dr. Jenkins being commanded to give
bit opinion, it was approved in council ; and a commiasion
being made out for him, with three othersf, be attended
H to. Paris. He demanded and recovered tbe queen^mo*
^ber^s effacts, discharged ber debts, and provided for her
ipterment ; when, returning home, his majesty testified
his bigb approbation of bis services, by conferring on him
ibe hooour of knighthood, Jan. 7, 1669-70. Immediately
9lter this honour, he was nominated one of the comm»-»
inonera of England, to treat with those authorized from
* She bad resided at Colombe, io quently, thatwhateTer estate she po9«
ITraiice, ever since her departure from sessed there, ought to be lubj^ct to
. JSdglaiid in July 1644, beingr enter* the laws and usages af t&e coantry ;
taioed there at the charge of Lewis and that madana rojpaie of Fraoce,
XIV, Upon the restoration, she came the aforesaid dutchess of Anjoii, was
to Louden, and having settled her re- by those laws the only person capable
TtiHiaa haffe» wMt bach to France, t» of suoceeding ; Charles 11. »|d the
bestow her daughter Henrietta in mar- duke of York,, as well as the prioce^
riagetotbednkeofAnjou. July 1662 of Orange, her other children, being
; iwintiig apdn into England, she settled evpcessiy exdodad and disabled by the
ber court at Somerset-hoiiifte, where Proit d'Anbaine, because they were
^sbe resided titf IMay 1665. Uut falling not born nor inhabitants within the al-
hifo^ a bed state el bealtht ahe retnraed legianee ef the French Itin^. tfnt onr
to her. native eovnlry, whf re Afi died. a)nrt'» elakn was at length admiUe^
Under these circumstances it was pre- f Ralph Montague, esq^. smbasca-
tended that she was not only a native, dor at that court, the earl of St* Al-
%«t ^ inbabUiat of Fsanoe.j <;«nse<« ban*jy aod brd AiaodeU
T
JENKrNTS* . S07
Scotland, ftbout am union between tbe Iwo kingdoms. lA
1671 be was chosen a representative in parliaoient for
Hythe, in Kent, one of the cinque ports.
He did not approve the fupture which brought t>n the
tecond war with the Dutch in 1672. Being appointed an
ambassador and plenipotentiary, with others, for settling a
treaty of peace, and resigning his place of principal of
Jesu!s*-college, he arrived in his new character at Cologne^
in June 1673; but after several fruitless endeavours to
effect it> he returned to England in 1674., On his arrivid
in May^ he gave tbe priTy«c6uncil an account of his ne-
gotiation, which was well received; and in December iNras
tppoihted one of the mediators of the treaty at Nimegueii*
He continued there throughout the whole course of ih^
long and laborious negotiation; and the chief part of the
bttstHess lay upon him, as is acknowledged by sir William
Temple, his brother mediator, who in his pleasant manner
observes," that " where there were any ladies in the ani-
bassadoi^s houses, tbe evenings were spent in dancing of
^y, or careless and easy suppers, or collations. In these
"entertainments," says he, " as I seldom failed of making
a part, and my colleague never had any, sq it gave Occal-^
sion for a bon mot^ a good word, that passed upon it : Sue
la fnedtatitm estait toujours en pied pour /aire sa/ondion:
chat is, that the mediation was always on foot to 'go bn
with its business ; for I used to go to bed and rise late^
while my colleague was a-bed by eight and upbyfouk*;
and to say the truth, two mofe different then were never
joined in one commission, nor ever agreed better in it.**
The deiail of this negotiation is welt known, and nA^
be seen in sir Leoline^s letters, and his colleague's works,
to which we must refer; it being sufficient to observe here,
that all expedients proposed by the two mediators were
rejected. Sir Leoline qiiitted the place on Feb. 16, 1679;
and retiring to Neerbos, received a warrant from bis royal
master^ dated Feb. 14, three days after tbe date of his
letter of revocation, appointing him ambassador exttaor^
dinary at the Hague, in the room of sir William Temple^
who had been then recalled. He accordingly arrived
there, March I ; but continued in that station no longer
than the 25th of the same month ; for, by a new commis-
sion, dated Feb. 20, and which came to bis hands six days
after, he returned to Nimeguen March 26, authorised to
resuxiie bis mediatorial function, at the desire of tbe prince
M8
J E N K I N S.
cf Orange^ and the States, and tbe earnest intreaty of die
•KorttierQ princes. His instnictions now left him in a gnsat
measure to himself, without other direction than to act at
lie* should find mo»t consisteni with his majesty's honour,
and the good of the general peace ; which, as he was a
modest man and very diffident of himself, put him under
great anxiety. He. happily sticceeded, howe^^r, in ac-
commodating all di6Ferencesj and returned home, Aagv
1679^ after having been employed about four yeavs and a
lia|f in this tedious treaty.
Soon after his arrival in England he was chosen one of
the burgesses for the university of Oxford; and, in the
parliament which melt Oct. 17 foUotwing, opposed, to the
utmost of his power, the bill brought in for tbe exclusion
of the duke of York from tbe crowu. He was sworn a privy*
counsellor before the expiration of this year ; and received
ihe seals as secretary of state, April 1680, being {ir«t se-
cretary for the northern province, and in - 1€81 for the
southern. He entered upon this arduous offioe in critical
and dangerous times, whith continued so all the while he
enjoyed it ; yet he escaped the then common fate of being
assailed by addresses against him, or committed and im»
.peached. Being chosen ^again for Oxford, in theparlia^
ment which met there March 21, 1681, he earnestly again
opposed the exclusion of tbe duke of York, as he did also
the printing of the Votes of the House of Commons; a prac-
tice which had then been lately (October 1680) assunied,
Jbut was considered by him a& inconsistent with the gravity
of that assembly, and a sort of improper appeal to tbe
people. With similar zeal he withstood the command of
the House, to carry their impeachment of Edward Fitz-
Harris up to the Lords, regarding it as designed to reflect
upon the king in the person of bis secretary ; nor did be
jcomply till he saw himself in danger of being expelled the
House for refusing ^. But when the corporations began to
♦ The words which gave offence, be-
f ides thofie mentioned in the text, Were,
*\ And do what you wHl with me, I wili
not go.'* Wbereupoo many called,
^To the bar," and moTed that his
•vorda should be written down before
be explained them. The chief speakers
against him were tbe famous J. Tren-
«batd and sir William Jones. At lenigth
tbe secretary made a softening speech,
alle|;in|, be did apprehend the sfud^
ing of him to be a reSection upoo^his
master, and under that apprehension
he could not but resent it. •< I am
heartily sorry,'' continues he» " I have
incurred the dispWasure of the House,
and I hope they will pardon the free-
dom of the expression." To which be
added a little after, <* Lam ready to
obey the order of the House, and am
sorry my words gave offeBoe.^'-*-€olK
lectio^ of Pebates, p. 315, 3I(3»
JENKINS. S09
he ti^w modelled by the court, and a quo warranto was
brought against the city of Loudon, the secretary shewed
<a di^ike of such violent measures ; and gave his opinion
for punishing only the most obnoxious members in their
private capacities, without involving the innocent, who
would equally suffer by proceeding to the forfeiture of the
4nty's privileges*. In many other instances, sir Leoline
differed from the general disposition of the coitrt. He was
a determined foe to all ideal projects that came before the
privy-council ; and had resolution to dissent, and expe-
rience enough to distinguish what was practicable and
really useful, from what was merely chimericaL He also
<:on8tant)y declared against every irregular or illegal pro* ^
ceedtng ; but, not having strength to sustain the business
end conflicts of those turbulent times, he begged leave to
•resign' for a valuable consideration, which was granted by
Ms majesty on April 14, 1684* Having obtained his wish^
be retired to a house in Hamnoersmith, where learning and
learned men continued to be his care and delight. Upoa
ihe accession of James II. he was sworn again <^ the privy«
council, and elected a third. time for the university of Ox«
i»ML He had gained some little return of strength, and
fresh application was accordingly made. to him to ap^
pear in business; but, indisposition soon returning, he
was never able to sit in that parliament, and paid the last
debt to nature on Sept. 1, 16S5. His body was conveyed
•to Oxford, and interred in the area of Jesus college chapeL
Being never married, his whole estate was bequeathed.to
ehariiable uses ; and he was, particularly, a great bene-*
•factor to his college, leaving to it estates to the amount of
900/. per annum. All hia letters and papers were collected
and printed in two folio volumes, 1724, under the title of
his' "Works,** by.W. Wynne,, esq. who. prefixed an ac-
count of his life, which has furnished the substance of this
memoir. This is now a work which bears a very high
price, and is considered as a valuable repository of diplo*
-matic ihfoftifiation, knowledge, and skill. *
JEN'KINSON (Charles), earl of. Liverpool, was the
eldest son of colonel Charles Jenkinson, who was younger
son of sir Robert Jenkinson, the first baronet of the family.
%. • • . *
* Some of the city were so much freedom* and afterwards chose master
satislled with the part he' acted in thfs of the Baiters' company <«^WyQ9e» P*
Affair* that ha 'lias praseaVsd with hia 37.
* ^ Life hy Wyone.-^Biog. Brit
•10 J E N tC I N S 0-N.
iColcmel JenkvBBdn^ who died in 1 7 50, bad married Amaitt*
thakj daugbterof WollFriein Comvrall, a captain ia the rof al
Bavjr, by whom he; bi^l the subject of this meittoir, who
was bora Mky 16, I7279and educated at the Cbarter-boiuia.
He weot afterwards to University epUege, Oxford, where
be tool^.tbe degree of M. A* in Not. 1752, and tbeoce
caiiiie to: London^ faaving prerioasly distinguished himself
by the actire part he took in an eleclioa controversy lor
the comity of Oxford, where bia alliances were nnmerfuis,
ami not uoconnecfeed with the contending parties* On this
occasioii his -literary talents were supposed to have cOBtri-
buted jnatertally to the interests of the side he espoused (
and those talents are likewise ssUd to have been sometioses
displayed in the Monthly Review about the period of its
eoinmencenieiit. By the first earl of Harcourt, who was
governor to the king, when prince of Wales, be waa ie*
tnadoced to bis m^ijesty, and through the Same channci eb»-
Uinedytbe notice and confidence of the earl of- Bute, to
ivbofo he was private secretary* In 1761 he sat in padia«>
mem for Gockennoath, and held the office of under*secre«
lary of state. In 176^3 and 1764 be was' secretary to the
treasury; in 1766 be was nominated one of the lords of
the admiralty.; and from 1767 to 1773, was a lord of the
tsaasiiry« In. 1772 be was appointed joint vioe>^treasii»er
of Ireland, and called to the privy^-council ; and io es^
ebanges£or this office, had afterwards theelerkship of 1^
pells in Ireland, which had been purchased back by ge«-
ipermoent of Mr. Charles Fox. In 1778 lie was made se-
cfctary at war, which he faeld until the dissolution of lord
Korth's administration in 1782. On this occasion his pria^
eiples led him to join thi^ branch of the old adeunistratioil
which sepported Mr. Pitt ; and when that minister uan%
into power in I788<»4, Mr. Jenkinson was appointed pre^
aident of the board of trade, of which oflice he 4^oiitmiied
to discharge the duties with oncommon industry aod abi«
lities uasil pge and bad health incapacitated hint, in 18&1^
fromfarthpr exertions in this department In ilW he ob"
taioed the situadon ef efaanceUor of the duchy of Laneas-
Sec, which he faeld till 1 80S. He was elevated to the
peemge in 1786 by the title ef baron Hawksbsuy, of Hawks*
bury, in the county of Gloucester ; and advanced to be
earl of Liverpool io 1796. His lordship died at bis house
in Hertford-street, May Fair, Dec. 17, ^808. At ^tbat
time he held the plaoe oif collector of the custpms iowaids^
J E N K I N S O N- Sll
m the port of London, and' clerk of the petts in Irdwid.
He was interred in the family vault at Hawksburjr, in Gloii-*
cestershirey and was succeeded in honours and estate by
bis eldest son, Bx^iert Banks, second earl of Liverpool^
and now first lord of the treasury.
' The late earl of Liverpool made a very eonspicsioiis
figuie during the whole of the present reign as a statesaia» $
and for the greater part of it, shared the severe obloquy
which eitached to all the confidential friends of the Bote
adauaistratioo ; and as he possessed the favour and confi*^
deaoe of bis sovereign, he was called the king^s secret md«
viser. A suspicion of this kind the people were taught te
cherish with uncommon animosity.^ Burke^s celebrated
pamphlet oo ^ Popular Discontents^* encouraged the no^
tion ; and the leaders of this party of supposed privato
power, were the incessant objects of clamour with the mul*
titaide and the disaffected. His lordship, however, lived
kmg enough io weather this storm ; to see his solid powers
of tusad^ and solid services, crowned with the reward of
high honours and great wealth ; and to heboid fats ancient
leiiuly, whida in early life he had seen sadly dectine in its
pra^rty and consideratioiiy placed by hiss own efforts near
tine pinnacle of ambidon. Senseless cries and prejudieei
had i^dually died away; and he was allowed to have de*
served, as a laborious and profound statesman^ the splen*
did {mblk ceooflipefices which his sovereign had coofened
«qpOii himu >
Having in early life faeot his turn for literature to p9*
ittkal studies^ be bc^eame eminently coaversaint moiw espe*
ciaUy with the laws of natsous, and the principles and de^
taah of coBitneroe, and political arithmetic. Of these
studies the fiaUowing frmts appeared a/t various periods of
Ins life:, i. '^A discomsse on the estabtishmem of utMtional
9mA •oDnstiftutiraal force in England,*' 1 1S6^ This, though
4 jwenile pesfarmance, exeiied uwuch attention andde**
fnfte at the time. fi. ^ A disoonrse on the condfiet of
Gseat Britain i in respaot^ to Neutral Naiaens -danmg the
pment War/* 175S. This was eoteessed a peifbmiBnee
^ ^'vry greanaolidity and import, and was tmnslated iuM
uU the laogtti^es of Sucope. S. ^ A Ceilec^n <9f TreatieB^
isom a64ft to i.7«3V- ^ ^^^ ^^» ^78$. 4. << A Treatise
lOn the Coins of tbe realm, in a tetter to the k^ing,^ IMS^
4to. Of this work tbe E^dinburgli reviewers pronounce
ikat ^ it is pleasing to find one^ who mast necel»&irfly have
512 , J E N K FN S OiK.
been bred aiaoiig the exploded, doctrine^ of the elder
economisti, shaking bimself almost quite loose from tfaeir
influence at. an advanced, period of life, and . betraying,
^hile be .resumes tbe faTuurite speculations of fanearfy
years, so little bias towards errors, which .be must once
bave imbibed. It is no less gpratifying, ito- observe one
who has been educated in the walks of pmotical policy^
and grown old amid the bustle of public emploj^nientsy
embellishing tbe decline of life by pursuits, whieh unite
the dignity of science with tbe us^ulness of active exertion.''^
JENKS (Benjamin), a pious English divine and m'iter,
wa$ born in 1646, and was descended from an ancient fa-
mily at Eaton under Heywood, in Shropshire. He was
related to bishop Williams, of Chichester, to whom he de*
dicated his book of <' Prayers.** Wbere he was educated
we are not told, nor is it discoverable that he was at either
university. He appears, however, when admitted inta
orders, to have been for some time curate of. Haday, in
Shropshire. On the death of his rector, ..Richard earl of
Bradford, tbe patron, of the living, bearing IMbr. Jenks
spoken of respectfully by tbe parishioners^ went one Sun-^
day, in private, to bear him preach ; and was so mueh
pleased with tbe discourse, . that be presented bim to the
living in 1S68, and made bim bb chaplain. Mr. Jenks
bad also tbe living of Kenley, a small village about two
miles from Harlay, at both which churches be officiated
alternately, and &ept no curs^e until old age and infirm
mities made ^assistance necessary. He died ^ Harlay on^
May 10, 1724^.jand was buried in the ^chancel of that
churcb, where there is a monument to his memory^ The
work by which Mr. Jenks is best known is bia ^* Prayers
and offices of Devotion,'* of which the 37th edition was
published in 1810 by the Rev. Charles Simeon, Mfewof
King's :College, Cambridge, with alterations and aittend«»
menu in style. Mr. Jeol^ also was the author of f' Medw
tations upon various important subjects," of which %se»
cond edition wbm pubU^bed in 1756, 2 vols. 8vo, with a
recoipmeqdatQry preiiice by Mr. Hervey. This, J^ewiever,
ba§ oev^r attained any liigb degree of popularity. One of
the^ ^^ jyteditwtigns'^ is upoft bis .coffin, which he kept by
bim for. jgasKiyyeaiiSy.a^cl in .which were two i»cu|lsy one of
them that of a near relation. * .
■ ■ . ' ■. .1"
1 QMf^*$ Veenf^t by Sir. £• 6ryd|;es, * Orton and Stonehouse'« I<ettcvs, voL U
J £ N N £ N S. 5ia
JINNENS (CHARLE89 ^sq-)* * getitlemwi of conside-^
rable fortune at Gopsal, in Leicestershire, and a non*
juror, was desoended from a family which was one among
the many iidio have acquired ample fortunes at Birming-
ham, where they were equally famous for industry and
generonty. In his youth he was so remarkable for the
number of hiB servants, the splendor of his equipages, and
the profusion of his table, that he acquired the title o€
*^ Solyman the magnificent.*' He is said to have composed
the words for some of HandePs oratorios, and partic^ilarly
those for ^' the Messiah ;'* an easy task, as it is only a se«
leotion of verses from scripture. Not long before his deatb^
be imprudently exposed himself to criticism by attempting
an edition of Shakspeare, which he began by publishing
*^King Lear,*' in 8vo; and printed aftei wards, on the
Same model, the tragedies of Hamlet,'^ 1772 ; ^* Othello'*
and ^* Macbeth," 1773. He would have proceeded far-
ther, but was prevented by death, Nov. 20, 1773. The
tragedy of <^ Julius £!es8ar,'' which in his life bad been put
to the press, was published in 1774. He had a numerous
library, and a large collection of pictures, both in Great
Ormodd-street, and at Gopsal. Mr. Jehnens's character
appears, by some curious documents in our authority, to
have been a strange compound of vanity, conceit, obsti**
nacy, ignorance, and want of taste, joined to extensive
benevolence* As an editor of Shakspeare, he can no
longer be remembered ; but as the first suggester of orato«*
rioa in this country, he seems entitled to some notice. ^
JENNER (CiuaLBs), a poetical and miscellaneous
writer, was horn in ^737, and educated at Pembroke Hall,
Cambridge, where he took the degrees of B. A. 1757 ; M.A.
1760; and obtained the Seatonian priees in 1767 and
1769. lie afterwards became rector of Cramford St. John,
in Northamptonshire, and vicar of Clay brook, in Leices-
tershire, and died May 11, 1774. He wrote several novels
and poems, as <^ Louisa,'' a tale; << Poems,'' 4to; *'Tiie
Crifit of Tongues," a poem ; ^* The destruction of Nineveh,"
and ^ Tomn Edogues ;" ** Letters from Lothario to Pene-
lope," 2 vols, to which is added <<Luoinda," a dramatic
entertainment ; *^ The Man of Family," a. comedy.; '* The
Pkoid Man ;" << Letters from Altamont in the Capital,*'
1 Nichols's Bowjer.
Vouxvm, ll
5i4 JENNINGS.
&c. none of which procored him much literary reputation^
and all are now forgotten. * »
JENNINGS (David), an eminent dissenter, the son of
an ejected nonconformist, was born at Kibworth, in Lei-
cestershire, in 1691. He obtained a good stock of gram-
mar learning at the free-school of his native place, and
about 1709 he was sent to pursue a course of academical
studies in London, under the care of Dr.Chauncey. Having
finished his studies he was appointed one of the preachers
at an evening lecture at Rotherhithe, and in 1716 chosen
assistant preacher at the meeting near Haberdashers' hail.
Two years afterwards he was elected pastor to the congre-
gational church in Old Gravel-lane, Wapping, in which
ofBce he continued during forty-four years. Within a year
after he entered upon it, he refused to comply with the
requisition brought forwards by many of his brethren at
Salters'-hall, to sign certain articles relating to the Trinity.
Mn Jennings, about 1730, published a small volume of
sermons addressed to the young, entitled ** The Beauty
and Benefit of early Piety," which was followed by other
publications of a practical nature. In 1740 he entered
the lists against Dr. John Taylor, concerning original sin,
which doctrine be strenuously justified ; but notwithstand*-
ing their difference in* doctrinal points, they continued in
habits of intimacy and friendship. In 1743 Mr. Jennings
was elected trustee of Mr. Coward's charities, and one of
the lecturers at St. Helen's; and in the following year he
became divinity tutor, in the room of Mr. Eames,- at the
academy, at that time chiefly supported by Mr. Coward's
funds. In this work he was earnestly intent : nothing ever
diverted him from a daily attendance in th.e lecture room^
and he was indefatigable in the discharge of the dutre^
belonging to his office. 1 he habits of early rising, of
order in the arrangement of business, and of puhctuctlity
in his engagements, enabled hiitt to perform more than '
most men would have been able to get through. As a
relief to the studies of the mirfd he employed himself in'th'e
-common mechanical arts of life. * His method of coo^munir
eating instruction was- easy and familiar, and his general ^
deportment towards his pupils affable and frieddly. He,
however, determined to maiutain in his Academy the repitr
tation for orthodoxy which if had acquired, and would not
* Bibl. Topo;. No. 5 !«*— Nichols's LeioesterthiK, ' • ^
JENNINGS. 515
suffer yoUrtg men to deviate from his standslrd of faith ; and
ill some cases he bad recourse to expulsion. In 1747 Mr.
Jepnings published " An introduction to the Use of the
Gbbes," &c. which maintained a considerable degree of
popularity for more than half a century. In 1749 the univer-
sity of St. Andrew's in Scotland conferred on the author the
degree pfD.D. After this he published "An appeal to reason
and common sense for the Truth of the Holy Scriptures.**
He died in September 1762, when he was seventy-one
years of age. He was highly valued by his acquaintance,
and he baJ the honour to. educate many pupils who proved
orpag[ients to the dissenting interest^ and have rendered
eminent service to science and the world. After his death
was printed, from a MS copy, " An introduction to the
knowledge of Medals." Of this science Dr. Jennings
seems to have known very little, and the editor of his work
less. The blunders in this work are numerous, and gross.
In 1766 a more elaborate work was published by Dr. Fur-
neaux from the MSS. of Dr. Jennings, entitled " Jewish
Antiquities ; or a course of lectures on the Three First
Books of Godwin*s Moses and Aaron : to Which is annexed
a dissertation on the Hebrew language,** in 2 vols. 8vo.
This is a work of great merit, and deserves the perusal of
all who would obtain an intimate acquaintance with the
Scriptures, particularly of the Old Testament. A new
edition of the " Jewish Antiquities" was published about
three years since, it leaving been long but of print,' and
very much called for.*
JENSON (Nicolas), or Jansonius, a celebrated printer
and letter- founder of .Venice, but by birth a Frenchman,
flourished in the ftfteenih century. He is said to have been
originally an engraver of coins and medals at Paris. About
1458 the report of the invention of printing at Mentz being
circulated, he was sent by the king, Charles VII. to gain
private information on the subject of that art. He ful-
filled the object of his mission, but, on his return to France,
iinding that the king was dead, or perhaps having heard of
hjs death, he removed to Venice. Such is the purport of
,^n account in two old French manuscripts on the coinage,
except that one places the mission of Jenson under Louis
XI. which is less probable. Jenson excelled in all branches
* Rees's Cyclopaedia. — ^Protestant Diss. Magazine, vol. V. — Orton*8 Life df
Doddridge, p. lb, — Kippis's do. p. 16. Some accouot of his son, Kippis's Life
of Doddridge, p. S43.
L L 2
616 J E N S O N.
of the art, and more than are now united widi it. |le
formed the punches, he cast the letters, and conducted the
typography. He first determined the form and proportion
of the present Roman character : and his editions are still
sought on account of the neatness and beauty of bis types.
The first book that issued from his press is a scarcie work in
quarto, entitled ** Decor Puellavum,'* the date of which is
1471 ; and in the same year he published in Italian ^^ Glo-
ria Mulieram,** a proper sequel to the former. After these
are found many editions of Latin classics and otber/bookay
for ten years subsequent ; but, as no books from his press
appear after 1481, it is conjectured that he died about
that time. *
JENYNS (Soame), an elegant and ingenious wrker,
was born in Great Ormond-street, London, at twelve
o'clock at night, 1703-4. The day of bis birth be could
not ascertain, and considering himself at liberty to cboose
bis birth-day, he fixed it on new-year*s day. His father^
sir Roger Jenyns, knt. was descended from the ancient &•
mity of the Jenyns's of Churchill, in Somersetshire. His
country residence was at Ely, where his useful labpui^ Its
a magistrate, and his loyal principles, procured him tbe
honour of knighthood from king William. Jle afterwards
removed to Bottisham-hall, which he had purchased, a
seat not far from Cambridge. Our author's mother was
one of the daughters of sir Peter Soame, of Hayden, in
the county of Essex, hart a lady of great beauty, and
highly esteemed for her piety, understanding, and elegance
of manners.
Mr. Jenyns received tbe first part of his education at
home, under the care of the rev. Mr. Hill, and afterwards
of the rev. Stephen White, Who became rector of. Holtoo,
in Suffolk. In 1722 he was removed to Cambridge, and
admitted as a fellow- commoner of St. John's, under Dn
Edmondson, at that time one of the principal tutors of tbe
college. Here he pursued his studies with great industry
for three years, and found so much satisfaction in the re-
gular discipline and employments of a college life, that be
was often heard to say he accounted the days he bad lived
'there, among the happiest in his life. He left the univer-
sity, however, without taking a degree, in consequencei
probably, of bis marriage, which took place when he was
* Diet. Hist^— Maittaire's Anaalf . — Savii Onomasticoo*
JENYNS. 517
▼ery young. His 6rst wife was th^ natulral daughter of bis
uncle^ colonel Soame, of Deerbam Grange, in Norfolk*
With thi» lady be received a very considerable fortune,
but in all other respects the union was unhappy. After
some years she eloped from him with a Leicestershire gen-«
tieman t and a separation being agreed upon in form, Mr*
Jenyns consented to allow her a maintenance, which wa»
regularly paid until her death, in 1753. This aHair, it
may be conjectured, interrupted the plan of life he had
formed after leaving Cambridge. If we may judge from
bis poetical efforts, his turn was gay, lively, and satiricaK
His songs and other amatory pieces were probably written
when young,, and bespeak a mind sufficiently at ease to
trifle with the passions, and not always attentive to deli-
cacy where it interfered with wit. His first publication,
and perhaps bis best, was the ^* Art of Dancing/^ printed
ip 1730, and inscribed to lady Fanny Fieldiitg, one of the
daughters of the earl of Denbigh, and afterwards countess
of Winchel^a. He did not put his name to this poem ;
but when discovered, it was considered as the prelude to
greater performances. It must be confessed there is an
ease and elegance in the versification which brought hitn
near to the most &voarite poets of bis day. In 1735 he
wrote the '^ Epistle to Lord Lovelace,'* and this was foU
lowed by other pieces of poetry, whiqh he contributed to
Dodsley s collection, and afterwards printed in a volume,
in 1752. He wrote also some occasional essays on political
topics, the precise dates of which cannot now be ascer-
tained, as he never put his name to any of his works*
^They have, however, been since collected by Mr. Cole in
that edition of his works which was published in 4 vols.
Svo, 1790, and again in 179 3«
. Soon after his father's death, at the general election in
1749, be was unanimously chosen one of the representa*
tives for the county of Cambridge. From this time he con*
tinued to sit in parliament, either for the county or borough
of Cambridge, until 1780, except on the call of a new par-
liament in 1754, when he was returned for the borough of
Dunwich. In 1755, he was appointed one of the lords
commissioners of the board of trade and plantations, at
which he sat during all changes of administration, until
the business of the board, which was not great, was re-
moved into another department At the time of its aboli-
tion, it ^cmsistedof our author, the present earl of Car*
/ •
518 J E N Y N S.
lide^ the late lord Auckland, and Gibbon the historian.
Mr. Cumberland, the well-known dramatic poet, was se-
cretary.' His parliamentary conduct was more uniform
than is supposed to be consistent with freedom of opinion,
©r the iisual attachments of party. When he was first
elected a member, he found sir Robert Walpote on the
eve of being dismissed ftom the confidence of the Houseof
Cominons, and he had the courage, unasked and unknown,
to give his support to the fl&illing minister, as far as he
could without contributing his eloquence, forMr. Jenyn»
seldom spoke, and only in reply to a personal question.
He was conscious that be could make no figure as a publie
speaker, and early desisted fron> the attempt. Aft^r the
dismissal of sir Robert Walpole, he constantly ranked
amiong the friends of government. Without giving a
public assent to every measure of the minister for the day,
he contrived to give him no offence, and seems very early
to have conceived an abhorrence of systematic oppositions.
What his opinions were on great constitutional questions,
may be found in his writings, where, however, they are
not laid down with much precision, and seem at no time
of his life to have been steady. In his attendance at the
board of trade, he was very assiduous, and bestowed much
attention on the commercial interests of his country. He
has not left any thing in print expressly on this sobject, but
bis biographer has given some of his private opinions, which
are liberal and manly.
In 1757, he published his " Free Inquiry into the Na*
ture and Origin ef Evil," which brought him into notice
as one of the most elegant writers of English prose that
had appeared since the days of Addison. But the chahns
of style could not protect this singular work from objec-
tions of the most seridus kind. It produced from Dr.
Johnson, who was then editor of the " Literary Magazine,'*
aicritical dissertation or review, which is perhaps the first
of his compositions for strength of argument, keeOfi^ness of
reply, and brilliancy of wit. That Mr. Jenyns felt the
force of this powerful refutatit)n may be readily supposed,
but it were to be wished he had not retained his resent-
ment for so many years, and then given it vent in a paltry
epitaph on Dr. Johnson^ which his biograpiber thought
worthy of a place in his works.
Other answers appeared to his " Inquiry'* of less conse-
quence : Johnson's, aftdr having been read with eagernes^
J E N Y N S. 519
in the Magazine, was printed in a small volume of which
two editions were very soon sold. 7*o a subsequent edition
of the " Inquiry,'' Mr. Jenyns prefixed a preface, con-
taining a general answer to his opponents, but without re-
tracting any of his positions. In 1761 he reprinted it^
along with his poems, in 2 vols. 12mo, and added the
papers he had contributed to " The World," which are
among the first in a collection written by the first wits of
their, time. There are points in them which prove either
the natural purity of his style and delicacy of his humour^
or that he must; have " given his days and nights to Addi-
son." It was in one of these papers that he first expressed
an.opinion in favour of the doctrine of a pre-existent state,
which he afterwards insisted upon more seriously in the
third letter on the ** Origin of Evil."
In 1767 he published a small pamphlet entitled
f^ Thoughts on the Causes and Copsequences of the pre-
sent high price of Provisions." Various writers at that
time had employed their pens on this subject, some ar-
raigning the bounties on corn, and others blaming the
practices of forestallers and monopolizers. Mr. Jenyns
imputes the high price of provisions to the increase of the
national debt, and the increase of our riches, that is, to
the poverty of the public, and the wealth of private indi-
viduals. These positions are maintained with much inge-
nuity, but experience has shewn that the influence of
such causes has not increased proportionally, and that with
ten times more debt and more wealth than the nation had
at that time, the price of provisions is found to rise and
fall m fluctUfitious which cannot beexpfained by his theory^
If provisions were dear with the national debt and private
wealth of 1767, they ought in 1814 to be inaccessible to
all but the most opulent classes. The newspapers were
filled with answers to Mr. Jcnyns's pamphlet, and the re-
turn of plenty made it be forgotten.
But the performance which excited most attention was
published by our author in 1776, and seems, indeed, to
form an important aera in his life. In his younger days he
had imbibed the principles of infidelity ; and, it has been
said, was not sparing in his avowal of them. Time and
reflection brought him to a sense of his folly. He studied
tihe.Holy Scriptures with care, and probably called to his
aid some of those able defences of <];hristianity which the
iniidels of the eighteenth century. h(^d provoked. It is
530
J- £• N^Y- N^ S:
certarh, however, tliat tie had dow adapted tbe comnloilf
dreed, although with some singular refinemeuts of his 6Wn,
and determined to atdw his sentiments in justice to the
cause he had neglected or injwred. With this bomnirabFe
pesoiution, he published '^ A View of the Int^iml Evidence!
of the Christian Religion/^ which was at first read as air
able defence of Christianity ; and the accession of an
ingenious layman to the supporters of relijgion was* wri*
corned by the clergy at large. Others, however, eoufd not
kelp being suspicious of its tendency, and regarded the
Suthor as in many points proving himself to^be »n insidious
enemy to the cause he pretended to plead. Those who
call themselves rational Christians thought he yielded too
much to the orthodox believer ; and the orthodox believer
was shocked that he had conceded the possibility of certain
miracles being forgeries. A controversy* immediately
took place, and contini^ed for some time, greatly to the
advantage of Mr. Jenyns's book, which sold moilt extensively
while the controvery was kept alive, and disappeared with
the last answer. Daring its circulation it excited the at«»'
tention of persons of rank, and probably did good. Tfae^
great error is his neglect of the external evidences, and
bis admitting the use of reason in some instances, while h6*
refuses it in others.
•But whatever difference of opinion was excited by tfall
performance, it would be nn^ust to question the author's
sincerity, or to omit the very explicit declaration he his
made of his belief. '* Should my work ever have th#
honour to be admitted into such good company (persons of
fashion), they will immediately, I know, determine that it
must be the work of some enthusiast or methodist, some
* The following are the titles oif the
principal pamphlets written on this oc-
casion. ** A Letter to Soame Jenyns,
esq, wherein the futility and absurdity
of some part of his reasoning, in bis
View of the Internal Evidence of the
Christian Religion, is set forth and ex-
posed. By a , Cle rgyman of the ch urch
of England." ** Obsenrations on S. J.'s
View, Ice. a<)dressed to its ahSMst
Christian author. By W. Keniick,
LL. D." *' A Letter to Soame Jenyns,
etq^ oc(»8ioned by an assertion con-
tained in his View, k,c. By G. U."
** Short Strictures on certain passages
ia'a View, &c. By a Layman." ** A
St|;ije» tf Letters addrcwed to S« h on
occasion of his View, Btc. By A. Mae-',
laine, D. D. Minister of the Eoglisli
cbarcfa at the Hagne." ** An £xattiina«»
tion of the Argttnents contaiiied in Dt^
Maclaine's Answer to S. J. esq. on his
View, &c. with general thoiightt and
reflection»«kereon. BytheRer.BdNrud
Ftteet, jufk B. A. of Oriel coUcfe» Ox*
ford." « A Full Answer to a late View,
fcc: in a Dialogue between a ratioaal
Clnistian and hi* Frtend. By the fidi«
tor (the Rev. Mr. Taylor) of Ben. Maiw
dec4i^s Letters ioBtisha Levi.** «<IHii«
loic^bical Disqutsitisos on tbeCM»»
tiati Religion. Addvtssed to Soape la*.
nyns, esq." ** An Address and Reply^
Itc By the Rer. Edward Pie«t.«'
JENYN& S2l
|ta|^^9 or some madmaii ; I shall tbelrefose heg leave to
assure them, that the autlior is very far remomt from all
these characters ; that he once perhaps Mvered as little
as themselres.; but having some leisure, and more coriositjv
be employiBd them both in resolving a question which
■eeooDsd to htm of some importance : Whether Christianity
was really an imposture, founded on an absurd, incredible^
and obsolete fable, as many suppose it ? or whether it is
pJiat it pretends to be, a revelation communicated to man-
kind by the interposition of some supernatural power?
On a candid inquiry, he soon found that the first was an
absolute impossibility, and that its pretensions to the latter
were founded on the most solid grounds. In the further
pursuits of his examination, he perceived at every step
Mw. lights arising, and some of the brightest from parts of
it the most obscure, but productive of the clearest proofs^
because eqeally beyond the power of human artifice to
invent, and human reason to discover. These arguments,
which have convinced him of the divine origin of this
religioQ, he has here put together in as clear and concise a
manner as he was able, thinking they might have the same
effect upon odiers; and being of opinion, that, if thera
were a few more true Christians in the world, it would be
beneficial to themselves, and by no means detrimental ta
Ihe public."
In 1789 appeared another volume of doubtful tendency,
and certainty more abounding in wild paradoxes, which he
entitled. '^Disquisitions on several subjects." These are
metaphysical, dieological, and political ; and in all of them
he advances, amidst much, valnable matter, a number of
fanciful theories, to which he seems to have been prompted
merely by a love of novelty, or a desire to shew by what
n^nuity opinions that contradict the general sense of
Qiankind, may be defended. This volume, like the former,
produced a few answers ; and what perhaps disturbed our
iCuthor^s tranquillity yet more, an admirable piece of hu«
moor^ ^ititled '< The Dean and the Squire," by the author
of the ^ Heroic Epistle to Sir William Chambers," The
£fmn was Dr. Tucker, whoso opinions on civil liberty
approached thos^ of our author. The '^ Disquisitions" are^
kowever, an extraordinary {production from a man in his
seventy-eighth year. Their style is, perhaps, more elegant
and animated than that oi any of bis former writings, and
if mere eloquence could atone for defect of argument,
S22; J E N Y N S.
tbey would yet continue to be read as models of pure ^nd
correct English.
J In 1784, wliile the propriety of a parliamentary reform-^
ation was in agitation, he published some ^* Thoughts^' on^
that subject, in which he repeated the objections he had
already brought forward in his ** Disquisitions," to any of
those innovations which, in his opinion, tended to anarchy.
This was the last of our author's productions. The infirmi-
ties of age were now creeping upon him, and^ closed his
life Dec. 18, 1787, at his bouse in Tihiey- street, Audley-
square. He was interred in Bottisham church, Dec. 27,
where, in the parish register, the Rev, Mr. Lort Mansel, now
"Master of Trinity college, Cambridge, and bishop of Bristol^
introduced a very elegant compliment to his memory.
Mr. Cole, bis biographer, has drawn his character at
^reat length, and with the partiality of a friend. Yet if
we except the unsettled state of his opinions^ much cannot
Jbe deducted from it. As the magistrate, and as the head
of a family^, he was exemplary in the discharge of ail
religious and moral duties, and fulfilled his engagements
ivith the strictest integrity, but with a punctuality which
brought on him sometimes the charge of being penurious;
As a politician we have seen him giving his uniform support,
to a succession of ministers, but as he did not conceal his
opinions, they could not always be in unison with those of
his party, and his integrity, at least, must have been gene-
rally acknowledged, since no party offered to remove him.
In private lite he was, says Mr. Cole, a man of great
mildness, gentleness, and sweetness of temper. His ear*
nest desire was, as far as possible, never to offend any
person. This is confirmed by the Rev. Mr. Cole of Milton,
who is not remarkable for the lenity of his opinions re-
specting bis contemporaries. ^^ Mr. Jenyns was a man of
Jively fancy and pleasant turn of wit, very sparkling in
conversation, and full of merry conceits and agreeable
drollery, which was heightened by bis inarticulate manner
of speaking through his broken teeth, and all this mixed
ivith the utmost humanity and good nature, having hardly
ever heard him severe upon any one, and by no means
satirical in his mirth and good-humour.^'
Mr. Cumberland, in his Memoirs of bis own Life, lately
.published, gives us some characteristic traits of Mr. Jenyns,
' ^ This al! tide's td his Establishment at Bottisham. fie bad no issoe hy eitl^er
^f ,bis wires*. .
I
J E N y N S. S2S
T^hich correspond with the above : " A disagreement about *
a name or a date will mar the best story that was ever put
together. Sir Joshua Reynolds luckily could not hear an
interrupter of this sort : Johnson would not hear, or if he
beard him would not heed him : Soame Jenyns heard him,
heeded him, set him right, and took up his tale where he
had left it, without any diminution of its* huinortr, adding
only a few more twists to his snuflf-box, a few more ti|>s
upon the lid of it, with a preparatory grunt or two, the
invariable forerunners of the amenity that was at the heels*
of them. He was the man who bore his part in all societies
with the most even temper and undisturbed hilarity of all
the good companions whom I ever knew. He came into'
your house at the very moment you had put upon, your
card : he dressed himself, to do your party honour, in all
the colours of the jay: his lace indeed had long since lost
its lustre, but his coat had faithfully retained its cut since
the days when gentlemen wore embroidered figured velvets
with short sleeves, boot cuffs, and buckram skirts *. As na-
ture cast him in the exact mould of an ill-made pair of stiff
stays, he followed her so close in the fashion of his' coat,
that it was doubted if he did not wear them : because he*
had a protuberant wen just under his pole, he wore a wig
that did not cover abbve half his head. His eyes were
protruded like the eyes of the lobster^ who wears them at
the end of his feelers ; and yet there was room between
one of these and his nose for another wen that added
nothing to his beauty: yet I heard this good man very
innocently remark, when Gibbon published his History^
that he wondered any body so ugly could write a book.
" Such was the exterior of a- man, who was the charm
of the circle, and gave a zest to every company he came
into. His pleasantry was of a so/t peculiar to himself; it
harmonized with everything; it was like the bread toour
dinner, you did not perhaps make it the whole, or principal
part of your meal, but it was an admirable and wholesome
auxiliary to your other viands. Soame Jenyns told you no
long stories, engrossed not much of your attention, and
was not angry with those that did. His thoughts were
original, and were apt to have a very whimsical affinity to the
paradox in them. He wrote verses -upon dancing, and
* The costume of his latter days was a Bath beaver surtout, with blue wor*
fted boot stockings.
524 J E N Y N S.
prose upon tbe Odrigin^ of 9vU; yet be was* a very indif-
ferent metaphysician, aiid a worse dancer^. Ill-nature
aod personality, with the single exception of his lines upon
Johnson, I never heard fall from his lips ; those lines I
have forgotten, though I believe I was the first person to
whom be recited them : they were very bad, but be had
been toldt that Johnson ridiculed his metaphysics, and
some of us had just then been making extempore epitaphs
upon each other. Though his wit was harmless, tbe general
cast of it was ironical ; there was a terseness in bis re«
partees that bad a play of words as well as of thought ; as
when speaking of the difference between laying out money
upon land or purchasing into tbe funds, be said, ^ One was
principal without interest, and the other interest without
principaL' Certain it is, he bad a brevity of expression that
never bung uplon tbe ear, and you felt tbe point in tbe
Tery moment that be made the push. It was rather to be
laineiited that his lady, Mrs. Jenyns, bad so great a respect
for his good sayings, and. so imperfect a recollection of
^em, for though she always prefaced her r^cUaW of them,
yfith < As Mr. Jenyns says,' it was not always zt^t. Mr*
Jenyns said, and never, I am apt to think, as Mr. Jenyns
said ; but she was an exeeUeiU old lady, and twirled* her
fan with as much mechanical address as her ingenious hus-
band twirled bis snuff-box.^'
This old lady was the second wife of Mr. Jenyns. IJis
first died July ao, 17iS» and in tbe month of f ebruaxy
following he married Elizabeth, tbe daughter of Henry
Grey, esq. of Haekiiey, Middlesex. She must at this
time have been advanced vbl life^ as she died at the age of
ainety- four, Jnly 25, 1796.
• Mr. Jenyns's poems were added to tbe i^econd and thjirit
editions of Dr. Johnson's Collection. As a prose writerj
we have few that can be compared to him for etegance and
purity. . As a poet be has many equals and many superiorst
Yet bis poems are sprightly and pleasing ; and if we do
not 6nd much of that creative fancy which marl|s tbe tru^
genius of poetry, there is tbe spirit, sense, and wit^ which
have rendered so many modern versifiers popular.^
* It hat been nid be was in bis f This is not accarate. He well
yotmg d»y» A sKMd dasoar, «kl Tcry knaw kov Jobnaoa bad ridicql«d hi$
iopd of the amusement. metapbysics many years before tbis
■ Life prefixed to bis Works by Cbarles Kalion Cole, esq.-- Jobnsoo and Cbal>
mers's Englisb PoeU, 21 yoIs. 8vo^ 1810.
INDEX
TO TUB
EIGHTEENTH VOLUME.
Those marked thus * are new*
Those marked f are re-written^ with additions.
*lloARE, William 1
Hobbes> Thomas 4
^Hobbima, Minderhout .•..$!
*Hoccleve, Thomas S2
Hochstetter, And. Adam . . ^4
. Hodges> Nath ib.
*— William 25
Hbdy, Hiraiphrey .... 26
Hoe; Matthias 30
- HoeltzUnns, Jeremias rb.
Hoeschelius, David 31
*Hoet, Gerard ^ . . . ib.
Hoffinan, Daniel 32
■ John James 34
Maurice 35
' John Maurice ... 36
t Frederick 37
Hogartli, William 40
Holbein^ John v 57
Holber^, Louis de 61
*Holbourne, Sir Robert 62
^Holcroft, Thomas 63
f Hoiden, Henry 64
Holder, Wilbam 65
Holdsworth, Edward €7
♦ — ^ ^...i.^ Richard ib.
Holinshed, Raphael 69
•Holland, Philemon 71
Hollar, Wenceslaus 72
Hollis, Tliomas 78
Holmes^ George SO
* Robert 82
Hoktenius, Lucas 84
Holt, & John ..., ^5
♦Holt, John ....87
*Holte, John 88
♦HolweH, John Zephaniah . . 89
Holyday, Barten 95
Holyoake, Francis 96
♦ — ■■■««■ Thomas 97
*Holywood, John 9S
Hombei^, William . « ib.
Home, David . . . . ^ .100
t Henry 101
*■ ■ '■ John ^ . . . 108
Homer 110
*■ Henry 115
Hommel, Charles Fred. . . 117
♦Honain ib.
fHondekotter, Melchior ... 119
♦Hondius, Abraham ...... 120
■ ■ " ■' Jesse 121
Hone, George P^ul ib.
*■■ ■ ■ Nathaniel . . . . r* . . ib.
Honoratus ib.
♦Honorius de Sancta Maria 122
Hontan, Baron de ib.
♦Honthorst, Gerard ibl
Hooft, P. C. Van 124
Hoogeveen, Ucspry \ ib.
Hoogstraten, David Van. . 12Cf
Hoogue, Romain de ...... ib.
Hooke, Nath ib.
— --*- Robert ..... 128
♦Hooker, John 135
^Richard .136
*— — - Thcnnas ........ I43i
^Hoole, Queries 144
t^d
1 N 15 E X.
Page
•Hoole, John 145
Hooper^ George . . . j . . .►, . 147
t John 151
Hoornbeeck, John 163
♦Hoorne, John Van 154
♦Hope, John . . . .• 155
» Thomas . . .' » 156
Hopkins, Ezekiel ib.
Charles 157
John 159
William 1^0
r William, Arian. . 161
*Hopton, Arthur 16^
Horapollo ib.
Horatius 163
♦Horbery, Matthew 167
Home, George 168
Horneck, Anthony 174
fHornius, G«oTge 178
*Horrebovv, Peter ib.
Horrox, Jeremiah ib.
Horsley, John 180
*— Samuel 181
Hbrstius, James 193
* Gregory 194
*Hort, Josiah » . . 195
Hortcnsius, Lambert 197
' — 0iu]Qtus ib.
•Hortori, Thomas 198
Hosius, Stanislaus 200
♦Hoskins, John ib.
Hospinian, Ralph 201 ,
Hospital, Michel de L* . . . 203
— -— -- William F. A. . . 206
*Hoste, John 207
* — —-Paul , . 208
Hotman, Francis ib.
Hettinger, John Henry ... 210
Hbubigant, Charles Francis 214
*Hbubraken, Jacob 215
*Houdry, Vincent 217
f Hough, John ib.
HoiiUeres, Antoinetta 223
♦Houston, William 224
Hbiiteville, Claude Francis ib.
Hoveden, Roger de 225
♦How, William 226
♦Howaird, Thomas ib.
t — — — Henry 227
* j^J — Earlof Northamp.241
* Earl of Notting. 243
PtLgt
Howard, John . 24ft
* ■ Sir Robert . ; . . . 249
*' Samuel . . . / 251
♦Howe, Charles ib.
John 252
♦ Nonconformist254
♦Howe, Josiah .;.... 357
♦ Richaid, Lord .... 258
Howell, James 264
♦-^- Laurence 270
♦Howson, John 272
Hozier, Peter d* 273
Huarte, John 274
♦Hubald 275
♦Huber, John James ib.
Mary 276
. Ulrijc . ib.
Zachaiias 277
Hubert, Matthew ib.
Hul>ner, John' ib.
Hudson, Henry , . . 278
— '• John 280
♦ Thomas 282
*— -. William 283
♦Huerta, V. G. de la 285
Huet, Peter Daniel ib.
♦Hugh, St. of Grenoble . ^. . 293
ofCluni 293
- de Fleury . . , ib.
- de Flavigny ib.
- of Amiens 294
- de "St. Victor ib.
- de St. Cher ib.
Hughes, John ib.
Jabez 297
John 298
Hugo, Herman ib.
-^ Charles Louis .... 299
♦Huldrich, John James . . . . ib.
♦Hull, Thomas 300
♦Hulme, Nath 301
Hume, David 30ft
Humphrey, Lawrence .... 308
♦Hunauld, Francib .Joseph. . 309
Huniades, John Corvinus . 310
Hunnius, Giles 311
♦Hunt, Jeremiah 312
♦ Stephen , ib.
♦ Thomas 3ia
^Hunter, Christopher 31|5
^! ■■ ■ Henry ,,316
*
*
*,
INDEX.
Mr
Page
Hunter, William 317
John 329
Hunter, Robert 335
*Huntington, Henry of ... . 336
Robert 337
*Hurd, Richard 338
*Hurdis, James 347
Hure, Charles 349
Hus8, John 360
♦Huasey, Giles 354
Hutcheson, Francis 359
f Hutchins, John 361
Hutchinson, John 364
Hutten, Ulric de 368
Jacob 372
Hutter, Elias 373
Leonard ib.
*Hutton, James 374
*Huxham, John 376
Huygens, Christian 378
« Gomarus 58 1
*Hu;?sum, John Van 382
Hyde, Edward 384
Henry 401
* Lord Cornbury403
■ Thomas 404
Hyginus, Caius Julius 409
Hypatia 410
Hvperides 414
*Hyperius, Gemrd Andi*ew. . ib.
Hypsicles 415
Jaaphar Ebn^Thophail .... 416
*Jablonowsky, J. A. Von. . . . ib.
Jablouski, Daniel Ernest . 417
i Theodore ib.
' Paul Ernest ... 418
Jacetius, or Diaceto ib.
♦Jackson, Arthm* ib,
John 419
« Joseph' 422
ri)omas 424
* William 425
♦Jacob, Giles 427
* Henry 439
* son 430
Ben Hajim 433
* Lewis ib,
Jacobaeus, Gliger ....... 435
*Jacobatius^ Dom; : 436
Page
♦Jacobs, Lucas 43^
Jacopone da Todi ib,
fJacquelot, Isaac 437
Jaeger, John Wolfgang . . . 438
tJago, Richard ib.
fJamblicus 441
♦James L of Scotland 443
♦ L of England, . 445
Thomas 449
t ■ Richard 453
Robert 456
♦ Sir William 460
♦ di Voragine 464
♦ de Vitri 465
♦Jameson, George ib.
Jamyn, Amadis 467
♦Jane way, James ib.
Janicon, Francis Michael 468
♦Jansenius, Cornelius ib.
• Bp.. . 469
Janssens, Abraham 476
♦ Hon. Victor ib.
♦ Cornelius 477
Jarchi, Sol. Ben Isaac ib.
Jardins, Mary Catharine des479
Jai-ry, Laurence J. du . . . . 480
♦Jai-s, Gabriel , 481
Jaucourt, Louis de ib.
Jay, G. M. Le 482
Jeannin, Peter ib.
Jebb, John » 484
' Samuel 485
* Sir Richard 4S6
Jeffery, John 487
' of Monmouth . . . 488
Jeffreys, Lord George 492
George 497
Jenkin, Robert 498'
♦ William 499
♦Jenkins, David 501
* Sir Leoline 504
♦Jenkinson, Charles 509 '
♦Jenks, Benjamin 512
Jennens, Charles 513
♦Jenner, Charles ib.
♦Jennings, David 514
Jenson, Nicolas 615
fJehyns, Soan^e 516
END OF THE EIGHTEENTH VOLUME.
Priuted by Nichols, Son» and Bentley,
Red LioD-puiage, Fleet-ftrtet. London.
f. •M_-.,.-lt::.-,.-.:'ity